A Rural Energy Study in Tanzania The Case of Bundilya Village

Based on observations and estimates, an energy flow model for the village of Bundilya in Tanzania has been set up. A serious imbalance is demonstrated, and possibilities for short-term and long-term planning efforts to overcome the imbalance are discussed. It is concluded that introduction of more efficient equipment for using energy, along with an integrated agro-forestry management programme, constitutes the only short-term solution of merit. Cultural aspects and the participating role of the villagers are discussed, and the relations between this study and other village energy studies for Tanzania and other countries are touched upon.     

The Approaches to Energy Supply Management in Thailand

Thailand used 42% of its export earnings to pay the 1981 oil import bill of US$3 billion. The present difficult economic situation is caused by the country's increasing dependence on imported oil which has risen from 50% of total energy consumption in 1962 to 75% in 1981. Contributing factors include basic problems in energy consumption patterns, inadequate pricing structures and a lack of a clearly-defined responsibility over the country's energy management. To remedy the present situation the Government is embarking on a large-scale programme based on the utilization of natural gas, hydroelectric power, lignite and imported coal, which should reduce the share of imported oil in Thailand's total energy consumption to 38% in 1990. En 1981, la Thailande a consacré 42 pour cent du revenu de ses exportations à régler sa facture pétrolière qui s'est chiffrée à 3 milliards de dollars des Etats-Unis. Les difficultés de la situation économique actuelle sont le résultat de la dépendance croissante du pays à l'égard du brut d'importation qui représentait, en 1981, 70 pour cent de la consommation totale d'énergie contre 50 pour cent en 1962. Parmi les causes de cette situation, il faut citer les problèmes qui sont à la base des changements de structures de la consommation d'énergie, de mauvaises politiques de prix et l'absence d'une stratégie clairement établie en ce qui concerne la gestion des ressources énergétiques du pays. Pour remédier à cette situation, le gouvernement s'est lancé dans un programme à grande échelle basé sur l'utilisation du gaz naturel, de la force hydroélectrique, du lignite et du charbon d'importation qui devraient pouvoir réquire à 38%, en 1990, la part d'importation du pétrole d'origine érangère de la Thailande Tailandia utilizó el 42 porciento de su ingreso por exportación para pagar tres mil millones de dólares correspondiente a la importación de petróleo durante 1981. La dificultad presente es causada por la creciente dependencia en petróleo importado que ha aumentado del 50 porciento del consumo total de energía en 1962 al 75 porciento en 1981. Los factores que contribuyen a esta situatión son: problemas básicos en la estructura del consumo y de precios y la falta de una clara delimitación de responsabilidades en la administractión del sector de energía. Para remediar esta situación el Gobierno se ha embarcado en un programa de gran escala basado en la utilización de gas natural, energía hidroeléctrica, lignito y carbon importado lo cual deberá reducir al 38 porciento del consumo de 1990 la parte del petróleo importado.     

Optimal Design Methods for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems

Renewable and hybrid energy systems (HESs) are expanding due to environmental concerns of climate change, air pollution, and depleting fossil fuels. Moreover, HESs can be cost effective in comparison with conventional power plants. This article reviews current methods for designing optimal HESs. The survey shows these systems are often developed on a medium scale in remote areas and stand-alone, but there is a global growing interest for larger scale deployments that are grid connected. Examples of HESs are PV–wind–battery and PV–diesel–battery. PV and wind energy sources are the most widely adopted. Diesel and batteries are often used but hydrogen is increasing as a clean energy carrier. The design of an efficient HES is challenging because HES models are nonlinear, non-convex, and composed of mixed-type variables that cannot be solved by traditional optimization methods. Alternatively, two types of approaches are typically used for designing optimal HESs: simulation-based optimization and metaheuristic optimization methods. Simulation-based optimization methods are limited in view of human intervention that makes them tedious, time consuming, and error prone. Metaheuristics are more efficient because they can handle automatically a range of complexities. In particular, multi-objective optimization (MOO) metaheuristics are the most appropriate for optimal HES because HES models involve multiple objectives at the same time such as cost, performance, supply/demand management, grid limitations, and so forth. This article shows that the energy research community has not fully utilized state-of-the-art MOO metaheuristics. More recent MOO metaheuristics could be used such as robust optimization and interactive optimization.     

朝阳市农村能源的开发利用

本文简述了朝阳市农村能源的种类、数量及能源消耗状况,分析了农村能源在供需过程中存在的主要问题,并提出了相应的防治对策。     

太阳能在沼气工程中的应用——北京市延庆县西龙湾村沼气集中供气工程模式

北京市延庆县西龙湾村沼气工程根据光-热转换原理,将可利用的太阳能技术同沼气生物技术有机结合起来,利用太阳能为沼气工程加温,解决了寒冷地区冬季沼气生产的问题.     

Economics of Energy Conservation in Developing Countries and Analysis of Investment Incentives

This paper analyzes the economics of energy conservation in developing countries, compares the cost of energy conservation with the cost of enhancing domestic energy supply, and examines the effect of government investment incentive policies on the financial feasibility of energy conservation projects. A representative sample of 21 projects from six Indian industries shows that investing in energy conservation is more economical to a country than investing in domestic energy supply. Moreover, the nature of the conservation effort, i.e. housekeeping improvements, waste heat recovery or process change, is more important in determining the economics of energy conservation than is the type of industry. Analysis of government investment incentives shows that most of them are effective in making uneconomical energy conservation projects financially feasible and that the most effective incentive for the private investor to invest in energy conservation is the removal of fuel subsidies.     

Participatory Model Calibration for Improving Resource Management Systems: Case Study of Rainwater Harvesting in an Indian Village

While planning resource management systems in rural areas, it is important to consider criteria that are specific to the local social conditions. Such criteria might change from one region to another and are hence best identified using a participatory approach. In this work, we propose a participatory framework to identify such criteria and derive their weights. These identified criteria and their weights are used as parameters to develop a quantitative model for evaluating efficiency of each system. Such a model can serve as a support tool for stakeholders to simulate and analyze “what‐if” scenarios, evaluate alternatives, and select one which best satisfies their requirements. We use existing systems to test the model by comparing efficiencies evaluated by the model to efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders. The model is calibrated by repeating the process until statistically significant correlation is achieved between evaluated and perceived efficiencies. The novelty of the proposed framework lies in treating efficiencies perceived by the stakeholders as the ground truth since they know these systems well and are their ultimate users. The framework is successfully demonstrated using case study of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in an Indian village. The resulting calibrated model can be used to plan new RWH systems in this region and similar regions elsewhere. The framework can be used to plan other resource management systems in various regions.     

国家鼓励发展节能环保型小排量汽车

2005年12月25日，国务院办公厅转发了发展改革委，建设部、公安部、财政部、监察部、环保总局《关于鼓励发展节能环保型小排量汽车的意见》的通知（国办发C2005761号）。     

电器产品测试用供水系统的研制

本文介绍的是一种能为与水源连接的电器产品安全及性能测试提供高精度多参数供水系统的研制思路。本系统由PLC(可编程逻辑控制器)、模糊PID(管路及仪表布置图)调节仪、变频器、电动阀、计量泵等组成,实现了供水温度、压力、流量、电阻率、pH值、硬度等多参数的全自动控制。经实际测试,该供水系统各项参数均能达到标准规定的供水要求。     

Thermal Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Systems: A Parametric Study

Conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) module converts the light component of solar radiation into electrical power, and heat part is absorbed by module increasing its operating temperature. Combined PV module and heat exchanger generating both electrical and thermal powers is called as hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) solar system. The paper presents the design of a PV/T collector, made with thin film PV technology and a spiral flow absorber, and a simulation model, developed through the system of several mathematical equations, to evaluate the performance of PV/T water collectors. The effect of various parameters on the thermal and electrical efficiency has been investigated to obtain optimum combination of parameters. Finally, a numerical simulation has been carried out for the daily and annual yield of the proposed PV/T collector, and comparison with a standard PV module is discussed.     

新型节能电源控制技术在电除尘器上的应用

对当前电除尘器的主流节能技术进行了综合分析和论证,指出应通过先进的电源控制产品优化除尘器运行方式来实现除尘器的节能高效运行,利用高频电源技术达到电除尘器节能减排的目的。     

Climate Convention Implementation: An Opportunity for the Pacific Island Nations to Move Toward Sustainable Energy Systems

This article does not focus on adaptation or mitigation policy directly but on an allied opportunity that exists for the Pacific Islands via the auspices of the Climate Convention, because the existing very costly energy systems used in the Pacific Island region are fossil-fuel dependent. It is argued here that efforts can be made towards the development of energy systems that are ecologically sustainable because Pacific Island nations are eligible to receive assistance to introduce renewable energy technology and pursue energy conservation via implementation mechanisms of the Climate Convention and, in particular, through transfer of technology and via joint implementation. It is contended that assistance in the form of finance, technology, and human resource development from developed countries and international organizations would provide sustainable benefits in improving the local Pacific Island environments. It is also emphasized that mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions is not the responsibility of the Pacific Islands as they contribute very little on a per capita global scale and a tiny proportion of total global greenhouse gas emissions.     

Energy Supply Potentials and Needs, and the Environmental Impact of their Use in Sudan

Sudan is an agricultural country with fertile land, plenty of water resources, livestock, forestry resources, and agricultural residues. An overview of the energy situation in Sudan is introduced with reference to the end uses and regional distribution. Energy sources are divided into two main types; conventional energy (biomass, petroleum products, and electricity); and non-conventional energy (solar, wind, hydro-electricity, etc.). Sudan possesses a relatively high abundance of solar radiation, and moderate wind speeds, hydro, and biomass energy resources. The application of the new and renewable sources of energy available in Sudan is now a major issue in future energy strategic planning and for an alternative to fossil conventional energy. Sudan is an important case study in the context of renewable energy. It has a long history of meeting its energy needs through renewables. Sudan's renewables' portfolio is broad and diverse, due in part to the country's wide range of climates and landscapes. Like many of the African leaders in renewable energy utilization, Sudan has a well-defined commitment to continue research, development, and implementation of new technologies. Sustainable low-carbon energy scenarios for the new century emphasize the untapped potential of renewable resources. Rural areas of Sudan can benefit from this transition. The increased availability of reliable and efficient energy services stimulates new development alternatives. It is concluded that renewable, environmentally friendly, energy must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated by full-scale plants, especially for use in the remote rural areas of Sudan.     

The Economics of Geothermal Power Development in the Philippines

In the Philippines the development of geothermal energy resources for electricity generation is undertaken by two independent agencies. One develops the steamfield and sells the steam. The second buys the steam, which, in the case of the Philippines, is the National Power Company (NPC), a government-owned corporation mandated to produce electricity for sale and distribution to various consumers.
One such steamfield developer is the Philippine National Oil Company-Energy Development Corporation (PNOC/EDC), Geothermal Division. At present PNOC is operating in two areas, the Tongonan Field and the Palimpinon Field. This paper discusses the economics of the development of these two steamfields. Historical investments are presented for both. Past and projected additional investments up to commissioning for a new field are also presented. Variations in the investment levels for the three fields are discussed, and explanations for the variances are presented.     

The On-Ranch Economics of Riparian Zone Cattle Grazing Management

A simulation model of a cattle ranch based in southern Alberta, Canada was developed to evaluate the on-ranch economics of adopting different grazing management strategies to improve riparian grazing capacity in natural grass rangeland. Under low-cost scenarios, there are positive economic incentives to adopt strategies to maintain riparian zones that already have high grazing capacity. However, riparian zones that have declined to moderate or low grazing capacity may require additional economic incentives to encourage ranches to adopt more costly management strategies to improve the grazing capacity. The economic incentives to adopt costly management strategies are highly sensitive to the size and shape of the riparian zone and rates of grazing capacity decline or improvement.