上海市餐厨垃圾处理管理思路剖析

根据<上海市餐厨垃圾处理管理办法>,分析了加强餐厨垃圾处理管理的思路,包括对物流、资金流和信息流的控制,从而实现餐厨垃圾产生环节、收集运输环节、处置环节的有效监管,维护公共卫生安全.     

Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of crude and heavy fuel oil asphaltenes for application in oil fingerprinting

A Pyrolysis – Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) method was developed for the analysis and profiling of crude and heavy fuel oil asphaltenes, for application in oil fingerprinting. Asphaltenes were precipitated from ten geographically different oils using n-pentane, and analysed by Py-GC-MS. Alkane profiles and sulphur/aromatic profiles were used to compare the oils, and to correctly differentiate oils from different geographical regions. Py-GC-MS could not differentiate a weathered oil sample and a fresh oil sample from the same source. The results of this study support the findings from a previously developed FTIR method for asphaltene profiling.     

Fumaric acid production using renewable resources from biodiesel and cane sugar production processes

The microbial production of fumaric acid by Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 2582 has been evaluated using soybean cake from biodiesel production processes and very high polarity (VHP) sugar from sugarcane mills. Soybean cake was converted into a nutrient-rich hydrolysate via a two-stage bioprocess involving crude enzyme production via solid state fermentations (SSF) of either Aspergillus oryzae or R. arrhizus cultivated on soybean cake followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean cake. The soybean cake hydrolysate produced using crude enzymes derived via SSF of R. arrhizus was supplemented with VHP sugar and evaluated using different initial free amino nitrogen (FAN) concentrations (100, 200, and 400 mg/L) in fed-batch cultures for fumaric acid production. The highest fumaric acid concentration (27.3 g/L) and yield (0.7 g/g of total consumed sugars) were achieved when the initial FAN concentration was 200 mg/L. The combination of VHP sugar with soybean cake hydrolysate derived from crude enzymes produced by SSF of A. oryzae at 200 mg/L initial FAN concentration led to the production of 40 g/L fumaric acid with a yield of 0.86 g/g of total consumed sugars. The utilization of sugarcane molasses led to low fumaric acid production by R. arrhizus, probably due to the presence of various minerals and phenolic compounds. The promising results achieved through the valorization of VHP sugar and soybean cake suggest that a focused study on molasses pretreatment could lead to enhanced fumaric acid production.     

Phytoremediation in the tropics--influence of heavy crude oil on root morphological characteristics of graminoids

When studying species for phytoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soils, one of the main traits is the root zone where enhanced petroleum degradation takes place. Root morphological characteristics of three tropical graminoids were studied. Specific root length (SRL), surface area, volume and average root diameter (ARD) of plants grown in crude oil-contaminated and uncontaminated soil were compared. Brachiaria brizantha and Cyperus aggregatus showed coarser roots in polluted soil compared to the control as expressed in an increased ARD. B. brizantha had a significantly larger specific root surface area in contaminated soil. Additionally, a shift of SRL and surface area per diameter class towards higher diameters was found. Oil contamination also caused a significantly smaller SRL and surface area in the finest diameter class of C. aggregatus. The root structure of Eleusine indica was not significantly affected by crude oil. Higher specific root surface area was related to higher degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons found in previous studies.     

Photolysis of atrazine and ametryne herbicides in Barbados sugar cane plantation soils and water

The photodegradation kinetics of atrazine (2-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-4-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) and ametryne (2-methylthio-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), in fresh and coastal salt water from Barbados, were measured under irradiation with artificial solar and UV254-radiation. The first-order rate constants were greater for ametryne than for atrazine, and the rates were reduced in seawater relative to fresh water, and in soil slurries relative to fresh water. However, rates were accelerated in the presence of iron(III) at pH 3 due to photo-Fenton type processes. This rate enhancement was reduced at ambient pH values (pH 7-7.5) representative of surface water in Barbados. These results have important implications for the relative persistence of these contaminants in aquatic environments in tropical areas.     

烟气脱硫石膏和园林废弃物堆肥混合施用对滨海盐渍土壤的改良

为克服烟气脱硫石膏改良盐碱地存在的土壤盐分升高、营养物质降低等不足,通过对不同重量配比的园林废弃物堆肥与适量烟气脱硫石膏混合施用,且开展了其对上海南汇滨海盐渍土的改良效应研究。结果表明：2种改良剂混合施用能显著降低滨海盐渍土pH和全盐含量,增加土壤营养物质含量和植物生物量,并提高植物对营养物质的吸收能力;与对照相比,当烟气脱硫石膏施用量为25 g·kg⁻¹时,土壤pH降低了10.9%,EC升高了8.4%,有效磷、有效氮和速效钾含量分别降低了30.1%、40.5%和36.1%,黑麦草发芽率下降了8.0%,植株内全氮、全钾含量均有所升高,但全磷含量减少了25.4%;混合施加不同重量配比的园林废弃物堆肥后,土壤pH降幅为6.8%~13.8%,EC降幅为4.2%~11.6%;土壤有效磷、有效氮和速效钾含量增幅分别为96.0%~182.7%、40.0%~186.7%和71.7%~157.5%;黑麦草发芽率和生物量逐渐增加,在园林废弃物堆肥施用量为40%时,与对照处理相比,此时植物发芽率达到90.0%,总湿重、地上干重、株高和根长等分别增加了154.1%、100.0%、89.2%和103.6%,植株体内氮和钾含量分别增加了139.9%和40.8%,磷的含量则接近对照处理。通过分析可知,烟气脱硫石膏和园林废弃物混合施用可较好地改良滨海盐渍土壤,并为城市固废的适合处置方式和综合利用途径提供了参考。     

秸秆固定化石油降解菌降解原油的初步研究

用秸秆做载体固定嗜碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus alcalophilus SG)降解原油,其原油去除率为73.88%,高于单纯投加菌液或者菌液与秸秆的混合物的原油去除率.秸秆的最佳投加量(干重)为25.0 g/L,最佳固定化时间为30 h.用预处理过的秸秆固定SG,降低了固定化SG的原油去除率.在固定化培养基中添加无机盐离子,促进了固定化SG对原油的降解.不同初始pH的原油培养基在固定化SG降解原油的过程中逐渐呈中性或偏碱性.固定化SG在pH 6.0～10.0时对原油均有不错的降粘能力.     

Assessment of crude oil biodegradation in arctic seashore sediments: effects of temperature,salinity, and crude oil concentration

The expected increase in offshore oil exploration and production in the Arctic may lead to crude oil spills along arctic shorelines. To evaluate the potential effectiveness of bioremediation to treat such spills, oil spill bioremediation in arctic sediments was simulated in laboratory microcosms containing beach sediments from Barrow (Alaska), spiked with North Slope Crude, and incubated at varying temperatures and salinities. Biodegradation was measured via respiration rates (CO₂ production); volatilization was quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrophotometry (GC/MS) analysis of hydrocarbons sorbed to activated carbon, and hydrocarbons remaining in the sediment were quantified by GC/flame ionization detector (FID). Higher temperature leads to increased biodegradation by naturally occurring microorganisms, while the release of volatile organic compounds was similar at both temperatures. Increased salinity had a small positive impact on crude oil removal. At higher crude oil dosages, volatilization increased, however CO₂ production did not. While only a small percentage of crude oil was completely biodegraded, a larger percentage was volatilized within 6–9 weeks.     

Deposition and leaching of tebuthiuron on sugar cane straw applied with and without alkyl polyglycoside adjuvant

A laboratory experiment was carried out aiming to study the effects of an alkyl polyglycoside adjuvant (APG) on deposition and leaching of the herbicide tebuthiuron applied on sugar cane straw. Tebuthiuron, at concentration of 1200 mg L(-1), was applied separately and in tank mix with the APG adjuvant, at concentrations of 0.07 and 0.09% (wt v(-1)), using a spraying volume of 204 L ha(-1). A precipitation equivalent to 20 mm of rain was simulated, 24 h after the applications, to evaluate the herbicide leaching. The quantification of tebuthiuron was carried out by the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was observed that the addition of APG adjuvant at 0.07% (wt v(-1)) provided an increase of 11.5% in the deposition of tebuthiuron on straw, reduction of 50.4% in the drift of the herbicide and it did not affect significantly the leached amount (68.5%), when compared with the treatment where tebuthiuron was applied alone (70.8%). At the concentration of 0.09% (wt v(-1)), the APG adjuvant caused an increase of 22.7% in the deposition; it reduced the drift of the herbicide by 99.9% and reduced the leached amount by 7.6% thereby increasing the retention of the herbicide by straw.     

Subfractionation, characterization and photooxidation of crude oil resins

Resins of five crude oils were obtained using SARA fractionation. The maltenic fraction of Blend Arabian Light, was further separated into six polar fractions. These fractions which are the constituents of the resins were analysed by FTIR spectroscopy. They appeared to be more oxidized, more aliphatic and less aromatic than asphaltenes. Photooxidation of resins showed that they are easily oxidizable and much more influenced by photooxidation than asphaltenes. The principal effect of photooxidation are: (i) increase of carbonyl group amounts and particularly formation of carboxylic groups, (ii) oxidation of sulfoxide in sulfone group, (iii) oxidation of alkyl chains and of aromatic rings (quinone structures).     

Bioconversion of wastes from olive oil industries by vermicomposting process using the epigeic earthworm Eisenia andrei

The present work evaluates the possible bioconversion of wet olive cake by low-cost biostabilization (vermicomposting process). Wet olive cake fresh (WOC), precomposted (WOCP), or mixed with biosolids (WOCB), were vermicomposted for 6 months to obtain organic amendments for agricultural and remediation purposes. The results showed initial differences depending on previous treatment. WOCP was initially more stable, presented a low C:N ratio, and showed more dehydrogenase and urease activity. By contrast, there was no dehydrogenase activity initially in WOC and WOCB, due to the presence of some different types of polyphenols. Finally, the end product showed relatively higher amounts of total nitrogen and humic acid and met the standard of quality for composts and vermicomposts for use both in conventional and organic agriculture and soil-restoration programs.     

污泥堆肥对土壤环境和小麦重金属含量的影响

污泥中含有大量的有机物、重金属以及病原菌等,不加处理任意排放会对环境造成严重的污染.以中国矿业大学(南湖校区)污水处理厂剩余污泥为研究对象,通过堆肥实验以及堆肥农用的盆栽实验得出,污泥堆肥整体上可以降低污泥中重金属和有机质的含量,TN含量在堆肥过程中先增加但最终下降,TP含量在堆肥过程中有所增加;污泥堆肥农用后,随着堆肥施用量的增加,土壤和小麦中的重金属含量有所增加;土壤中的有机质、TN和TP含量也有所增加;当小麦长势最好时,有机质比空白样增加了27.6%,TP增加了232.4%,TN增加了213.5%;从有机质和TN角度看,污泥堆肥施用量大于20 t/hm2时,土壤肥力达到高肥标准.     

Biodegradation kinetics and toxicity of vegetable oil triacylglycerols under aerobic conditions

The aerobic biodegradation of five triacylglycerols (TAGs), three liquids [triolein (OOO), trilinolein (LLL), and trilinolenin (LnLnLn)] and two solids [tripalmitin (PPP) and tristearin (SSS)] was studied in water. Respirometry tests were designed and conducted to determine the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) parameters of the compounds. In the case of the solid lipids, the degradation process was limited by their extremely non-polar nature. When added to water, PPP and SSS formed irregular clumps or gumballs, not a fine and uniform suspension required for the lipase activity. After 30 days, appreciable mineralization was not achieved; therefore, first-order biodegradation coefficients could not be determined. The bioavailability of the liquid TAGs was restricted due to the presence of double bonds in the fatty acids (FAs). An autoxidation process occurred in the allylic chains, resulting in the production of hydroperoxides. These compounds polymerized and became non-biodegradable. Nevertheless, the non-oxidized fractions were readily mineralized, and BOD rate constants were estimated by non-linear regression: LLL (k = 0.0061 h⁻¹) and LnLnLn (k = 0.0071 h⁻¹) were degraded more rapidly than OOO (k = 0.0025 h⁻¹). Lipids strongly partitioned to the biomass and, therefore, Microtox^® toxicity was not observed in the water column. However, EC₅₀ values (<15% sample volume) were measured in the solid phase.     

涉重危废概念的提出及其资源化利用

危险废物作为具有较高危害特性的固体废物,近年来受到国内外学术界、政府管理部门和公众的极大关注。危险废物的产生和排放呈现量大、面广、源多、物杂的特点,因此,科学分级分类既是其精细管理、精确监控、精准处置的现实需求,也是环境科学与工程领域危险废物和固体废物学科体系构建和健康发展的必然要求。危险废物中有一重要类别,其共有的危险特性源于重金属的毒性。重金属的不可降解性决定了该类危险废物的环境风险和环境危害具有持久性;重金属的不可再生性又决定了该类危险废物的资源属性具有稀缺性。为此,探讨并定义了以重金属毒性为危险特性的这一重要而独特的危险废物细分领域,明确了其内涵和外延;提出了金属五分法及该类别危险废物资源化利用的实现路径;分析了不同重金属提取工艺的适用性,并论述了该类别危险废物资源化利用的核心要务和技术原理。     

生物接触氧化法处理稠油污水实验研究

将从稠油污水中筛选出的3株高效烃类降解菌株HD-1、HD-2和HD-3用于稠油污水处理,研究了单一菌株和混合菌株对原油和COD的去除率。实验结果表明,单一菌株对原油和COD具有很好的去除效果,混合菌株对原油和COD去除效果更加显著。室内模拟实验结果表明,在停留时间为6 h时,含油量和COD分别为30 mg/L和300 mg/L时,经过生物接触氧化处理,出水含油量和COD分别降至1 mg/L和50 mg/L以下,达到了反渗透膜组件预处理的要求,为稠油污水热采锅炉用水回用提供了理论基础。     

Influence of sugar cane vinasse on the sorption and degradation of herbicides in soil under controlled conditions

This study reports the influence of sugar cane vinasse on the persistence, sorption and leaching potential of diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) in both a clay and sandy soil from a tropical area of Brazil. The experiments were conducted out under controlled laboratory conditions. The addition of sugarcane vinasse to soil influenced the persistence and sorption of the herbicides in both the studied clay and sandy soils, with a considerable decrease in the diuron DT₅₀ values in clay soil. The Ground Water Ubiquity Score (GUS) Index classifies the herbicides as leachers in both soils and treatments, with the exception of diuron, which is classified as a non-leacher in clay soil-vinasse and as a transient herbicide in sandy soil. These results suggest that special attention should be given to areas such as those where the sandy soil was collected in this study, which is a recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer and is likely to experience groundwater contamination due to the high leaching potential of the applied pesticides.     

Co-composting of distillery wastes with animal manures: carbon and nitrogen transformations in the evaluation of compost stability

The aim of this work was to study the viability of recycling the solid wastes generated by the winery and distillery industry by means of co-composting with animal manures, as well as to evaluate the quality of the composts obtained. Two piles, using exhausted grape marc and cattle manure or poultry manure, respectively (at ratios, on a fresh weight basis, of 70:30), were composted by the Rutgers static pile composting system. Throughout the composting process, a number of parameters were monitored, such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, water-soluble carbon, water-soluble polyphenols, different forms of nitrogen (organic nitrogen, ammonium and nitrate) and humification indices (humification ratio, humification index, percentage of humic acid-like C, polymerisation ratio and cation exchange capacity), as well as the germination index. Organic matter losses followed first-order kinetics equation in both piles, the highest organic matter mineralisation rate being observed with exhausted grape marc and cow manure. On the other hand, the mixture with the lowest C/N ratio, using exhausted grape marc and poultry manure, showed the highest initial ammonium contents, probably due to the higher and more labile N content of poultry manure. The increase in the cation exchange capacity revealed the organic matter humification during composting. In contrast, other humification parameters, such as the humification ratio and the humification index, did not show the expected evolution and, thus, could not be used to assess compost maturity. Composting produced a degradation of the phytotoxic compounds, such as polyphenols, to give composts without a phytotoxic character. Therefore, composting can be considered as an efficient treatment to recycle this type of wastes, due to composts presented a stable and humified organic matter and without phytotoxic effects, which makes them suitable for their agronomic use.     

石油降解菌的筛选及其降解能力的研究

从广州石化污水处理厂废水中自行分离出 30株除油菌 ,用市售的 90 # 柴油作为油品进行筛选 ,所得菌种用于处理石化厂物理隔油后的废水。通过研究含油量和接种量对除油率、COD的去除率和pH值的影响以及酸、碱、盐对除油率和COD去除率的影响来比较这些菌种对石化废水的处理效果。结果表明 ,6 # 菌株除油和去除有机物的效果都比较好 ,除油率约在 70 %左右 ,最高为 83.6 7% ,COD去除率约为 5 5 %左右 ,最高为 6 0 .0 1% ;5 # 菌株对环境要求较高 ,在碱性环境下表现出较好的除油和去除有机物的能力 ,除油率和COD去除率分别为 5 5 %和 5 0 %左右。实验菌株在消除石化废水的异味方面也有一定的效果。     

Influence of sugar cane vinasse on the sorption and degradation of herbicides in soil under controlled conditions

This study reports the influence of sugar cane vinasse on the persistence, sorption and leaching potential of diuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), hexazinone (3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-dione) and tebuthiuron (1-(5-tert-butyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1,3-dimethylurea) in both a clay and sandy soil from a tropical area of Brazil. The experiments were conducted out under controlled laboratory conditions. The addition of sugarcane vinasse to soil influenced the persistence and sorption of the herbicides in both the studied clay and sandy soils, with a considerable decrease in the diuron DT(50) values in clay soil. The Ground Water Ubiquity Score (GUS) Index classifies the herbicides as leachers in both soils and treatments, with the exception of diuron, which is classified as a non-leacher in clay soil-vinasse and as a transient herbicide in sandy soil. These results suggest that special attention should be given to areas such as those where the sandy soil was collected in this study, which is a recharge area of the Guarani Aquifer and is likely to experience groundwater contamination due to the high leaching potential of the applied pesticides.