Risk reduction concept to provide design criteria for Emergency Systems for onshore LNG plants

The functional safety requirement is widely applied in the process plant industry in accordance with the international standards, such as IEC and ISA. The requirement is defined as safety integrity level (SIL) based on the risk reduction concept for protection layers, from original process risk to tolerable risk level. Although the standards specify both, the Prevention System and the Emergency System, as level of protection layers, the standards specify in detail only the use of the Prevention System (i.e., Safety Instrumented System (SIS)). The safety integrity level is not commonly allocated to the Emergency System (e.g., Fire and Gas System, Emergency Shutdown System and Emergency Depressuring System). This is because the required risk reduction can be normally achieved by only the Prevention System (i.e., SIS and Pressure Safety Valve (PSV)). Further, the risk reduction level for the Emergency System is very difficult to be quantified by the actual SIL application (i.e., evaluated based on the single accident scenario, such as an accident from process control deviation), since the escalation scenarios after Loss of Containment (LOC) greatly vary depending on the plant design and equipment. Consequently, there are no clear criteria for evaluating the Emergency System design. This paper aims to provide the functional safety requirement (i.e., required risk reduction level based on IEC 61508 and 61511) as design criteria for the Emergency System.In order to provide clear criteria for the Emergency System evaluation, a risk reduction concept integrated with public’s perception of acceptable risk criteria is proposed and is applied to identify the required safety integrity level for the Emergency System design. Further, to verify the safety integrity levels for the Emergency Systems, the probabilistic model of the Emergency Systems was established considering each Emergency System (e.g., Fire and Gas System, Emergency Shutdown System and Emergency Depressuring System) relation as the Overall Emergency System. This is because the Overall Emergency System can achieve its goal by the combined action of each individual system, including inherent safe design, such as separation distance.The proposed approach applicability was verified by conducting a case study using actual onshore Liquefied Natural Gas Plant data. Further, the design criteria for Emergency Systems for LNG plants are also evaluated by sensitivity analysis.     

在香港提供消防与安全工程研究生教育的必要性分析

论述了在香港提供消防与安全工程研究生教育的必要性,为了培养高质量人才,消防与安全工程高等教育的科目应当包括消防工程学和安全工程学(如火灾动力学),用于建筑设计的计算机火灾模拟,消防工程系统,火灾安全管理立法因素,用于火灾安全管理的设计事项,建造的安全因素,职业安全和人类工程学,事故防范、危害评估和控制,安全管理系统和安全审核。而这些重要课程的质量提高都强烈依赖于相关研究的进展。     

基于安全学习志的安全管理信息系统构建

通过分析论述安全学习志及安全管理信息系统的发展与特点,提出基于安全学习志安全管理信息系统的逻辑结构、总体构架和功能结构,以及从方法和技术角度为“安全学习志”在企业安全管理的应用提供一个全新的实现方案。本文把安全学习志这种理念融入到企业安全管理中,并对安全应急决策系统综合理论及安全管理信息系统建立技术方案的研究,目的在于为今后进一步的安全管理信息系统开发作理论和技术方法探索。     

Enhancement of occupational health and safety requirements in chemical tanker operations: The case of cargo explosion

Operational precautions for chemical tankers are vitally important in reducing the potential threat to shipboard crew by products carried. This paper enhances the International Safety Management (ISM) code in compliance with Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSAS 18001:2007) requirements in respect to operational constraints related to chemical tankers. As research methodology, Fuzzy Axiomatic Design (FAD) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) are referred to redesign the extended ISM code procedure, which identifies key points for occupational accident prevention on board chemical tankers. To illustrate the expected benefits of an extended ISM code procedure, the principle root causes of chemical tanker explosion are also discussed. In particular, the main results of the case study highlight the urgent need to ensure the competency of shipboard personnel and their familiarization with the characteristics of chemical cargos under differing circumstances. The outcomes set out in this paper contribute to regulatory compliance and to the management of occupational health and safety requirements on board chemical tankers.     

安太堡露天煤矿职业健康安全管理体系绩效分析

通过对安太堡露天煤矿职业健康安全管理体系认证前后安全生产管理基础数据的调查和统计,采用定性和定量的分析方法对该企业的安全管理水平进行了绩效对比分析和模型分析。结果表明,对于露天煤矿企业,建立职业健康安全管理体系有利于提高企业安全管理的水平;同时证明,该绩效分析方法具有分析过程简单、分析结果科学实用等优点。     

安全管理决策支持系统及其最新进展

安全管理是企业管理的重要组成部分,是实现安全生产的有力保证.决策支持系统是实现安全管理定性与定量分析有机结合的有效手段.该文结合安全管理,简要阐述了决策支持系统产生的背景、内容和发展趋势.介绍了作者在企业安全管理决策支持系统研制方面的主要结果和进一步工作的构想.     

安全管理信息系统学的创建、内涵与外延

安全管理信息系统学作为一门新兴学科在我国快速的发展,但是尚未形成成熟的学科理论与学科体系。笔者探讨安全管理信息系统学创建和发展的必要性;对学科的内涵和外延进行深入的分析;指出安全科学、管理科学和信息科学是安全管理信息系统学的三大知识支撑学科;学科体系由安全信息资源管理、安全信息技术和安全管理信息系统开发这3个知识板块组成。最后,对安全管理信息系统学教育的现状和发展提出了一些评述和建议。     

职业安全健康管理体系对企业经济和社会效益影响研究

为了评估职业安全健康管理体系的建立与企业经济和社会效益的关系 ,笔者对 12 5家企业的安全生产投入 ,因事故、职业病或违约造成的经济投入 (损失 ) ,以及建立职业安全健康管理体系后对企业经营活动及社会形象的影响进行了分析。结果发现 ,企业在建立职业安全健康管理体系期间及之后其安全生产投入比未建企业和建立体系之前增加 ;对事故、职业病或违约造成的经济投入加大 ;签订合同额和投标活动的中标率上升 ,员工抱怨次数及相关方抱怨次数下降。上述结果表明 ,职业安全健康管理体系的建立和运行对企业有良好的经济和社会效益。     

Managing process chemicals,technology and equipment information for pilot plant based on Process Safety Management standard

Injuries, accidents or even fatalities while working in pilot plant are reported worldwide. The OSHA Laboratory Standard and Hazard Communication Standard have been used as a guideline to manage safety of laboratories and pilot plant. In spite of the implementation of these standards, incidents which result in injuries and property loss are continuously occurring. The implementation of OSHA Process Safety Management (PSM) Standard in pilot plant is expected to further reduce the risks of accidents. This paper presents a new system for managing process chemicals, technology and equipment information in pilot plant and the concept is developed based on Process Safety Information (PSI) element of PSM 29 CFR 1910.119(d). It provides organized strategies to manage documentations, communicate information, and written program for maintaining, revising and updating related information. Process and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is used as a foundation for data management. Implementation of this system at the CO₂ Hydrocarbon Absorption System pilot plant as a case study is examined and discussed.     

22家企业建立职业健康安全管理体系前后社会和经济效益对比分析

作者抽取已建职业健康安全管理体系的22家企业,对其建立体系前后的企业经营活动、安全生产投入、因事故和职业病的经济投入(损失)进行分析.分析结果表明职业健康安全管理体系的建立和运行对企业有良好的社会和经济效益.     

Technical note on the contribution of sociotechnical factors to accidents notified to MARS

Not least due to the new `Seveso II Directive', Safety Management Systems (SMS) have become a hot topic in the `safety business'. To reveal in a structured way how organisations manage safety at their plants, classification schemes can be applied to identify plant-specific precautions on different hierarchical levels, e.g. from `top level' equipment reliability to `bottom level' safety climate. In this paper, such a model is used to classify the accidents reported to the European Commission's Major Accident Reporting System (MARS) according to the levels on which failures resulting in actual accidents did occur, and to cross-compare the levels of causation with the overall `severity' of the accidents. It is analytically shown that ∼66% of the accidents are caused by latent SMS failures, and that especially those accidents which are caused by failures in the `deepest layers of latency' have significantly higher `severities' than accidents caused by more `immediate' failures. In other words, it is quite likely that the deeper the underlying causes of an accident, the more `severe' its consequences. Implementing SMS is thus worth the effort.     

武钢贯彻实施OHSMS标准的探讨

论述了职业安全卫生管理体系(OHSMS)标准在规范安全管理、改善安全生产秩序中的重要保证作用，分析了公司目前的安全生产形势及存在的突出问题，探讨了武钢贯彻实施OHSMS标准的可行性和必要性。     

The development of a more risk-sensitive and flexible airport safety area strategy: Part II. Accident location analysis and airport risk assessment case studies

This two-part paper presents the development of an improved airport risk assessment methodology aimed at assessing risks related to aircraft accidents at and in the vicinity of airports and managing Airport Safety Areas (ASAs) as a risk mitigation measure. The improved methodology is more quantitative, risk-sensitive, flexible and transparent than standard risk assessment approaches. As such, it contributes to the implementation of Safety Management Systems at airports, as stipulated by the International Civil Aviation Organisation.The second part of the paper presents the analysis of accident locations, including the plotting of Complementary Cumulative Probability Distributions for the relevant accident types. These were then used in conjunction with the improved accident frequency models to produce Complementary Cumulative Frequency Distributions that could be used to assess risks related to specific runways and determine Airport Safety Area (ASA) dimensions necessary to meet a quantitative target level of safety. The approach not only takes into account risk factors previously ignored by standard risk assessments but also considers the operational and traffic characteristics of the runway concerned. The use of the improved risk assessment technique and risk management strategy using ASAs was also demonstrated in two case studies based on New York LaGuardia Airport and Boca Raton Airport in Florida.     

特大工程建设项目引入职业健康安全管理体系的研究与应用

探讨以工程建设项目为对象,将各参建单位作为相关方来建立职业健康安全管理体系(简称OHSMS),按照体系的要求对建设项目实施系统化管理。在泰州大桥建设项目的实践表明,通过推行OHSMS,使各参建单位明确其管理职责及运行机制,确定各参建方的信息沟通和管理控制程序,可以实现工程建设项目系统化、程序化和文件化的职业健康安全管理。将建设项目各参建方的安全工作纳入系统化、科学化管理,对提高工程项目安全管理水平具有重要作用。     

空管安全风险评估指标体系的优化设计

结合国际民航组织提出的安全管理体系实施的相关要求及我国《民航空管安全管理体系指导手册(试行)》的指导思想,根据安全管理一线工作人员及中高层管理者的访谈记录,收集整理出影响空管安全的风险因素,并按照人员、设备、环境、管理4个方面进行分类、提炼、合并和综合,设计了风险评估指标体系并进行优化。该体系把安全科学和系统论相结合,把错综复杂的安全风险因素细化综合、提炼出脉络分明的监控对象,有助于空管系统进行风险识别和综合预警,查找安全隐患和分析不安全事件或事故征候的原因,为民航安全风险信息化管理提供基础数据和决策依据。     

GB/T 28001-2011新版标准核心要素的理解

GB/T 28000《职业健康安全管理体系》系列标准于2012年开始正式实施,新版标准中对术语、定义和核心要素内容进行了大量的修订,正确地理解和贯彻标准核心要素是应用标准进行企业职业健康安全管理的根本所在,对预防和降低风险,确保职业健康安全管理体系的有效运行有着十分重要的意义.为使组织满足新版标准要求,本文对GB/T 28001-2011《职业健康安全管理体系要求》中核心要素——4.3.1危险源辨识、风险评价和控制措施的确定在内容上进行对比分析,并结合作者在实际工作中的案例和相关的法律法规和其他要求进行阐述,在此基础上对4.3.1要素进行理解,可以使组织对新标准的掌握和应用达到事半功倍的效果.     

A cascaded fuzzy-LOPA risk assessment model applied in natural gas industry

Natural gas plants demand high amount of energy provided through immense fuel gas units that may suffer risk hazards. Implementing a safety management system is the most efficient way of allocating resources for safety. This paper adopts The Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) risk Management associated with Fuzzy Logic methodology to prevent or limit industrial accidents. We provide an innovative cascaded fuzzy-LOPA model for certain hazardous scenarios and at different frequencies of occurrence. The introduced model is tested at moderate and high risk levels controlled in its practical limits through the use of Safety Integrity Functions (SIF). Obtained results show how this fuzzy-LOPA achieves better results to maintain the Safety Integrity Level (SIL) rating to acceptable limits.     

基于过程方法的企业安全评价指标体系构建方法

针对安全评价技术的应用现状,分析现有安全评价体系在构建上的局限性,认为安全评价体系应基于现代安全管理体系的运作方式进行构建;回顾安全管理的发展过程,对代表现代安全管理的两种管理模式的起源及特点进行了分析,认为两种管理模式都应用了质量管理的过程方法;在该基础之上,结合过程方法的特点与企业的实际运作方式,提出基于过程方法的安全管理模型,并运用该模型,对安全评价体系的指标构成进行分析;以危险源识别、管理过程、安全教育与培训和应急准备与响应4个指标为基础,构建了安全评价体系的框架。     

Integration of intelligent sensors in Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS)

This article deals with the assessment of Safety Instrumented Systems using intelligence in the field devices. The integration of intelligent instruments within safety oriented applications presents a challenge. The justification for using these instruments in safety applications is not fully proven and the dependability evaluation of such systems is not trivial. The work presented in this article deals with modeling in order to evaluate the performances relating to the dependability for structures which contains intelligent instruments. This architecture constitutes a Safety Instrumented System (SIS). In the modeling of the system, the functional and dysfunctional aspects coexist and the dynamic approach using the Stochastic Activity Network (SAN) is proposed to overcome the difficulties mentioned above. Monte-Carlo method is used to assess the dependability parameters in compliance with safety standards related to SIS (IEC 61508 & IEC 61511). The proposed method and associated tools allow this evaluation by simulation and thus provide assistance in designing SIS integrating intelligence.     

国内《安全系统工程》教材的评述与展望

《安全系统工程》教材高质量编写和出版对高级安全人才的安全系统理论与实践水平的培养具有重要意义。本文首先对国内30多年来出版的《安全系统工程》教材内容进行分析,评述现有《安全系统工程》教材存在的问题和不足,并提出建议对策;然后,从安全系统工程的基础术语和《安全系统工程》新教材的提纲2方面对新教材的编写提出展望。研究表明:安全系统工程新教材编写需要充分体现系统工程思想及其基础理论、内容需要不断更新并与国际接轨,这样的教材才能对安全系统工程的教学和科研更具参考价值。