城镇油气管道事故应急疏散决策优化

为实现油气管道事故中城镇大规模应急疏散的智慧决策,构建基于改进的自适应蚁群算法的应急疏散路径优化模型,开发基于油气管道典型事故后果分析的城镇大规模应急疏散决策优化系统平台(LSSED)。LSSED在地理信息系统平台上,针对油气管道泄漏引起的扩散、喷射火、池火、BLEVE、蒸气云爆炸等典型事故进行事故后果分析,对疏散通道当量长度和疏散时间成本函数进行定量评价,实现大规模应急疏散方案的智慧决策和避难方案的全局优化。案例分析表明,LSSED平台实现了基于地理信息系统的典型事故时变环境信息和应急疏散路径优化算法的数据传递及系统集成,实现了基于事故后果分析的城镇大规模人群疏散路径和避难方案优化,可为城镇安全规划和应急管理提供参考和借鉴。     

Safety compliance and safety climate: A repeated cross-sectional study in the oil and gas industry

IntroductionViolations of safety rules and procedures are commonly identified as a causal factor in accidents in the oil and gas industry. Extensive knowledge on effective management practices related to improved compliance with safety procedures is therefore needed. Previous studies of the causal relationship between safety climate and safety compliance demonstrate that the propensity to act in accordance with prevailing rules and procedures is influenced to a large degree by workers' safety climate. Commonly, the climate measures employed differ from one study to another and identical measures of safety climate are seldom tested repeatedly over extended periods of time. This research gap is addressed in the present study.MethodThe study is based on a survey conducted four times among sharp-end workers of the Norwegian oil and gas industry (N = 31,350). This is done by performing multiple tests (regression analysis) over a period of 7 years of the causal relationship between safety climate and safety compliance. The safety climate measure employed is identical across the 7-year period.ConclusionsTaking all periods together, the employed safety climate model explained roughly 27% of the variance in safety compliance. The causal relationship was found to be stable across the period, thereby increasing the reliability and the predictive validity of the factor structure. The safety climate factor that had the most powerful effect on safety compliance was work pressure.Practical applicationsThe factor structure employed shows high predictive validity and should therefore be relevant to organizations seeking to improve safety in the petroleum sector. The findings should also be relevant to other high-hazard industries where safety rules and procedures constitute a central part of the approach to managing safety.     

地下暗渠内气体爆炸影响范围的仿真研究

为了解不同点火位置及阻塞率对暗渠爆炸强度的影响,量化爆炸事故对建筑物及人员的影响范围,以甲烷为研究气体,在暗渠两侧共设置2个监测点,用于分析超压的变化,同时定义2个不同点火位置和4种不同障碍物分布工况,用FLACS软件模拟各工况下暗渠内瓦斯的爆炸,获取地面的超压分布状况,并分析超压的影响范围,为暗渠内管道及地上建筑物的布置提供依据.结果表明:在同一工况下,点火位置不同,地面超压的分布状态不同;爆炸强度随障碍物阻塞率增加而增大,且当障碍物阻塞率相同时,爆炸强度随障碍物密度增加而增大;根据FLACS的模拟结果,可得到超压的影响范围,并以此确定建筑物及人员的安全距离,为城市安全规划提供参考.     

原油储罐区可燃气体探测器布置优化方案研究

为有效预警原油储备区储罐气体泄漏,制定气体探测器布置优化方案,以某大型原油站库为例,基于CFD法和FLACS软件模拟原油泄漏及可燃蒸汽云溢散分布,通过分析蒸汽云扩散规律,实现全方位气体探测器优化布置.结果表明:原油储罐区探测器分别布置在区块21-2、6-1、31-1、40-2,且每个罐组总计布置16处;优化设置方案可满...     

Model off-site emergency plan. Case study: toxic gas release from a fertilizer unit

An emergency plan is a formal written plan which, on the basis of identified potential accidents together with their consequences, describes how such accidents and their consequences should be handled either on-site or off-site. The primary objective of the off-site emergency plan for a hazardous installation is the prevention of accidents resulting in harm to human health, the environment or property. The prevention of accidents involving hazardous substances is the concern of many interested parties, including public authorities (district emergency authority, police, fire and medical services etc.) at all levels, industry and the community. This paper provides an overview of the release scenarios and affected areas, rescue and evacuation plans, communication and public information systems, roles and responsibilities of the district emergency authority, police, fire and medical authorities and their training, testing the plan/mock drill performance, review/observations, and finalization.     

Shift schedules on North Sea oil/gas installations: A systematic review of their impact on performance,safety and health

Continuous production processes on North Sea installations necessitate extended work schedules; 2-week offshore tours (alternating with shore breaks), 12 h shifts and rapid day/night shift changes are inherent features of offshore work. These intensive rosters, worked in a demanding physical and psychosocial environment, are potential sources of fatigue and impaired performance among offshore personnel. This article focuses on offshore working time arrangements, and presents a systematic review of studies which examine offshore day/night shift patterns in relation to operational safety and individual health risks. Of the 53 studies retrieved, 24 met the review criteria.Field study findings are generally consistent in showing that sleep, alertness and performance are relatively stable across day-shift tours; initial night shifts are adversely affected by circadian disruption, but full physiological and psychological adaptation occurs within 5–6 days; re-adaptation to day shifts is slower, and varies widely across individuals; the offshore environment is conducive to night-shift adaptation, but interventions to facilitate re-adaptation have proved only modestly effective. Analyses of survey data and accident/sickness records identify offshore night work as a risk factor for impaired sleep, health problems, and injuries, but little is known about the long-term health effects of different offshore shift rotations.In conclusion, research methodology and findings, and working time issues of current concern to the offshore oil/gas industry, are discussed. Aspects of offshore work schedules that have been not been widely studied (e.g. overtime, irregular work patterns) are also highlighted, and research areas that would merit further attention are noted.     

急倾斜煤层采空区地表移动盆地对油气管道安全影响分析

分析了急倾斜煤层开采地表移动盆地形成的原因及其破坏规律.将急倾斜煤层实际开采空间转换为滑移空间后,根据管道走向与地表移动盆地走向的关系求得了急倾斜煤层开采地表移动盆地对管道的影响范围,并使用相关公式计算了急倾斜煤层开采地表移动盆地的最大沉降量.同时,参照有关石油行业标准,对一定长度范围内的管道的最大允许沉降量进行了计算,并给出了算例.通过对急倾斜煤层开采地表移动盆地的最大沉降量与地表移动盆地影响宽度内的管道的最大沉降量进行对比,初步判断了管道的安全性.     

陆上油田油气集输站场安全现状评价探讨

陆上油田油气集输站场安全现状评价的目的是根据该类站场安全管理和设施设备运行现状,查找出生产运行过程中各个系统存在的事故隐患,并提出针对性、技术可行性、经济合理性的安全对策措施建议。本文从安全管理和安全技术方面对油气集输站场安全现状评价的重点、存在的主要隐患、隐患产生的主要原因进行了阐述,对于加强油气集输站场的安全管理、生产过程中的安全运行和隐患治理资金的合理投入具有一定的现实意义。     

陆上油气管道受高压直流接地极干扰的腐蚀与防护实例分析

高压直流接地极放电时会对附近的管道产生强烈的电干扰,导致管道腐蚀加速,为了预测高压直流接地极对埋地管道的干扰程度并及时筛选合适腐蚀防护措施,利用数值模拟技术计算高压直流干扰下管道的干扰电位以及管体腐蚀速率,并结合相关标准对干扰水平进行评估。在此基础上,研究“单独管道方采取措施”、“管道方和电力方均采取措施”、“电力接地极更换极址”3种方案下的腐蚀防护效果。研究结果表明:对当前极址来说,需要管道方安装大量措施同时电力方对放电电流进行控制才能达到目标;而高压直流接地极极址土壤电阻率较低的情况下可以大幅降低对附近管道的干扰水平;就本文所列工程案例来说,更换极址是比较经济的方案。     

油气集输站场防爆区域的划分与电气设备的选用

结合作者近几年来对油田油气集输站场进行安全评价的实际情况,初步总结了油气集输站场爆炸危险区域划分和防爆电气设备选用的方法和步骤,并针对在油气集输站场安全现状评价过程中遇到的一些实际问题,提出了油气集输站场电气设备使用过程中的一些注意事项和应对措施。     

Barrier management in the offshore oil and gas industry

Accident investigations indicate that inadequate barrier management has been a main cause of many accidents in the process industry. In 2013, the Norwegian Petroleum Safety Authority issued a barrier management framework for the offshore oil and gas industry. The framework describes principles related to barrier management and may be a valuable guide for the entire process industry. However, the offshore industry faces several challenges when implementing the framework. This paper discusses these challenges and clarifies the central concepts and steps of barrier management. A key message is the need for clarity and integration in a systematic approach to risk and barrier management.     

高位钻孔与采空区埋管瓦斯抽放技术对比研究

为了采取合理的瓦斯抽采技术,实现矿井安全高效开采,对朱集煤矿13—1煤层实行高位钻孔以及上隅角采空区埋管作为抽采瓦斯实验方案。通过对现场工程实践以及实测数据进行对比分析,得出了实验结果。结果表明：应用高位钻孔瓦斯抽采技术的抽采效果十分明显,且工程施工费用较低,易于生产管理,该抽采技术适用于朱集煤矿采空区瓦斯抽放。     

油气储罐罐壁焊缝静载拉伸检测试验研究*

为建立磁记忆信号与罐体焊接缺陷演变的对应关系,获得以非接触方式检测焊缝处的磁记忆信号来实现对罐体的早期预警和无损检测技术,开展罐壁焊缝试样静载拉伸试验,研究油气储罐在静载拉伸过程中焊缝的磁记忆信号变化规律,并结合有限元模拟仿真进行磁场分布规律的分析。结果表明:磁记忆信号梯度值会在焊缝缺陷处产生突变;随着裂纹深度的增加,磁记忆信号梯度峰峰值呈线性增加,并且峰值随着拉伸载荷的增加而线性增加。     

煤油气共生矿井瓦斯含量主控因素分析及工作面瓦斯治理

针对崔家沟煤矿煤油气共生、瓦斯含量分布复杂、瓦斯涌出不均的特点,在分析瓦斯含量影响因素的基础上,采用灰熵关联分析法确定影响瓦斯含量的主控因素,通过顶板岩层含油强度研究2303工作面瓦斯含量分布规律,提出2303工作面瓦斯治理方案并进行应用。结果表明:顶板岩层含油强度与瓦斯含量的灰熵关联度最大为0.993 3,是影响崔家沟煤矿4-2号煤层瓦斯含量的主控因素;根据顶板含油强度可将2303工作面划分为2个瓦斯含量分布单元;采取高位钻孔与顶板走向长钻孔相结合的工作面瓦斯治理方案可有效降低高瓦斯含量分布单元回采时回风流中的瓦斯浓度,能有效确保工作面的安全高效回采。     

Hydrocarbon releases on oil and gas production platforms: Release scenarios and safety barriers

The main objective of this paper is to present and discuss a set of scenarios that may lead to hydrocarbon releases on offshore oil and gas production platforms. Each release scenario is described by an initiating event (i.e., a deviation), the barrier functions introduced to prevent the initiating event from developing into a release, and how the barrier functions are implemented in terms of barrier systems. Both technical and human/operational safety barriers are considered. The initiating events are divided into five main categories: (1) human and operational errors, (2) technical failures, (3) process upsets, (4) external events or loads, and (5) latent failures from design. The release scenarios may be used as basis for analyses of: (a) the performance of safety barriers introduced to prevent hydrocarbon releases on specific platforms, (b) the platform specific hydrocarbon release frequencies in future quantitative risk analyses, (c) the effect on the total hydrocarbon release frequency of the safety barriers and risk reducing measures (or risk increasing changes).     

Site managers and safety leadership in the offshore oil and gas industry

Management commitment to safety is recognised as a fundamental component of an organisation's safety culture (Reason, 1997. Managing the Risks of Organisational Accidents. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK). However, the role and experiences of site managers in relation to safety have rarely been examined. A survey questionnaire was conducted of 200 Offshore Installation Managers (OIMs) from 157 offshore oil and gas installations belonging to 36 organisations operating on the United Kingdom Continental Shelf. The questionnaire gathered data relating to OIMs' level of experience and style of leadership as well as their knowledge and experience of safety and leadership within the industry. The aims of the study are twofold. The first aim is to investigate the relationship between managers' level of experience and style of leadership with their safety attitudes and behaviour. The second aim is to investigate managers' perceptions of best practice in safety leadership and their beliefs about the key outstanding safety issues. Findings suggest that experience is not the dominant factor in determining leadership style or attitudes to safety, however, the less experienced OIMs and those with more directive styles of leadership were found to overestimate their ability to influence and motivate the workforce. It seems that although managers are aware of best practice in safety leadership, they do not always act in ways consistent with this. They report having considerable difficulty in motivating and controlling some safety crucial aspects of workforce behaviour such as getting workers to accept ownership of safety and getting workers to report near misses. In terms of outstanding safety issues, it appears that improvements still need to be made in a number of areas such as the standardisation of safety culture; the harmonisation of safety practices and procedures across the industry; improved workforce competency and increased workforce involvement in safety activities and decision making.     

Safety climate and mindful safety practices in the oil and gas industry

IntroductionThe existence of a positive association between safety climate and the safety behavior of sharp-end workers in high-risk organizations is supported by a considerable body of research. Previous research has primarily analyzed two components of safety behavior, namely safety compliance and safety participation. The present study extends previous research by looking into the relationship between safety climate and another component of safety behavior, namely mindful safety practices. Mindful safety practices are defined as the ability to be aware of critical factors in the environment and to act appropriately when dangers arise.MethodRegression analysis was used to examine whether mindful safety practices are, like compliance and participation, promoted by a positive safety climate, in a questionnaire-based study of 5712 sharp-end workers in the oil and gas industry.ResultsThe analysis revealed that a positive safety climate promotes mindful safety practices.ConclusionsThe regression model accounted for roughly 31% of the variance in mindful safety practices. The most important safety climate factor was safety leadership.Practical applicationsThe findings clearly demonstrate that mindful safety practices are highly context-dependent, hence, manageable and susceptible to change. In order to improve safety climate in a direction which is favorable for mindful safety practices, the results demonstrate that it is important to give the fundamental features of safety climate high priority and in particular that of safety leadership.     

2 000 m超深水水下分离器泄漏油气扩散特性研究

深水水下分离器服役过程中由于腐蚀、地质灾害和环境高压作用,存在失效泄漏风险。针对2 000 m超深水水下分离器可能存在的失效泄漏问题,基于计算流体动力学CFD方法,建立分离器失效泄漏后果数值仿真分析模型,对分离器泄漏场景进行模拟与分析,研究2 000 m水深条件下分离器泄漏油气扩散规律,并考虑不同泄漏位置对油气扩散行为的影响。结果表明:水下分离器泄漏包括压力扩散和自由扩散两个阶段,压力扩散阶段历时极短,自由扩散阶段耗时较长;泄漏口位置对泄漏结果有较为明显的影响,分离器上部泄漏,油气全部溢出,分离器中下部泄漏,大部分油气保留于分离器内部,最终形成分明的油气水界面;分离器内部压力随时间迅速上升,t=0.25 s左右接近于20 MPa,后期在20 MPa左右呈极微小波动,泄漏速率随分离器内部压力增大迅速减小,达到最低点之后,呈微小波动状变化。     

On the non-monotonic wind influence on flammable gas cloud from CFD simulations for hazardous area classification

Hazardous areas are defined as a result of a variety of variables as storage temperature, pressure, leak orifice size, physical properties of flammable substance, and wind characteristics. The potential formation of an explosive atmosphere must be accurately assessed to ensure process safety. Therefore, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) arises as an important tool for accurate predictions as recommended by the international standard IEC 60079-10-1 (2015). This study aims to analyze the influence of wind velocity magnitude and direction on the hazardous area classification. The authors evaluated the extent and volume for methane, propane, and hydrogen leakages from a CFD model. For each flammable gas, the wind velocity magnitude and direction were regularly varied. The outcomes show that the behavior of the plume size as the wind varies mainly depends on the gas concentration. Counter-flow wind directions lead to zero relative velocity closer to the release point, which concentrates the gas, and wind in the release direction promotes a higher dilution of the gas cloud increasing the hazardous extent while decreases the volume. As a consequence, the wind also influences the zone type, which was accurately predicted from CFD simulations and significant differences were found when compared to the standard analyses. These differences are, to some extent, related to the consideration of wind velocity effects on the gas jet release.     

Investigating new risk reduction and mitigation in the oil and gas industry

The complexity of the processes and the nature of volatile petroleum products urged the oil and gas industry to utilize various risk assessment techniques to identify potential failure modes that can interrupt operation processes. Consequently, government agencies and nonprofit professional societies guide the industry with regulatory guidelines, standards, and best recommended practices to oversee the operations management, assure safe working environment, and contain failures within tolerable limits. Yet, accidents due to electro-mechanical failures still occur and result in various consequences. Accordingly, critics have raised concerns about the petroleum industry's safety and risk mitigation credentials and question its ability to prevent future major accidents. Therefore, new risk assessment tools need to be introduced to provide decision makers and novice engineers with a diverse perception of potential risks. The aim of this paper is verify the application of Risk in Early Design (RED), a product risk assessment tool, in identifying potential failures in the oil and gas industry. Approximately thirty major accident underwent the RED analysis to verify the software's application to identify and rank potential failure modes.