近57年格尔木市气候变化特征

利用格尔木市气象台观测站1961—2017年年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温及降水资料,采用气候倾向率的方法及Mann-Kendall突变检验,分析格尔木市近57a气候变化趋势及突变年份。结果表明:近57a来,格尔木市年平均气温、最高气温和最低气温均呈极显著的增温趋势,最低气温增温最明显,冬季增温对年平均气温增高贡献率最大。年代际变化中最低温度是历史温度升温最快的一项。最高温度在1996年发生了明显的突变。近57a的年降水量呈增加趋势,气候倾向率为2.2mm/10a。季节变化中冬季降水量增加显著。年代际中表现为21世纪降水量增加最明显。降水日数呈弱增加趋势,冬夏比春秋增加略多,夏半年和冬半年气候倾向率均为0.6d/10a,说明57a来降水日数无论冬半年还是夏半年变化一致,且变幅较小。     

云南省腾冲市1971—2014年气候变化特征分析

基于云南省腾冲市气象站1971—2014年逐日气温和降水量观测数据,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检测、Morle小波等方法分析了该市气候变化特点和及其未来变化趋势。结果表明:年平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈极显著的上升趋势,年降水量呈不显著的减少趋势,年降水日数呈显著的减少趋势;年平均气温、年极端最高(低)气温、年平均最高(低)气温自20世纪90年代以来呈显著的突变升高,年降水日数自20世纪90年代以来呈显著的突变减少。年平均气温、年极端最高(低)气温、年平均最高(低)气温、年降水量、年降水日数分别存在4年、26年、8年、14年、8年、3年、8年的主周期变化。预测结果表明,2015—2024年年平均气温仍将呈极显著的上升趋势,降水量仍呈不显著的减少趋势。     

青海省黑河上游地区1961～2019年降水量时空变化特征研究

利用1961～2019年黑河上游托勒、野牛沟和祁连气象站降水资料,采用线性趋势、M-K检验、Molet小波等对年、汛期和非汛期降水进行了时空变化特征分析研究.年、汛期和非汛期的降水量呈显著性增加趋势,但年、汛期降水量增加趋势更为显著,区域降水量变化趋势跟年、汛期和非汛期降水量一致;年代际变化中年和汛期的降水量年代值变化...     

长江黄河源地气候变化诊断分析

根据长江源地伍道梁,托托河两站,黄河源地玛多站分析了近４０年江河源地气温、降水的变化。结果表明两地年平均气温总体呈变暖趋势,黄河源地温度变化倾向率大于长江源地。黄河源地最高、最低气温存在明显的非对称性变化,即最低气温趋向上升,而最高气温却趋向下降。长河源地最高、最低气温不存在非对称变化,但是最低气温的上升趋势大于最高气温的上升趋势,两地气温日较差显著减少。长江源地年降水量呈减少趋势,而黄河源地年降水量呈增加趋势,长江源地降水减少主要发生在夏季,黄河源地降水增加主要发生在冬、春季节。     

1961—2018年柴达木盆地相对湿度变化特征分析

为揭示柴达木盆地空气相对湿度的变化规律,利用线性回归分析和M-K检验法对1961—2018年柴达木盆地9个站点的相对湿度资料进行了研究。结果表明,柴达木盆地相对湿度月际和季节变化特征明显,年内变化曲线呈双峰型,夏季相对湿度最大,秋季和冬季次之,春季最小;年平均相对湿度以0.18%/10a的速率呈波动下降趋势,春、秋和冬季相对湿度呈下降趋势,而夏季相对湿度表现为增加趋势,夏季的6～7月及秋初的9月相对湿度表现为增加趋势,其他月份均为下降趋势;柴达木盆地在1983年相对湿度发生了突变;影响相对湿度变化的主要因子是平均气温和降水日数,相对湿度的变化与温度变化呈负相关关系,与降水日数变化呈正相关关系。     

乌兰县近35年气候变化及对生态环境的可能影响分析

利用乌兰气象观测站1981~2015年气温、降水资料,运用气候诊断分析方法,分析近35年来乌兰气温、降水变化特征。结果表明:1981~2015年间乌兰气温存在变暖趋势,年气候倾向率为0.363℃/10a;春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的气候倾向率为0.3℃/10a(秋季)~0.5℃/10a(春季)。春季增温最为明显,冬季和夏季增温较为明显,秋季增温较缓;年平均气温在1996~1997年间发生突变。年降水量主要集中在5~9月份,此时降水量(172.0mm)占年降水量(194.1mm)的88.61%,其余月份的降水量(22.1mm)仅占年降水量的11.39%。1982~1985年、1990~2003年出现降水连续偏少年份,2004~2012年为降水持续偏多年份。从20世纪80年代起,乌兰降水呈现出增多趋势,但突变检验表明:降水虽有增加趋势,但未发生突变性增加。平均气温的增加趋势,在一定程度上能够有效扩大农作物种植面积,延长农作物生长季节,增加农作物品种和产量,提高农作物品质,但也可能会增加干旱、洪涝、冰雹、雷电、雪灾等农牧业气象灾害出现机率。     

关中地区近50年来最高、最低气温时空变化特征分析

基于关中地区9个气象站点气温资料,采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、普通克里格插值、Mann- Kendall检验、小波分析等方法对关中地区1960-2009年最高、最低气温的时空变化特征、突变特点和变化周期进行了分析.结果表明,近50年来关中地区最高、最低气温均有明显增温趋势,最高、最低气温增温幅度存在季节差异,冬春季增温幅度最大,夏季最弱;最高、最低气温增温趋势强弱的地区差异也比较显著;最高、最低气温升温突变显著,最低气温突变早于最高气温,最高气温和最低气温突变还存在季节差异;最高、最低气温变化周期显著,均存在显著的16-18年的周期变化和3-5年的动荡周期.     

青海湖流域近50年气候变化与特征分析

利用青海省天峻气象站、刚察气象站、海晏气象站和共和气象站建站以来到2010年的观测数据,以及青海省布哈河口水文站、刚察水文站和下社水文站多年来的观测数据,从降水、气温和蒸发量的多年变化分析了青海湖流域近50年的气候变化趋势。结果表明,青海湖流域多年降水主要存在一个2~3年和3~4年的变化周期;近53年来,流域内及其周边地区年均气温增加显著,整个流域从1987年左右开始显著增温,线性升温率约为0.3℃/10a,多年平均气温以2~3年的变化周期为主;青海湖流域蒸发的多年变化情况和降水类似,处于波动状态,没有明显的变化趋势。综合近53年流域降水、气温和蒸发的年际变化情况,青海湖流域从1958-2010年气候由冷干逐渐向暖湿变化。     

柴达木盆地日照时数风速变化特征分析及影响研究

利用柴达木盆地1961～2019年10个气象站日照时数及2min平均风速资料,采用线性趋势法、反距离权重法及突变检验法,分析了日照与风的年代际、季节和年变化的时空特征及对太阳能、风能的影响.结果表明:柴达木盆地平均日照时数为3139.5 h,并以-47.8 h·10a-1的气候倾向率显著递减,1998年发生突变,进入2...     

果洛地区近50年来的温度变化分析

文章利用果洛地区玛多、玛沁、达日、班玛、久治5个气象站1961～2010年的温度历史资料,分析了果洛地区年际、年代际及各季温度变化的特征和规律。结果表明：该地区温度变化趋势与全球及我国的温度变化总趋势一致,呈明显增暖趋势。平均温度、最高温度、最低温度的气候变化率分别为0.34℃/10a、0.28℃/10a、0.37℃/10a,最低温度的变率大于最高温度的变率,即夜间升温幅度明显大于白天升温幅度,气温日较差呈减小趋势。四季的温度变化与年变化一致,其中冬季升温的速率远远大于另外三季的速率,对整个年增温的贡献最大。果洛的年平均温度没有出现突变,但升温显著的冬季温度出现了突变,时间是1998年。分县情况中久治也未出现突变,玛沁、班玛1999年发生突变,玛多、达日1998年发生突变,即显著升温出现在最近10余年。上述温度变化将会对该地区的畜牧、交通、能源、旅游及草原病虫害等方面产生深刻影响。     

CONTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION TO QUALITY OF URBAN STORM RUNOFF1

Precipitation and runoff samples were collected for 13 storms in a nonindustrial urban area in Central Pennsylvania between July 1980 and June 1981. Runoff was collected from tree surfaces, a residential roof and street, a shopping mall parking lot, a downtown business district alley, and a heavily traveled street. Analysis of the water samples showed 10 to 25 percent of the nitrogen, 25 percent of the sulfate, and less than 5 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium in water below a tree was deposited by the precipitation. The residential roof caused insignificant changes in water chemistry. The results for the four paved areas showed that all the nitrogen, and from 16 to 40 percent of the sulfate and 13, 4, and 2 percent of the phosphorus, potassium, and calcium, respectively, in runoff was deposited by the precipitation. Precipitation can also be an important source of sulfate and phosphorus in runoff. All of the surfaces raised the pH of the runoff, with the largest increases, from a pH of 4 to about 7, occurring in runoff from the paved areas. Precipitation and runoff chemistry was not related to antecedent conditions such as the length of the preceding dry period.     

伊宁市大气污染特征及变化浅析

通过对伊宁市2005年1月起空气自动监测系统正式运行以来的监测数据分析,归纳、总结伊宁市大气污染物随季节变化规律,每日、小时变化规律及市区不同地区大气污染物分布特征,并对这种特征及变化规律进行分析.     

乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶浓度时间变化特征及影响因素分析

利用乌鲁木齐市环境空气超级站中MAAP-5012型黑碳仪对乌鲁木齐市黑碳气溶胶进行连续一年的监测,并结合乌鲁木齐环境空气质量城市站小时数据和日数据及气象数据对黑碳气溶胶变化情况进行综合分析.结果 表明:2019年6月至2020年5月乌鲁木齐黑碳气溶胶浓度日均值为1 506(±1 096) ng/m3,本底值为575 n...     

PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA1

ABSTRACT: The spatial distribution and the temporal and spatial variation of the annual, seasonal, and monthly precipitation in two mountainous watersheds in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, have been analyzed using a detailed database for 1971–1990 in the Capilano and Seymour watersheds. The analysis showed that the precipitation increases up to the mid-position of the watersheds, and then either levels off or decreases. Precipitation on mountain slopes and in the valley at the same distance from the beginning of the slope is similar, and the barrier height is identified as the dominant parameter which influences the precipitation distribution. The temporal variation of the precipitation is the smallest at the mid-position of the watersheds. This variability is the least in the fall and winter and largest in the summer. Correlation between the precipitation accumulations at various stations is large, ranging from 0.80 for the wet period of October-March to 0.65 for the dry period of April-September for distances less than 32 km. Comparison with other studies and the analyses of precipitation and runoff data from coastal British Columbia showed that the results of this study are perhaps general and thus transferable to similar areas in the coastal Pacific Northwest.     

Precipitation as the Primary Driver of Variability in River Nitrogen Loads in the Midwest United States

Nitrogen (N) losses from agricultural lands in the Midwest United States are contributing to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. This study evaluated the importance of inter‐annual variability in precipitation, land cover, and N fertilizer use on NO₃ + NO₂‐N loads in seven United States Midwestern Rivers using the backward stepwise regression analysis. At the annual scale, fluctuations in the current and previous years’ precipitations explained much of the variation in streamflow, baseflow, and N‐load. Previous years precipitation effects were associated with fillable soil porosity. In some years, higher residual soil N from previous dry years also contributed to an increase in N‐load. Area under soybean production (SOY), a surrogate for replacement of prairies and small grains was generally not a significant explanatory variable. Fertilizer use from 1987 to 2012 was also not a significant explanatory variable in the annual analysis. Precipitation in both the current and previous months and previous year were important in explaining variation in monthly streamflow, baseflow, and N‐load. SOY was significant in one or two months from June to August, but had a higher p‐value than precipitation. We conclude recent increases in river N‐loads are primarily due to wet climate and minimally due to the changes in land cover or N fertilizer use. Under current cropping systems and agronomic N application rates, tile water remediation will be necessary to reduce river N‐loads.     

Impact of Changing Climate and Land Cover on Flood Magnitudes in the Delaware River Basin,USA

Changing climate and land cover are expected to impact flood hydrology in the Delaware River Basin over the 21st Century. HEC‐HMS models (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center‐Hydrologic Modeling System) were developed for five case study watersheds selected to represent a range of scale, soil types, climate, and land cover. Model results indicate that climate change alone could affect peak flood discharges by ?6% to +58% a wide range that reflects regional variation in projected rainfall and snowmelt and local watershed conditions. Land cover changes could increase peak flood discharges up to 10% in four of the five watersheds. In those watersheds, the combination of climate and land cover change increase modeled peak flood discharges by up to 66% and runoff volumes by up to 44%. Precipitation projections are a key source of uncertainty, but there is a high likelihood of greater precipitation falling on a more urbanized landscape that produces larger floods. The influence of climate and land cover changes on flood hydrology for the modeled watersheds varies according to future time period, climate scenario, watershed land cover and soil conditions, and flood frequency. The impacts of climate change alone are typically greater than land cover change but there is substantial geographic variation, with urbanization the greater influence on some small, developing watersheds.     

长沙城区大气中二氧化碳浓度变化及与其它污染物相关性分析

利用长沙市城区2011年及2012年连续自动监测获得的CO2数据,两年的平均值为412．2×10^-6,高于世界本底站青海瓦里关5．6％,与临安、无锡相当,略高于乌鲁木齐,而低于北京、上海。冬季CO2浓度日小时变化呈现双峰形态,峰值出现在上午9时及晚上19时～21时。夏季日小时变化为单峰形态,峰值出现在上午8时。冬季CO2浓度日均值为420．3×10^-6,比夏季高3．4％。CO2除与O3呈负相关以外,与其它污染物均呈现显著性正相关,特别是与CO、NO、NO2、NOx、SO2的相关性最强,而与颗粒物（PM10、PM25）的相关性稍差。     

新装修居室甲醛、总挥发性有机物浓度变化规律分析

通过对乌鲁木齐市新装修居室空气连续6个月的追踪监测,分析新装修居室甲醛、总挥发性有机物浓度的动态变化规律。结果表明,室内甲醛的浓度随装修竣工后时间的增加呈现降低趋势,但到第6个月为止,绝大部分住户室内空气甲醛浓度依然超标。总挥发性有机物的浓度降低趋势较为明显,到第5个月时,绝大部分住户室内空气总挥发性有机物浓度达到国家标准限值的要求。室内空气甲醛浓度的降低是一个长期缓慢的过程,居室内甲醛污染对人体健康的危害应引起人们的足够重视。     

PRECIPITATION RETENTION AND SOIL EROSION UNDER VARYING CLIMATE,LAND USE,AND TILLAGE AND CROPPING SYSTEMS1

ABSTRACT: Nonirrigated crop yields and forage production are limited by low and variable precipitation in the southern Great Plains. Precipitation variation involves production risks, which can be reduced by considering probability of precipitation, precipitation retention, and soil erosion under various production systems. The objective of this study was to probabilistically quantify the impact of precipitation variations, land use, cropping, and tillage systems on precipitation retention and soil erosion. Five 1.6 ha watersheds that had 3 to 4 percent slopes, and similar silt loam soils were selected. One was kept in native grass, and the others were planted into winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different cropping and tillage systems. Daily runoff and soil erosion were measured at the outlet of each watershed. Precipitation distributions exhibited great seasonal and interannual variations, and precipitation retention distributions resembled those of precipitation. Cropping and tillage systems affected precipitation retention but much less than did precipitation variations. Available soil water storage, which was largely controlled by ET, played an important role in retaining precipitation. This indicates that cropping systems should be adjusted to precipitation patterns, if predictable, for better soil water use. Land use and cropping and tillage systems had a much greater impact on soil erosion than on precipitation retention. Soil erosion risks, which were proportional to the levels of tillage disturbance, were mainly caused by a few large storms in summer, when surface cover was low. This study explored a novel approach for evaluating production risks associated with insufficient precipitation retention and excessive soil erosion for certain crops or cropping systems under assumed precipitation conditions.     

Assessment of the TRMM 3B42 Precipitation Product in Southern Brazil

The increase in the use of satellite‐derived precipitation products generated by different methods and algorithms emphasizes the need for a deeper analysis of their quality and accuracy. Using the contingency table method, we evaluated the accuracy of versions 6 and 7 of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Precipitation (TRMM) 3B42 product in southern Brazil by comparing daily precipitation over 13 years (V6 was tested for historical context). The interpolated data from 25 rain gauges were compared with both versions of TRMM. The V7 product tended to produce a slight increase in PC (proportion correct). V7 also showed a slight increase in the correlation coefficient (CC) and a significant increase in the H (hit rate) and CSI (critical success) indexes. However, the upgraded version shows an undesirable increase in the false alarm ratio. When the rainfall volumes were compared, V6 clearly underestimated the total rainfall over the entire period, but the V7 product slightly overestimated the cumulative volume (11%) which still represented a more reliable estimate than from V6. Furthermore, the main improvement in V7 was a large increase in the quantitative recognition of extreme precipitation events: V6 detected only 1% of the daily rainfalls above 60 mm, whereas V7 detected 57% of the events.