全Pd三效催化剂研究涂层材料的研究

制备了作为Pd三效催化剂涂层材料组成的活性Al2O3/金属氧化物添加剂试样,用BET法、XRD法及H2－TPR法对这些涂层原材料体系进行表征。结果表明：金属氧化物添加剂提高了活性Al2O3的热稳定性;添加ZrO2改善了CeO2的热稳定性;与含Ca的试样不同,含La试样没有贮氧能力。用含有Al2O3-CeO2/ZrO2和Al2O3-La2O3/BaO的涂层材料制备的Pd催化剂有好的CO,HC和NOx同时净化的三效性能和低的起燃活性。加入0．003％（V／V）SO2降低了催化剂活性,含La2O3/BaO涂层材料的Pd催化剂上NOx反应易被SO2中毒。     

商业钒钛基选择性催化还原法脱硝催化剂的抗毒改性

通过浸渍法向商业V2O5(WO3)/TiO2催化剂中掺杂了不同浓度的Ni或Zr元素,并对催化剂进行了K中毒前后的活性测试以及EDS、BET、XRD、FT-IR、H2-TPR、XPS表征测试.结果表明,掺杂Ni或Zr后催化剂抗K中毒能力显著增强,EDS和XRD结果显示Ni和Zr能进入催化剂体系,催化剂载体TiO2保持原有锐钛矿晶型,其他元素则以高度分散或无定形状态存在.NH3吸附FT-IR实验证明掺杂Ni后催化剂表面形成了新的Lewis酸位,而Zr的加入使原有Bronsted酸位得以增强,这是两种元素的掺杂均能提高催化剂抗K中毒能力的原因.H2-TPR和XPS实验证实掺杂后催化剂氧化还原能力得到了增强,弥补了比表面积减少的不利因素.     

单钯型汽车尾气净化催化剂研究

应用流动体系微型反应和怠速实验装置对Pd/Ni/La-Ce-Al汽车尾气净化催化剂的CO、C3H8、NO转化活性进行了评价、研究了镍含量和La-Ce-Al涂层对催化剂活性的影响、对催化剂进行了TPR、CO-TPD、O2-TPD、C3H8-TPD表征.结果表明:镍对Pd/La-Ce-Al催化剂具有良好的助催化作用;在实验条件下,镍含量为15%时催化剂小试评价具有最好的CO、C3H8氧化活性和NO还原活性;La-Ce-Al涂层比例对催化剂转化活性影响很大;Pd/Ni/La-Ce-Al催化剂具有非常高的CO、HC三效氧化活性,但其NO三效还原活性有待改善.     

V2O5/AC催化剂对氨还原NO的研究

考察了V2O5/AC催化剂对NH3选择催化还原NO的影响，结果表明，以浓硝酸预氧化处理的活性焦为载体对催化剂活性有很大提高，这是由于浓硝酸预氧化后，活性焦表面产生了较多的含氧官能团可能吸附更多的NH3,并且提高了活性组分V2O5的含量，反应气氛中加入SO2后，二都活性都增加，但差异消失，这是由于SO2存在时，反应生成的SO4^2-离子的酸性强于浓硝酸预氧化产生的含氧官能团的酸性，催化剂在使用前经过煅烧和氧化对催化剂活性有很大改善。SO2存在时，V2O5含量为1wt%的催化剂活性提高。     

LnSrCoO4对CO和C3H8的氧化性能

采用聚乙二醇凝胶法制备LnSrCoO4(Ln=La,Sm)复合氧化物,考察了其对CO和C3H8的氧化反应活性,并运用XRD,BET,TEM和TPD等方法对其进行了表征．结果表明：该类复合氧化物具有四方K2NiF。结构,对CO和C3H8的氧化反应具有不同的催化活性,而LaSrCo04催化活性更好．     

钙钛矿型催化剂La_（0.8）M_（0.2）CoO_3（M=Sr、Ce、Ba、Ca）催化燃烧VOCs的活性与抗硫性研究

用柠檬酸溶胶-凝胶法制备了La0.8M0.2CoO3（M=Sr、Ce、Ba、Ca）4种钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂.甲苯催化燃烧活性测试表明,4种催化剂均具有很好的催化活性,转化率达到90%时反应温度都在340℃以下,比LaCoO3下降20℃—70℃,催化性能依次为：La0.8Sr0.2CoO3〉La0.8Ce0.2CoO...     

CeO2—CuO／γ—Al2O3催化剂上CO氧化及氧物种脱附与恢复行为的研究

氧化铈(CeO_2)作为贮氧和氧离子的传导物质常在高温下有催化特性,而CuO是普通的氧化物催化剂 本文以CeO_2结合活泼的CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂为研究对象,利用色谱-微反流动法,以及XRD,TPR和TPD-MS等技术,研究了CuO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂及添加CeO_2对CO和n-C_5H_(14)深度氧化的性能,探讨了催化剂的还原特性及表面氧的脱附与恢复行为 结果表明,CeO_2的存在改善了CuO在γ-Al_2O_3上的分散状态,促进了催化剂上氧物种的脱附与恢复,加速了氧化还原循环,从而提高了催化剂对CO和n-C_6H_(14)的深度氧化活性.     

汽车尾气净化非贵金属催化剂SO2中毒机理研究

用TPD,IR,XPS等方法研究了汽车尾气净化的复合氧化物催化剂SO_2中毒机理。结果表明,催化剂SO_2中毒失(?),首先是SO_2在催化剂活性中心上进行化学吸附,然后部分SO_2与活性组分生成相应的亚硫酸盐和硫盐酸,从而使催化剂失活。SO_2的化学吸附及部分生成相应的亚硫酸盐,与生成硫酸盐相比,对催化剂失活的影响,前者更为明显。     

蜂窝陶瓷表面预处理对催化剂性能的影响^1）

应用溶胶－凝胶技术对蜂窝陶瓷载体进行涂层,以CO氧化反应模型,考察了浸渍次数,分散剂及La,Ce,Zr,Y,Co等组分对催化剂活性的影响,同时考察了La2O3对催化剂耐热性能的影响,实验表明：两次浸渍的催化剂活性较高,浸渍原液中加入分散剂提高了催化剂对CO的氧化活性,使最低完全转化温度降低了13℃左右,在La,Ce,Zr,Y,Co等组分中,Ce是最有效的活性助剂,当CeO2含量占Al2O3涂层的18％时,催化剂的活性最好,而La和Zr的加入对催化剂活性无明显作用,Y和Co的加入则降低了催化剂的活性,在700℃下7h的热老化实验表明：La2O3的加入对催化剂热稳定性无明显影响,但是,1050℃温度下24h热老化后的活性评价表明：La2O3的加入对催化剂热稳定性作用显著,与未加La2O3的催化剂相比,最低完全转化温度降低了15℃左右。     

稀土复合氧化物汽车排气净化催化剂的SO_2中毒及再生考察

一、引言 随着汽车工业的发展,汽车排气带来的环境污染问题日益突出。用于汽车排气净化催化剂的铂系金属,成本昂贵,资源缺乏,应找寻新的替代催化剂。自从1971年Libby提出稀土钙钛矿型催化剂可望用于汽车排气净化以来,各国先后开展研究,并且研究范围扩展到各种稀土复合氧化物,其氧化活性很高,但存在着严重的SO_2中毒问题。 本文对该类催化剂的SO_2中毒及再生进行了考察。通过比较,找到了抗SO_2中毒较好的催化剂,并发现了行之有效的对抗毒不足进行补偿的低温再生法。对该抗毒较好的催化剂改变反应条件,考察SO_2中毒情况,说明只要选择适当条件,该催化剂具有很大实际应用价值。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture