Microbial decolourisation of pulp and paper mill effluent in presence of nitrogen and phosphorus by activated sludge process

The effect of pH, nutrient and aeration was studied on the removal of colour and reduction of BOD, COD and heavy metals with addition of readily available source of nitrogen and phosphorus in concentration of 1.0 g/L. Recalcitrant compound was effectively degraded by active microbial consortia. The isolated bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas putida (S1), Citrobacter sp. (S4) and Enterobacter sp. (S5). These organisms not only decolourised effluent upto 97% but reduced BOD, COD, phenolics and sulfide upto 96.63, 96.80, 96.92 and 96.67% respectively within 24 hrs of aeration and the heavy metals were removed upto 82-99.80%. The TSS and TDS were sharply reduced due to degradation. The absorption maxima was also decreased to 90%. However, in control without the microbial consortium no noticeable change was produced.     

Sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent in pilot scale bioreactor

In the present study sequential anaerobic and aerobic treatment in two step bioreactor was performed for removal of colour in the pulp and paper mill effluent. In anaerobic treatment, colour 50%, lignin 62%, COD 29%, absordable organic halides (AOX) 25% and phenol 29% were reduced in eight days. The anaerobically treated effluent was separately applied in bioreactor in presence of fungal strain, Paecilomyces sp., and bacterial strain, Microbrevis luteum. Data of study indicated reduction in colour 80%, AOX 74%, lignin 81%, COD 93% and phenol 76 per cent by Paecilomyces sp. where as Microbrevis luteum showed removal in colour 59%, lignin 71%, COD 86%, AOX 84% and phenol 88% by day third when 7 days anaerobically treated effluent was further treated by aerobic microorganisms. Change in pH of the effluent and increase in biomass of microorganism's substantiated results of the study, which was concomitant to the treatment method.     

Pollution level in distillery effluent and its phytotoxic effect on seed germination and early growth of maize and rice

The effluent from a Lucknow- based distillery (Mohan Meakin Distillery) was analyzed for physico-chemical and biological parameters of pollution and concentration of potentially toxic heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn) and the effect of the distillery effluent, as such and on 50% dilution with tap water was studied on seed germination and seedling growth of maize (Zea mays L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.). The effluent was wine red in colour and highly acidic (pH approximately 55) and possessed decaying alcoholic smell. The effluent contained high values of different pollution parameters, particularly total solids, 3450 mgl(-1) (soluble plus suspended solids), alkalinity 1500 mgl(-1), biological oxygen demand (BOD, 1649 mgl(-1)) and chemical oxygen demand (COD, 2036 mgl(-1)). It had very low values of dissolved oxygen (DO, 0.34 mgl(-1)). The heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Ni and Zn) content, particularly the nickel concentration (0.029 mg l(-1)) was high. Use of the distillery effluent, even on 1:1 dilution with tap water inhibited germination and early seedling growth of maize and rice. In both maize and rice, more so in the former germination % of seeds, length of radicle and plumule and the fresh and dry weight of the seedlings were significantly reduced. The emerging leaves of the seedlings also developed visible effects of toxicity some of which resembled the symptoms of nickel toxicity. Our observations suggest that the effluent, as discharged from the distillery carry a heavy load of pollutants. Its discharge into the river Gomti poses a potential threat to the aquatic life, perticularly during the summer months when the water flow in the river is drastically reduced. The distillery effluentis also harmful for irrigating crops grown along the drain carrying it.     

Impact of anaerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil microflora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L

Impact of distillery effluent (untreated and treated) irrigation on soil microflora of the pots used for growing Phaseolus aureus L. was investigated. The growth of the P. aureus plants as affected by distillery effluent irrigation was also evaluated. The irrigation of the pots by 1-10% distillery effluent (anaerobically treated) stimulated the growth of the soil microflora (increased number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and P. aureus plants (increased shoot and root lengths, biomass, chlorophyll and protein contents). Further, 15-20% distillery effluent (anaerobically treated) had toxic effect on soil micro flora as indicated by reduced number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Reduction in shoot, root, lengths, biomass, chlorophyll, protein contents of P. aureus was also observed when irrigated by 15-20% treated distillery effluent. All the concentrations of raw distillery effluent reduced the bacterial population. However, the treated distillery effluent concentrations <10% had stimulatory effect on fungal and actinomycetes population. However, raw effluent concentrations >5% reduced the same. Raw distillery effluent was more toxic to P. aureus than treated distillery effluent as concentrations >5%, had reduced the growth (shoot, root length and biomass) of the test plant. Raw distillery effluent had adverse effect to total chlorophyll contents and all the test concentrations reduced the total chlorophyll level. However, untreated (raw) distillery effluent stimulated the protein content initially. It has been concluded from-present study that lower concentrations of the raw distillery effluent (1-5%) and treated distillery effluent (1-10%) had stimulated the growth of P. aureus and soil microflora except soil bacteria (inhibited by all the concentration of the raw effluent). However, higher concentrations (raw effluent: 10-20%; treated effluent 15-20%) had toxicity to test parameters.     

Effects of copper (I) oxide on growth and biochemical compositions of two marine microalgae

In copper based antifouling (AF) paints Cu (I) oxide was largely used as booster biocide. In this study effect of Cu (I) oxide on two marine microalgae, Tetraselmis suecica and Dunaliella tertiolecta was demonstrated. EC50 (96 hr) concentrations estimated for T. suecica and D. tertiolecta were 1.3 mg l(-1) and 1.34 mg l(-1), respectively. Copper (I) oxide induced changes in growth, chlorophyll, carbohydrate and protein contents were observed in T. suecica and D. tertiolecta. At low concentration of 0.0625 mg l(-1), 3-26% and 1-16% growth stimulation was observed in T. suecica and T. tertiolecta respectively. Increasing Cu (I) oxide concentrations proportionately decreased the carbohydrate and protein contents. This study clearly indicates the toxicity of excessive Cu (I) oxide on growth and biochemical compositions of T. suecica and D. tertiolecta.     

Chromium in tannery industry effluent and its effect on plant metabolism and growth

Different dilution levels of tannery treated effluent and their corresponding concentration of chromium (Cr6+) were studied in a petridish culture experiment on seed germination and seedling growth in radish (Raphanus sativus L). The different concentrations of Cr6+ (2, 5 and 10 ppm) and treated tannery effluent (10, 25 and 50%) showed reduction in seedling growth and related enzymatic activities with increase in concentration of Cr6+ in treatments and effluent both. The low concentration of chromium (2 ppm) and effluent dilution (10%) showed significant growth reduction separately. At this concentration of chromium and effluent dilution chlorophyll content, amylase, catalase and protein contents remained unchanged while with increase in Cr6+ concentration (>2ppm) and effluent dilution (> 10%) in treatments showed growth inhibitory effects.     

Performance of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) on different types of wastewater treatment

Duckweed (Lemna minor L.) has a wide application in Turkey having suitable climatic conditions. In this study, the growth of duckweed was assessed in laboratory scale experiments. They were fed with municipal and industrial wastewater at constant temprature. COD, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and ortho-phosphate (OP) removal efficiencies of the reactors were monitored by sampling influent and effluent of the system. Removal efficiency in this study reflects optimal results: 73-84% COD removal, 83-87% TN removal, 70-85% TP removal and 83-95% OP removal. The results show that the duckweed-based wastewater treatment is capable of treating the laboratory wastewater.     

Optimization of thermophilic anaerobic-aerobic treatment system for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Optimization of an integrated anaerobic-aerobic bioreactor (IAAB) treatment system for the reduction of organic matter (Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Suspended Solids (TSS) concentrations) in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) to legal standards with high methane yield was performed for the first time under thermophilic condition (50°C–55°C) by using response surface methodology (RSM). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with three independent operating variables, organic loading rates in anaerobic compartment (OLR_an) and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) concentration in anaerobic (MLVSS_an) and aerobic compartments (MLVSS_a). The optimum conditions for the POME treatment were determined as OLR_an of 15.6 g COD·L^-1·d^-1, MLVSS_an of 43100 mg·L^-1, and MLVSS_a of 18600 mg·L^-1, where high aerobic COD, BOD and TSS removal efficiencies of 96.3%, 97.9%, and 98.5% were achieved with treated BOD of 56 mg·L^-1 and TSS of 28 mg·L^-1 meeting the discharge standard. This optimization study successfully achieved a reduction of 42% in the BOD concentrations of the final treated effluent at a 48% higher OLR_an as compared to the previous works. Besides, thermophilic IAAB system scores better feasibility and higher effectiveness as compared to the optimized mesophilic system. This is due to its higher ability to handle high OLR with higher overall treatment efficiencies (more than 99.6%), methane yield (0.31 L CH₄·g^-1 COD_removed) and purity of methane (67.5%). Hence, these advantages ascertain the applicability of thermophilic IAAB in the POME treatment or even in other high-strength wastewaters treatment.     

日本关于制浆造纸厂排水的生物影响研究现状

日本自１９９４年以来的近６年中,对全国近２０个制浆造纸厂排水进行了生物影响实验研究,研究内容主要是排水对生物急性毒性实验、亚急性毒性实验、慢性毒性实验与二恶英分析、采用食物链上不同等级的三类水生生物与发光菌等为实验生物、毒性指标主要有ＬＣ５０、ＩＣ２０、ＩＣ５０、ＥＣ１０、ＥＣ３０、ＬＯＥＣ、ＮＯＥＣ等,排水的ＣＯＤ／ＢＯＤ比值也与生物毒性具相关性。     

采用絮凝—接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水

采用絮凝-接触氧化法处理酿酒行业废水,原废水CODcr浓度为1627-2334mg/L,SS浓度为2095-2301mg/L,BOD5浓度为981-1005mg/L,色度为80-110倍,用絮凝-接触氧化法处理后,CODer浓度为280-295mg/L,SS浓度为178-199mg/L,CODcr浓度为145-150mg/L,色度为20-25倍,CODcr平均去除率为85%。悬浮物平均去除率为91%,BOD5平均去除率为85%,色度平均去除率为77%,各项指标符合国家排废标准。     

Seasonal variations in different physico-chemical parameters of the effluents of Century Pulp and Paper Mill, Lal Kuan, Uttarakhand

The present study was undertaken with the objective to study the characteristics of the effluent of Century Pulp and Paper Mill, Lalkuan (Uttarakhand) in different seasons. The variations in the physicochemical characteristics were observed and monitored up to 12 months at three different sites. Mean values of temperature, pH, chlorides and total phenols of the effluent were found below, whereas colour, BOD5, COD and lignin concentrations were above the minimum national standards (MINAS).     

人工湿地对有机污染物的去除效果与动态特征

通过对荣成人工湿地污水处理系统1999年1月至2004年12月间监测数据进行分析,确定系统的处理效果及有机污染物去除效果的动态特征。结果表明,人工湿地对SS、COD、BOD5均有很好的去除效果,出水质量浓度分别为27.6±6.6、90.0±12.5和22.7±4.3 mg.L-1,去除率分别为73.9%、63.8%和72.5%。大肠菌群、粪大肠菌群去除率分别为99.7%和99.6%。对NH4 -N和TP去除效果较差,出水质量浓度分别为11.2±2.7和2.03±0.29 mg.L-1,去除率分别为45.1%和30.2%。BOD5、COD的去除效果和季节变化有一定关系,每年的4—7月BOD5去除效果最佳,1月和12月去除效果最差。COD的去除效果每年6月和7月最高,1月和12月最低。分析BOD5、COD和SS去除效果的年际变化发现,BOD5和COD年平均去除率从1999年到2004年有增加的趋势。     

Fenton——聚硅铝铁处理生活垃圾压滤液研究

为了降低生活垃圾压滤液污染负荷,为后续生化处理的正常运行创造良好条件,针对垃圾压滤液污染特性,以CODCr去除率为指标,通过正交实验和单因素实验研究了Fenton—聚硅铝铁混凝法处理城市生活垃圾压滤液的最优反应条件和处理效果。结果表明:采用该工艺处理垃圾压滤液时,pH值对CODCr去除率影响最大,其次是PSAF,再次是H2O2和FeSO4,在最优反应条件下,浊度去除率达到95.3%,CODCr去除率达到86.7%,BOD5去除率达到81.6%,浊度、CODCr、BOD5分别下降到86NTU、4201 mg.L-1、855 mg.L-1。     

马拉硫磷及其水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制及氧化损伤作用

为了探讨马拉硫磷和主要水解产物对圆瘤浮萍的生长抑制作用及可能的氧化损伤机制,采用静态培养法,研究不同浓度的马拉硫磷及其水解产物二甲基二硫代磷酸酯(DMDTP)、二甲基硫代磷酸酯(DMTP)、二甲基磷酸酯(DMP)对圆瘤浮萍生长、叶绿素含量、叶绿体活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,暴露7 d后,浓度为100 mg a.i.·L-1处理下的浮萍叶状体生长量与空白对照组无显著性差异;DMDTP、DMTP和DMP对圆瘤浮萍叶状体生长量的半数抑制浓度(7 d-IC50)分别为52.9、45.5和98.0 mg a.i.·L-1。随着试验液中DMDTP、DMTP和DMP浓度的升高,圆瘤浮萍叶绿素含量均明显降低,叶绿体活性则分别表现为诱导-抑制、抑制和抑制效应。在DMDTP、DMTP和DMP胁迫下,脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加;圆瘤浮萍体内的抗氧化酶系统均受到影响。总体表现为随着DMDTP浓度的增加,SOD活性先降低后升高;DMTP和DMP胁迫下,SOD活性呈现先降后升再降的趋势;POD和CAT活性则随3种水解产物浓度的增加呈现先升后降趋势;这表明抗氧化酶系统对外部胁迫的应答很复杂。马拉硫磷对圆瘤浮萍的毒性较小,其水解产物DMDTP、DMTP和DMP均对圆瘤浮萍的生长产生一定的毒性作用。在实际生产中,应多加关注马拉硫磷水解产物对环境生物的风险评估。     

Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium and lead in Salvinia cucullata

The toxicity and accumulation of heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in aquatic fern, Salvinia cucullata were studied. Plants were cultured in Hoagland's medium which was supplemented with 0.5,1,2, and 4 mg/l of Cd and 5, 10, and 40 mg/l of Pb and were separately harvested after 2,4,6, and 8 days. The toxicity symptoms of Cd and Pb to S. cucullata showed chlorosis on leaves. There were significant derceases in the relative growth, biomass productivity and total chlorophyll content when the exposure time and concentration were increased. The accumulation study showed the significant increases of both metals when the exposure time and concentration were increased. The roots of S. cucullata had higher Cd and Pb contents than leaves suggesting that the metals were bound to the root cells and were partially transported to the leaves.     

啤酒废水的生物净化与利用研究

以啤酒废水为主的城市污水,通过多级模拟生物净化系统,污水中的有机污染物得到明显转换和去除． Ｂ Ｏ Ｄ５ 、 Ｃ Ｏ Ｄｃｒ、 Ｎ、 Ｐ等污染指标去除率在７９ ．４５ ％ ～９９ ．７０ ％ 之间．随水质的改变,藻类的种类、数量、生物量、叶绿素含量及多样性指数不断上升,清洁种类逐渐增多．在净化后的污水中,鱼虾优质饵料生物—大型蚤数量ｎ达２３４ Ｌ－ １ ,即平均有２ ．６７ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｃ、０ ．６２ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｎ、０ ．０９ ｍｇ Ｌ－ １ 的 Ｐ转移到蚤体中．相关分析表明,大型蚤食量与加入藻的量呈正相关关系,与剩余藻的量呈负相关关系．     

Treatment of soybean wastewater by a wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides and to produce protein under natural conditions

The conventional treatment method of soybean wastewater is expensive and generates waste sludge that requires further handling. Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) wastewater treatment is a clean technology and can generate single cell protein while degrading pollutants. A wild strain of PNSB, Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08, was isolated from local soil and was used to treat soybean wastewater. To develop a cost-effective process, the work was performed under natural conditions without artificial light, aeration, nutrients addition, or pH and temperature adjustment. The results showed that the wild strain Rhodobacter sphaeroides Z08 could grow well under natural conditions. The growth curve showed two quick-growth periods and a turning point. The Z08 treatment of soybean wastewater was zero order reaction and COD reduction was 96% after 10 d. The major byproducts of the process were C2-C5 organic acids, predominantly butyric acid. No alcohol was found in the effluent. The initial COD/bacterial-mass ratio (F/M) had a significant effect on soybean wastewater treatment efficiency. When the initial F/M was lower than 10 mg-COD/mg-bacteria, a sufficient amount of time to achieve 90% of COD reduction was only three days. The Z08 biomass yield was 0.28g·g⁻¹, and the bacterial protein content was 52%.     

Combinatorial effects of distillery and sugar factory effluents in crop plants

Under the reutilization and recycling strategy of industrial effluents, treated distillery and sugar factory mixed effluent was used in petridish culture experiments to investigate its effect on seed germination and seedling growth in wheat, garden pea, black gram and mustard. The seed germination and seedling growth were significantly reduced with increase in concentration of the effluent. The fresh matter was found significantly increased in barley (1.16 g per seedling in 25% dilution level of effluents in comparison to 0.93 in control), while other higher dilution levels reduce it. Wheat, garden pea, black gram, mustard invariably showed inhibition in fresh weight. Dry weight was found consistently reduced or unchanged in different treatments. Total chlorophyll contents in barley were significantly increased in different treatments (2.351 and 2.721 mg/g fresh weight of tissue at 25, 50% dilution levels in comparison to 1.781 of control) while in other crop it was reduced alloverthe treatments. Amylase activity in wheat, garden pea, black gram and mustard was reduced in all the treatments. Only in barley its level was enhanced from 0.76 to 0.85, 0.96, 0.81 in 25, 50, 75% dilution levels of the effluent mixture respectively Based on the data of different crops barley was found to be highly tolerant as the 25 and 50% dilution levels of combined effluents. It showed no change in germination %, while seedling growth was increased in lower dilution levels of combined effluent as compared to control Barley>garden pea>wheat>black gram>mustard gradually showed increased level of sensitivity respectively Most detrimental effects were seen in mustard. This toxicity might be due to excess of nutrients, beyond the limits of tolerance. Therefore, the higher concentration of mixed effluent was not advisable for irrigation purpose, however it could be used for irrigation purpose after proper treatment and dilution (one part treated effluent and five parts of available irrigation water), as this dilution level was found growth and yield promotory     

森林公园污水回用改造工程设计的案例分析

昆明市某森林公园污水回用工程处理规模1000t／d,于2007建成使用,水源为市政管网截污,使用一段时间后出水各项指标均超过回用水质标准33％～170％,针对出现问题采用MBR工艺进行了改造。改造后系统运行稳定,出水COD≤50mg／L、BOD≤6mg,／L、SS≤10mg／L、NH4-N≤5mg／L、TP≤0．5mg／L、TN≤15mg／L,均优于《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》标准中观赏性景观环境用水水景类水质标准,同时运行费用较原工艺降低18％,为0．847元/m^3,实现了工程改造的预期目标。     

Impact of distillery effluent on germination behaviour of Brassica napus L

The study has been focused on effect of untreated distillery effluent (Devans Breweries Ltd., Jammu) on germination of gobi sarson (Brassica napus. L. var. Punjabi Special). Six treatments (E0.... E100) each having three replicates were made. E0 was taken as control in which tap water was used for irrigation of the plants. For E20, E40, E60, E80 and E100, different concentrations i.e. 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of effluent were used for irrigation, respectively. The 100% sample of distillery effluent analyzed for various physicochemical parameters showed acidic nature (pH 4.0) and higher values of COD (2496 mg l(-1)), TDS (799.7 mg l(-1)) and chlorides (1408 mg l(-1)). The parameters e.g. percent germination, germination index, speed of germination, and peak value were highest in treatment receiving 20% effluent concentration which also showed minimum values for percent inhibition, germination period, and delay index.