A comparative analysis of safety management and safety performance in twelve construction projects

IntroductionSafety management in construction is complicated due to the complex “nature” of the construction industry. The aim of this research was to identify safety management factors (e.g., risk management and site management), contextual factors (e.g., organisational complexity) and combinations of such factors connected to safety performance. Method: Twelve construction projects were selected to compare their safety management and safety performance. An analytical framework was developed based on previous research, regulations, and standards where each management factor was defined. We employed qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to produce case knowledge, compare the cases, and identify connections between the factors and safety performance. The material collected and analyzed included, for example, construction planning documents, reports from OHS-inspections, safety indicators, and interviews with project leaders and OHS experts. Results and conclusions: The research showed that: (a) the average score on 12 safety management factors was higher among projects with high safety performance compared to projects with low safety performance; (b) high safety performance can be achieved with both high and low construction complexity and organizational complexity, but these factors complicate coordination of actors and operations; (c) it is possible to achieve high safety performance despite relatively poor performance on many safety management factors; (d) eight safety management factors were found to be “necessary” for high safety performance, namely roles and responsibilities, project management, OHS management and integration, safety climate, learning, site management, staff management, and operative risk management. Site management, operative risk management, and staff management were the three factors most strongly connected to safety performance. Practical implications: Construction stakeholders should understand that the ability to achieve high safety performance in construction projects is connected to key safety management factors, contextual factors, and combinations of such factors.     

桐乡市安全生产监管工作的理论与实践探讨

桐乡市安全生产监督管理局在长期实践中针对安全监管工作难点、热点问题进行研究，不断归纳、提炼和总结工作理论，形成了具有示范推广价值和独具个性化特征的“五双”管理模式。安全生产监管工作中，坚持落实安全生产组织机构建设，推进企业安全质量标准化工作，突出安全信息管理，建设安全生产信息化管理系统，构建安全发展新理念，强化法制宣传教育，严肃安全责任追究；强化企业基础管理，狠抓事故源头控制；强化安监自身建设，增强监督服务本领；“五双”这一管理模式对提升企业本质安全；强化安全文化建设，提高全民安全素质都有重要的意义。     

Driving task analysis as a tool in traffic safety research and practice

The paper explains the need for task analysis in the context of car driving, because the interaction between the car drivers‘ capabilities and the demands of the actual driving task determines the outcome in terms of a more or less safe driving behaviour. After reviewing past approaches, the main focus is on the presentation of a new procedure for driving task analysis and driver requirement assessment (SAFE: Situative Anforderungsanalyse von Fahraufgaben). A framework for task analysis is derived both from classifications of road traffic situations and a model of the drivers’ information processing. The first step of the procedure is to divide a given driving task into subtasks. These subtasks are appointed to defined stretches of the road and the time structure of the subtasks is determined. For each subtask an analysis format is used, that organizes different requirements into perception, expectation, judgement, memory, decision and driver action. Then, typical driver errors are attached to the subtasks, and all the information together is compressed to ratings of complexity and risk in order to derive the crucial subtasks. Finally, some examples of how the method can be applied are presented and its future usefulness is discussed.     

技改项目劳动安全卫生评价方法与问题

介绍了天津钢管有限责任公司技术改造项目劳动安全卫生评价的做法与收获，并对评价过程中存在的问题及解决方法进行了探讨。     

城市安全风险评估方法体系研究及实践

针对目前我国城市安全风险管控能力滞后于城市化发展进程的问题,开展城市安全风险评估是推动管控能力提升的重要手段。在国内没有统一的城市安全风险评估体系和标准情况下,研究提出以技术专家为支撑,政府、行业监管部门、企业3个层面协调推进为主体,试点先行、总结归纳、全面实施为路径的城市安全风险评估组织实施方式;总结提出以企业安全风险辨识评估为基础,采用层次分析法和综合模糊评价法进行叠加分析的城市安全风险评估方法体系;以贵州六盘水城市安全风险评估工作为实际应用,并基于相关评估成果研发城市安全风险管控系统和城市安全风险地图信息化平台,为我国进一步深化城市安全风险评估工作提供实践经验。     

The INDICATE safety program: evaluation of a method to proactively improve airline safety performance

A number of recent and highly publicised fatal aircraft accidents, within the Australian regional airline industry, has highlighted the need for operators of regular public transport aircraft to be more proactive in identifying and addressing aviation safety hazards. Despite this need, there are currently few proactive safety management programs that are practical, simple, cost effective and which reliably demonstrate improvements in airline safety performance. This paper outlines a new proactive airline safety program called INDICATE (Identifying Needed Defences In the Civil Aviation Transport Environment) that has been applied within the Australian regional airline industry. To evaluate the INDICATE program, a major Australian regional airline agreed to implement the program in one of its operational bases while another base was used as a control group. Five evaluation criteria were applied to determine whether the program would have a positive influence on the airline's safety performance. These criteria included airline safety culture, staff risk perception of aviation safety hazards, willingness of staff to report safety hazards, action taken on identified safety hazards and staff comments about safety management within the airline. Results from the trial suggest that the program can have a positive influence on airline safety performance, specifically: improving staff confidence in how safety is managed, increasing staff willingness to report safety hazards and incidents, improving organisational safety culture and reducing staff perceptions of the severity and likelihood of safety hazards occurring within the airline. The success of the trial has resulted in a number of Australian and International airlines adopting the program.     

试论统计学理论在安全经济分析中的应用

近年来安全经济学作为一个新兴学科得到了较大程度的发展,但是仍处于初创阶段,定量分析技术和方法亟待提高和完善.随着社会经济统计学的发展以及安全经济理论的不断成熟,经济统计学理论在处理安全生产问题中逐渐显示出其优越性.通过分析统计理论在安全经济分析中的作用和意义,提出了安全经济统计分析研究的主要内容和体系,阐述了安全经济统计分析的理论基础,为安全经济统计方法论的构建奠定了基础.     

试论统计学理论在安全经济分析中的应用

近年来安全经济学作为一个新兴学科得到了较大程度的发展,但是仍处于初创阶段,定量分析技术和方法亟待提高和完善。随着社会经济统计学的发展以及安全经济理论的不断成熟,经济统计学理论在处理安全生产问题中逐渐显示出其优越性。通过分析统计理论在安全经济分析中的作用和意义,提出了安全经济统计分析研究的主要内容和体系,阐述了安全经济统计分析的理论基础,为安全经济统计方法论的构建奠定了基础。     

The nature of safety culture: a review of theory and research

This paper reviews the literature on safety culture and safety climate. The main emphasis is on applied research customary in the social psychological or organisational psychological traditions. Although safety culture and climate are generally acknowledged to be important concepts, not much consensus has been reached on the cause, the content and the consequences of safety culture and climate in the past 20 years. Moreover, there is an overall lack of models specifying either the relationship of both concepts with safety and risk management or with safety performance. In this paper, safety culture and climate will be differentiated according to a general framework based on work by Schein (1992 Schein) on organisational culture. This framework distinguishes three levels at which organisational culture can be studied — basis assumptions, espoused values and artefacts. At the level of espoused values we find attitudes, which are equated with safety climate. The basic assumptions, however, form the core of the culture. It is argued that these basic assumptions do not have to be specifically about safety, although it is considered a good sign if they are. It is concluded that safety climate might be considered an alternative safety performance indicator and that research should focus on its scientific validity. More important, however, is the assessment of an organisation's basic assumptions, since these are assumed to be explanatory to its attitudes.     

Evidence-based safety (EBS) management: A new approach to teaching the practice of safety management (SM)

Introduction: In safety management (SM), it is important to make an effective safety decision based on the reliable and sufficient safety-related information. However, many SM failures in organizations occur for a lack of the necessary safety-related information for safety decision-making. Since facts are the important basis and foundation for decision-making, more efforts to seek the best evidence relevant to a particular SM problem would lead to a more effective SM solution. Therefore, the new paradigm for decision-making named “evidence-based practice (EBP)” can hold important implications for SM, because it uses the current best evidence for effective decision-making. Methods: Based on a systematic review of existing SM approaches and an analysis of reasons why we need new SM approaches, we created a new SM approach called evidence-based safety (EBS) management by introducing evidence-based practice into SM. Results: It was necessary to create new SM approaches. A new SM approach called EBS was put forward, and the basic questions of EBS such as its definition and core were analyzed in detail. Moreover, the determinants of EBS included manager's attitudes towards EBS; evidence-based consciousness in SM; evidence sources; technical support; EBS human resources; organizational culture; and individual attributes. Conclusions: EBS is a new and effective approach to teaching the practice of SM. Of course, further research on EBS should be carried out to make EBS a reality. Practical applications: Our work can provide a new and effective idea and method to teach the practice of SM. Specifically, EBS proposed in our study can help safety professionals make an effective safety decision based on a firm foundation of high-grade evidence.     

管理循环用于安全和环境管理工作的探索

根据国际标准化组织颁布的两个系列标准的特点,分析了如何运用管理循环于安全管理和环境管理实践中,提出了制约因素管理循环,并且阐述了管理职能循环、PDCA循环和制约因素管理循环运用于管理工作实践中三者的关系.     

Prioritizing highway safety improvement projects: A multi-criteria model and case study with SafetyAnalyst

This paper presents a multi-criteria model for prioritizing highway safety improvement projects, in which a set of criteria related to the project’s technical, economic, and social impacts are properly weighted in consideration. The proposed model features an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) framework to tackle the multi-criteria decision making problem. Different from the conventional AHP, this paper adds a fuzzy scale level between the criteria level and the alternative level, which offers the advantage of preventing the vagueness and uncertainty on judgments of the decision-maker(s). Such a unique modeling feature is further embedded with a non-linear optimization formulation to maximize the consistency in pair-wise comparison and weight estimation for each criterion. Case study results reveal that the proposed model is efficient not only for selecting the most suitable project for a specific site, but also for determining the priorities for implementing those suitable projects among multiple sites given the budget constraint. Comparative study between the proposed model and the existing ranking methods has also indicated its capability to capture the comprehensive impacts of all contributory factors which have been neglected by most existing single multi-criteria approaches during the safety project selection process. The clarity of model inputs, ease of synthesizing the final score of each candidate project, and the interpretation of results with respect to different selection criteria offer its best potential to be used as an effective tool for highway safety managers to assess and refine the safety improvement investments.     

集对分析理论在爆破工程安全预评价中的应用

为了对爆破工程进行科学合理的安全预评价,从设计方案、施工过程、 爆区环境和安全管理4方面因素中选取设计内容的完整性、起爆参数的合理性、设计人员专业水平等12个指标,构建了爆破工程安全预评价指标体系;针对指标具有模糊性且难以确定的特点,采用熵值法计算各指标权重,并结合集对分析理论,建立基于集对分析理论的爆破施工安全预评价模型。以某烟囱拆除爆破为例,对该安全预评价模型进行应用。结果表明:基于集对分析理论的爆破工程安全预评价模型能够应用于爆破工程的安全预评价,评价结果能够为此类工程施工提供决策依据。     

提高安全工作整体水平的探讨与实践

介绍了运用人机环境系统原理,努力提高安全工作整体水平的经验和做法。     

基于集对分析理论的洪水灾情综合评估方法

洪水灾情的评价工作对洪水灾害的分类管理具有重要的指导意义。为了提高洪水灾情评估的准确性,应用集对分析理论和方法,以受灾面积、受灾人口数、破坏房屋面积和经济损失作为评价因子,建立了灾情评估的集对分析模型,提出了基于集对分析理论的洪水灾情综合评估方法。集对分析是在一定的问题背景下,对集对中2个集合的确定性与不确定性以及确定性与不确定性的相互作用所进行的一种系统和数学分析,采用集对分析理论的洪水灾情综合评估方法得出的评价结果同灰色关联法、灰色聚类法、灰色模糊综合法、PCNN网络模型的评价结果进行了比较,表明其用于洪水灾情综合评价具有科学性和有效性。     

"安全科学学"理论与实践——20世纪80年代安全科学学科在我国初创纪实

从劳动保护科学概念入手,介绍了"安全技术与工程学"学科、专业的诞生过程,较详实地记录了20世纪80年代安全科学学科初创的始末.从中国劳动保护科学技术学会成立与安全工程试办专业的确立到安全科学学科概念及安全科学技术体系结构模型的提出,见证了从理论探索到实践认识提高与应用的过程.安全科学学科创建时期是我国安全科学理论与实践的一个重要阶段.     

Cybersecurity and dynamic operation in practice: Equipment impacts and safety guarantees

Though dynamic operation of chemical processes has been extensively explored theoretically in contexts such as economic model predictive control or even considering the potential for cyberattacks on control systems creating non-standard operating policies, important practical questions remain regarding dynamic operation. In this work, we look at two of these with particular relevance to process safety: (1) evaluating dynamic operating policies with respect to process equipment fidelity and (2) evaluating procedures for determining the parameters of an advanced control law that can promote both dynamic operation as well as safety if appropriately designed. Regarding the first topic, we utilize computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis simulations to analyze how cyberattacks on control systems could impact a metric for stress in equipment (maximum Von Mises stress) over time. Subsequently, we develop reduced-order models showing how both a process variable and maximum Von Mises stress vary over time in response to temperature variations at the boundary of the equipment, to use in evaluating how advanced control frameworks might impact and consider the stress. We close by investigating options for obtaining parameters of an economic model predictive control design that would need to meet a variety of theoretical requirements for safety guarantees to hold. This provides insights on practical safety aspects of control theory, and also indicates relationships between control and design from a safety perspective that highlight further relationships between design and control under dynamic operation to deepen perspectives from the computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis discussions.     

基于文献计量与共词分析法的企业安全文化研究述评

为了揭示国内企业安全文化的研究现状,并为后续研究指明方向,采用文献计量分析法、共词分析法对选取的2 474篇文献进行分析并利用NetDraw软件输出关键词知识图谱。结果表明:企业安全文化的文献量与研究内容呈阶段性特征,以2002,2011年为界划分为3个阶段;研究机构众多且主要研究者的研究方向存在差异;研究重点集中在企业安全文化内涵与层次结构、建设与评价实证研究以及与其他变量的关系3个方面;存在研究行业过于集中,安全文化评价方法与现实存在“脱节”等问题。     

Worker training and education in occupational safety and health: A report on practice in six industrialized western nations: Part one of a four-part series

During 1980, a study was conducted of worker training and education in occupational safety and health in Canada, Great Britain, Sweden, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United States. This article is the first in a four-part series of the findings of this study. Part one discusses the genesis of the study and the study design, reports on the training requirements of the occupational safety and health legislation in each of the six countries, and considers the implications of this legislation for worker training and education. Part one also includes information on how each country is organized to carry out worker training and education in occupational safety and health. Part two will review the role perceived for worker training and education as an injury and illness countermeasure and will identify the major training sources and the role of each. Part three will report on course design, construction, delivery, evaluation, and costs. Part four will provide synopses of worker training and education for selected subsets of the worker population, e.g., migrant workers, nonorganized workers, employees of small business establishments, and employees of the federal or central government. Worker training and education programs will also be discussed for the following industries: construction, marine cargo handling (longshoring), and petroleum refining and related industries.     

Worker training and education in occupational safety and health: A report on practice in six industrialized western nations : Part four of a four-part series

During 1980–1981, a study was conducted of worker training and education in occupational safety and health in Canada, Great Britain, Sweden, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, and the United States. This article is the fourth in a four-part series of the findings of this study. Part one discussed the genesis of the study and the study design, reported on the training requirements of the occupational safety and health legislation in each of the six countries, and considered the implications of this legislation for worker training and education. Part one also included information on how each country is organized to carry out worker training and education in occupational safety and health. Part two discussed the role perceived for worker training and education as an occupational injury and illness countermeasure and identified and described the major components of the occupational safety and health training infrastructure in each country in the study. Part three reported on strategies for worker training including course design, construction, delivery, evaluation, and costs. Part four provides synopses of worker training and education for selected subsets of the worker population, e.g., migrant workers, nonorganized workers, employees of small business establishments, and employees of the federal or central government. Worker training and education programs are discussed for the following industries: construction, marine cargo handling (longshoring), and petroleum refining and related industries.