采矿和金属加工:对可持续发展的承诺

过去十年，全球采矿和金属加工 部门的许多企业已经在采用可持续发展原则方面取得了显著的进步．企业能够向所在的社区和地区提供可持续经济、环境和社会效益．为了这个目标，许多企业现在已经实施环境政策，有的情况下还有社区政策，以及要求定期监察和向公众报告的管理系统．一个负责监督企业环境业绩的董事会委员会在多数大企业也很普遍．而且，越来越多的企业已经把可持续发展作为实现其公司的环境目标进行了采纳．把环境、社会和经济因素纳人决策制定过程产生的效益正被越来越多地被认识到．利害攸关者间的磋商和参与现在已被看作是这…     

尼泊尔皇家奇特旺国家公园的可持续旅游

尼泊尔皇家奇特旺国家公园面临着重大挑战，包括平衡人类使用需要和游客数目不断增加的需求，以及保存和保护方面的挑战．通过实施“缓冲区管理方案”，该公园管理局计划创造一种多用途区划系统，并把公司收入的３０—５０％投资于社区发展．本文着重指出，如果要实现该公司资源的可持续利用，就必须监测旅游的影响，也必须改善体制合作．     

略论绿色营销

当今全球环保思潮的冲击和绿色消费的方兴未艾，企业如果沿袭传统的营销方式，必将被淘汰．企业要想生存发展，并在竞争中立于不败之地，必须适应新的形势，改弦易辙，实施绿色营销，以满足人们的无污染、无公害、延年益寿的需求．本文讨论了绿色营销的现状及其对企业发展的影响，并提出了实施绿色营销的战略对策．     

环境经济学的发展与创新

资源短缺、环境恶化，是人类社会发展所面临的突出问题，为解决这些问题，我国制定了保护资源、维护生态平衡的基本国策．而如何实施这些国策，并解决好有实施过程中出现的问题，还有待于理论上的指导，这个理论便是关于资源环境与经济发展过程中的内在联系的理论．因此，创建环境经济学，显得非常紧迫．     

浅论以生物量为基础的工业部门的公共政策与革新：巴西和印度甘蔗工业的经验教训

一些发展中国家正在实施以生物量为基础的长远工业化政策．甘蔗深加工已经占巴西和印度国内生产总值（ＧＤＰ）的１％以上．鉴于国际上能源和原材料价格低廉以及投资资金紧缺，以生物量为基础的工业的可行性不能依赖于一种最终产品如乙醇或糖，目前急需多样化．技术推广必须改进，并彻底分析公共政策的影响．     

北方电讯公司（Nortel）的产品寿命周期管理

1992年，北方电讯公司启动了一项产品寿命周期管理（PLCM）计划，承诺该公司要把资源效率落实到产品寿命周期的所有阶段．北方电讯公司的这项计划涉及供应商管理，把环境改善纳入新产品的设计阶段，在制造中实施工艺和材料革新与替代，并为产品配置提供替代解决办法．     

环境署焦点

联合国环境署与世界知识产权组织联合实施了一项研究，其报告在2004年2月吉隆坡的生物多样性公约缔约方大会上提出．该报告突出了为传统知识和基因资源的来源国、社区以及土著居民提供补偿的复杂性．该报告也讨论了有关确保获取和使用这些资源所得利益公平分享的实际操作问题．     

采矿部门的基本原则

政府、采矿企业及矿物工业应该至少：１．在发放执照过程和开发实施环境管理系统的过程中,认识到环境管理的 高度优先性及重要性,这包括早期的及全面的环境影响评价、污染控制 及其它预防和缓解措施、监测及审计行为、以及紧急事件响应程序．２认识到社会经济影响评价和采矿运作中社会计划的重要性,应该在项目 实施早期考虑社会经济影响,性别问题应该同样在政策及项目层次上考 虑（新原则）３．在高层管理及政策决策层上建立工业及政府的环境责任４．鼓励所有层次的雇员认识到他们在环境管理方面的责任,并且确保获得 足够资源、全体雇…     

关于中国企业品牌战略的研究

为使中国企业更好的应对国外品牌的竞争,稳健的实施企业品牌战略,该文就我国企业实施品牌战略的现状以及存在的问题进行了分析,有针对性的提出了具体在实施品牌战略过程中应特别注意并实行有效调控的对策。参4．     

国家清洁生产中心的金融可持续性：洪都拉斯国家清洁生产中心的经验

洪都拉斯国家清洁生产中心于2000年成立，加拿大国际开发署（CIDA）为中心前五年的运行提供资助，CIDA还在1998年资助了中心的可行性研究和项目设计．顾问们制定的实施战略把金融可持续性定为一个主要目标．推荐了用于成本回收的详细机制，以及一些中心服务费用分担办法．剩余资金将被加入可持续性基金．在这一方面已经取得了重大进展．到2003年这一基金的数目之大导致CIDA的捐款仅占中心业务预算的50％；剩余部分来自参与企业．本文介绍了中心所执行战略的基本内容、挑战、进展和在努力实现金融可持续性的过程中获得的经验．     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Seaweed for climate mitigation,wastewater treatment,bioenergy, bioplastic,biochar, food,pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics: a review

The development and recycling of biomass production can partly solve issues of energy, climate change, population growth, food and feed shortages, and environmental pollution. For instance, the use of seaweeds as feedstocks can reduce our reliance on fossil fuel resources, ensure the synthesis of cost-effective and eco-friendly products and biofuels, and develop sustainable biorefinery processes. Nonetheless, seaweeds use in several biorefineries is still in the infancy stage compared to terrestrial plants-based lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, here we review seaweed biorefineries with focus on seaweed production, economical benefits, and seaweed use as feedstock for anaerobic digestion, biochar, bioplastics, crop health, food, livestock feed, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. Globally, seaweeds could sequester between 61 and 268 megatonnes of carbon per year, with an average of 173 megatonnes. Nearly 90% of carbon is sequestered by exporting biomass to deep water, while the remaining 10% is buried in coastal sediments. 500 gigatonnes of seaweeds could replace nearly 40% of the current soy protein production. Seaweeds contain valuable bioactive molecules that could be applied as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, anticancer, contraceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulants, and in other cosmetics and skincare products.

     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.