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1.
Fire occurrences and their sources were monitored in Emas National Park, Brazil (17°49′–18°28′S; 52°39′–53°10′W) from June
1995 to May 1999. The extent of burned area and weather conditions were registered. Forty-five fires were recorded and mapped
on a GIS during this study. Four fires occurred in the dry winter season (June–August; 7,942 ha burned), all caused by humans;
10 fires occurred in the seasonally transitional months (May and September) (33,386 ha burned); 31 fires occurred in the wet
season, of which 30 were caused by lightning inside the park (29,326 ha burned), and one started outside the park (866 ha
burned). Wet season lightning fires started in the open vegetation (wet field or grassy savanna) at a flat plateau, an area
that showed significantly higher fire incidence. On average, winter fires burned larger areas and spread more quickly, compared
to lightning fires, and fire suppression was necessary to extinguish them. Most lightning fires were patchy and extinguished
primarily by rain. Lightning fires in the wet season, previously considered unimportant episodes, were shown to be very frequent
and probably represent the natural fire pattern in the region. Lightning fires should be regarded as ecologically beneficial,
as they create natural barriers to the spread of winter fires. The present fire management in the park is based on the burning
of preventive firebreaks in the dry season and exclusion of any other fire. This policy does not take advantage of the beneficial
effects of the natural fire regime and may in fact reduce biodiversity. The results presented here stress the need for reevaluating
present policies and management procedures concerning fire in cerrado conservation areas. 相似文献
2.
Contemporary approaches to natural resources and environmental decision-making typically draw on a “systems” perspective to
assess and improve management strategies. This paper describes the early genesis of the systems analysis approach. It concentrates
on a period between the mid-19th to early 20th centuries. During the early part of this period, George Marsh's Man and Nature and related works laid out an approach to problem-solving that recognized the relationship among physically disperse elements
in the environment, the need to balance benefits against costs, the potential for using quantitative modeling to understand
management options, and the importance of integrating human and natural components into solutions. In the early 20th century,
the Miami Conservancy District project brought this approach to fruition with its use of complex simulation and optimization
modeling, detailed cost–benefit analysis, and its linking of economics, engineering, science, and law into a far-reaching
solution to a complex water resources problem. The objective of this paper is to describe the early development and application
of this conceptual approach to problem-solving. An examination of the origins of natural resources systems analysis can broaden
one's perspective of the contemporary field to understand its roots as a philosophy for environmental problem-solving. 相似文献
3.
A study has been made of the relationships between the characteristics of the riparian vegetation (floristic composition,
structure and diversity) and the spatial–temporal variation of the quality of the stream waters in a basin under a semiarid
Mediterranean climate in the southeastern Iberian Peninsula. The plant communities of the high reaches present greater specific
richness and diversity (S
mean= 7.0 ± 3.4 and H′mean= 2.0 ± 0.7) than do those of the middle and low reaches (S
mean= 4.5 ± 1.6 and H′mean= 1.8 ± 0.6). One zone reached the highest specific richness (S= 12, H′= 3.2), which, apart from being situated in the intermediate stretch of the basin, represents a transitional state (ecotone)
between the Salix and Tamarix communities. The characteristics of the waters analyzed indicate very high rates of erosion and runoff due to the nature
of the soils (easily eroded marls) and to agricultural expansion and mining since the 16th century. The present-day riparian
vegetation is not adequate to absorb the nitrates added to the basin by crop fertilization, reaching extremely high values,
particularly during the dry period (between 1.2 and 42.5 mg/liter). Sewage dumping at three sampling stations did not appear
to affect the specific composition of the woody vegetation. In the zones with watercourses, water salinity was low during
the period of greater water flow, but considerably higher in the dry season (the upper limit was some 1.2 mS/m), resulting
in a predominance of salt cedars over willows. Three types of saltcedar areas were distinguished: subhalophilous, which barely
changes its chemical composition over the season; halophilous, which develops over strongly mineralized waters and markedly
alters in chemical composition during the dry season; and hyperhalophilous, where salinity is extraordinarily high and quite
constant throughout the year. A direct relationship was found between the dominance of Tamarix africana and abundance of NaCl. 相似文献
4.
Glen F. Cole 《Environmental management》1987,11(2):257-264
Human-influenced changes in the diversity and abundance of native wildlife in a southern boreal forest area, which became a national park in 1975, are used to develop working hypotheses for predicting and subsequently measuring the effects of disturbance or restoration programs on groups of interacting species. Changes from presettlement conditions began with early 1900 hunting, which eliminated woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and elk (Cervus elaphus), and reduced moose (Alces alces) to the low numbers which still persist. Increases in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), as these other cervid species became less abundant or absent, provided enough alternative food to sustain the system's carnivores until plant succession on previously burned or logged areas also caused deer to decline. With increased competition for reduced food, carnivore species also became less abundant or absent and overexploited some prey populations. The abilities of interacting species to maintain dynamically stable populations or persist varied with their different capacities to compensate for increased exploitation or competition. These relationships suggested a possible solution to the problem of predicting the stability of populations in disturbed systems. For the 1976–1985 period, a hypothesis that the increased protection of wildlife from exploitation in a national park would restore a more diverse, abundant, and productive fauna had to be rejected. 相似文献
5.
Coastal waters have been significantly influenced by increased inputs of nutrients that have accompanied population growth
in adjacent drainage basins. In Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, the population has quadrupled since 1950. By the late 1970s, eutrophic
conditions including phytoplankton and macroalgal blooms and seagrass losses were evident. The focus of improving Tampa Bay
is centered on obtaining sufficient water quality necessary for restoring seagrass habitat, estimated to have been 16,400
ha in 1950 but reduced to 8800 ha by 1982. To address these problems, targets for nutrient load reductions along with seagrass
restoration goals were developed and actions were implemented to reach adopted targets. Empirical regression models were developed
to determine relationships between chlorophyll a concentrations and light attenuation adequate for sustainable seagrass growth. Additional empirical relationships between
nitrogen loading and chlorophyll a concentrations were developed to determine how Tampa Bay responds to changes in loads. Data show that when nitrogen load
reduction and chlorophyll a targets are met, seagrass cover increases. After nitrogen load reductions and maintenance of chlorophyll a at target levels, seagrass acreage has increased 25% since 1982, although more than 5000 ha of seagrass still require recovery.
The cooperation of scientists, managers, and decision makers participating in the Tampa Bay Estuary Program’s Nitrogen Management
Strategy allows the Tampa Bay estuary to continue to show progress towards reversing many of the problems that once plagued
its waters. These results also highlight the importance of a multi-entity watershed management process in maintaining progress
towards science-based natural resource goals. 相似文献
6.
FERNANDO TOMÁS MAESTRE GIL 《Environmental management》2001,28(2):149-163
Local scale has an important role in environmental management. In Spain, rapid industrialization has occurred in the last
three decades, leading to substantial changes in socioeconomic relations and resulting in significant environmental degradation.
This paper describes the environmental status of the township of Sax (Alicante, in southeast Spain), which has passed from
agriculture to industrial manufacturing in 50 years. The human population has grown exponentially during the second half of
the 20th century, with a 91% increase from 1955 to 1995, coinciding with strong growth in manufacturing (factories increased
fivefold in the period 1955–1976) and important changes in the working population and land use. Illegal rubbish dumps, water
pollution, forest fires, erosion, and degradation of wildlife habitats are the main outcomes of these dramatic socioeconomic
and demographic changes. The administration has focused on the control of water pollution and waste management, while nongovernmental
organizations have concentrated on the prevention of forest fires and the development of environmental education programs.
These measures are insufficient to manage current environmental degradation, and an environmental management plan for the
study area is discussed. Increasing effort in waste management and industrial wastewater control, changes in land-use policy,
and the creation of an advisory committee to increase public participation in decision-making have been identified as environmental
target objectives for the coming years. 相似文献
7.
Maolin Li Xianshi Jin Qisheng Tang 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(1):33-54
Marine ecosystems are in serious troubles globally, largely due to the failures of fishery resources management. To restore
and conserve fishery ecosystems, we need new and effective governance systems urgently. This research focuses on fisheries
management in ancient China. We found that from 5,000 years ago till early modern era, Chinese ancestors had been constantly
enthusiastic about sustainable utilization of fisheries resources and natural balance of fishery development. They developed
numerous rigorous policies and regulations to guide people to act on natural laws. Being detailed and scientific, the legal
systems had gained gratifying enforcement, due to official efforts and folks’ voluntary participation in resource management.
In-depth analyses show that people’s consciousness of ecological conservation was derived from the edification of kinds of
ancient eco-ethical wisdom, such as totemism, nature worship, Zhou Yi, Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Mohism, etc. All this Chinese classical wisdom have the same cores: “Nature and Man in One”
spirit, frugality and “All things are equal” concept. The findings show that eco-ethical thinking is never inconsistent with
social ethic systems, and it’s of great importance to give legal effect to usual ecological moral claims and eco-ethical requirements
of the public in protecting the environment. The eco-ethical wisdom is efficient in assisting and urging people to fulfill
humans’ obligation for nature. Finally, it’s believed that present world fisheries management will benefit a lot from all
these ancient Chinese thoughts and practices. People are expected to make the most of the eco-ethical wisdom, strengthen fishery
legislation and fully stimulate their voluntary participation in both marine fishery resources conservation and fishery cyclic
economy. 相似文献
8.
Bhatnagar YV Wangchuk R Prins HH Van Wieren SE Mishra C 《Environmental management》2006,38(6):934-941
An emerging conflict with Trans-Himalayan pastoral communities in Ladakh’s Changthang Plateau threatens the conservation prospects
of the kiang (Equus kiang) in India. It is locally believed that Changthang’s rangelands are overstocked with kiang, resulting in forage competition
with livestock. Here, we provide a review and preliminary data on the causes of this conflict. Erosion of people’s tolerance
of the kiang can be attributed to factors such as the loss of traditional pastures during an Indo-Chinese war fought in 1962,
immigration of refugees from Tibet, doubling of the livestock population in about 20 years, and increasing commercialization
of cashmere (pashmina) production. The perception of kiang overstocking appears misplaced, because our range-wide density estimate of 0.24 kiang
km−2 (± 0.44, 95% CL) is comparable to kiang densities reported from Tibet. A catastrophic decline during the war and subsequent
recovery of the kiang population apparently led to the overstocking perception in Ladakh. In the Hanle Valley, an important
area for the kiang, its density was higher (0.56 km−2) although even here, we estimated the total forage consumed by kiang to be only 3–4% compared to 96–97% consumed by the large
livestock population (78 km−2). Our analysis nevertheless suggests that at a localized scale, some herders do face serious forage competition from kiang
in key areas such as moist sedge meadows, and thus management strategies also need to be devised at this scale. In-depth socioeconomic
surveys are needed to understand the full extent of the conflicts, and herder-centered participatory resolution needs to be
facilitated to ensure that a sustainable solution for livelihoods and kiang conservation is achieved. 相似文献
9.
Diversity of Soil Nematodes in Areas Polluted with Heavy Metals and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Lanzhou,China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This study investigated the soil nematode community structure along the Yellow River in the Lanzhou area of China, and analyzed
the impact of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Zn) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the nematode community.
Soil samples from five locations (named A–E), which were chosen for soil analysis, showed significant differences in their
heavy metal content (p < 0.01), as well as in the variety of nematodes (up to 41 genera) and families (up to 20) that were present. The different
samples also differed significantly in the total PAH content (p < 0.05), as well as the six types of PAH present. Sites A–C showed the most severe contamination with heavy metals and PAHs;
these sites had the lowest abundance of fungivores and omnivore/predators, but the proportion of bacteriovores was the highest
(p < 0.05). Site E, in contrast, showed only minor pollution with heavy metals and PAHs, and it contained the highest abundance
of plant parasites (p < 0.05). Several nematode ecological indicators were found to correlate with concentration of soil pollutants at all the
sites tested: the maturity index (MI, in addition to plant parasites), plant parasite index (PPI), ΣMI (including all the
soil nematodes), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H′′), and Wasilewska index (WI). Disturbance to the soil environment was more severe when MI, ΣMI, and H′ values were lower. The results of the study show that the abundance and structure of the soil nematode communities in the
sampling locations were strongly influenced by levels of heavy metals and PAHs in the soil. They also show that the diversity
index H′ and the maturity index can be valuable tools for assessing the impact of pollutants on nematodes. 相似文献
10.
The giant panda was found on Mount Shennongjia in Central China for thousands of years but vanished in the late 19th century. The possibility for reintroducing the giant panda in Shennongjia is discussed in terms of food availability, carrying capacity, and predicted bamboo flowering. Three species (Fargesia spathacea, F. murielae, and Yushania confusa) are considered the preferred forage bamboos, which could feed 193–223 giant pandas. However, in 1879–1888 these three species synchronously flowered and died back. In the past, such bamboo flowering usually forced the panda to migrate to a new habitat where forage bamboos were available. But since the 19th century, Shennongjia has become separated from other panda habitats by densely populated agricultural zones. Multi-species flowering of the forage bamboo and isolating of the habitat might caused the extinct of the giant panda in Shennongjia. If the flowering cycle of the bamboo is genetically fixed, the next synchronous flowering of two staple food species (F. spathacea and F. murielae) may occur in 2436–2439. It means that the food supply is dependable in Shennongjia for reintroducing the giant panda before 2436. 相似文献
11.
Forest fires are one of the major causes of ecological disturbance in the mediterranean climate ecosystems of the world. Despite
the fact that a lot of resources have been invested in fire prevention and suppression, the number of fires occurring in the
Mediterranean Basin in the recent decades has continued to markedly increase. The understanding of the relationship between
landscape and fire lies, among others, in the identification of the system’s post-fire resilience. In our study, ecological
and landscape data are integrated with decision-support techniques in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) framework to
evaluate the risk of losing post-fire resilience in Pinus halepensis forests, using Cape Sounion National Park, Central Greece, as a pilot case. The multi-criteria decision support approach
has been used to synthesize both bio-indicators (woody cover, pine density, legume cover and relative species richness and
annual colonizers) and geo-indicators (fire history, parent material, and slope inclination) in order to rank the landscape
components. Judgments related to the significance of each factor were incorporated within the weights coefficients and then
integrated into the multicriteria rule to map the risk index. Sensitivity analysis was very critical for assessing the contribution
of each factor and the sensitivity to subjective weight judgments to the final output. The results of this study include a
final ranking map of the risk of losing resilience, which is very useful in identifying the “risk hotspots”, where post-fire
management measures should be applied in priority. 相似文献
12.
13.
Intensive Livestock Farming: Global Trends, Increased Environmental Concerns, and Ethical Solutions 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ramona Cristina Ilea 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(2):153-167
By 2050, global livestock production is expected to double—growing faster than any other agricultural sub-sector—with most
of this increase taking place in the developing world. As the United Nation’s four-hundred-page report, Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options, documents, livestock production is now one of three most significant contributors to environmental problems, leading to
increased greenhouse gas emissions, land degradation, water pollution, and increased health problems. The paper draws on the
UN report as well as a flurry of other recently published studies in order to demonstrate the effect of intensive livestock
production on global warming and on people’s health. The paper’s goal is to outline the problems caused by intensive livestock
farming and analyze a number of possible solutions, including legislative changes and stricter regulations, community mobilizing,
and consumers choosing to decrease their demand for animal products. 相似文献
14.
Key aspects of environmental management exist within a legislative framework. The Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) and several Regional Environmental Plans created under the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (NSW) make reference to ‘the top of the bank’ for defining areas of protected land adjacent to rivers, within which development
consent may be required. It is an arbitrary term and its use within the Rivers and Foreshores Improvement Act 1948 (NSW) leads to confusion. This paper examines the range of definitions of ‘the top of the bank’ in respect of natural watercourses
and aims to provide a more lucid and effective definition that will clarify existing ambiguities in legal interpretation.
The paper examines the historical origins of the phrase ‘top of the bank’, finding that stereotyped Eurocentric views of what
a river ‘should look like’ have impaired the legal definition for Australian rivers, thereby influencing common law and the
development of statutory definitions. Judicial applications of the phrase ‘top of the bank’ are examined from a geomorphological
perspective, demonstrating the misconceptions of the term in a legal context. The paper identifies the existence of widespread
support for the need to protect land adjacent to rivers in the interests of environmental, economic and social sustainability.
It concludes by calling for legislative reform that is both tailored to the individual site and consistent with overarching
goals at the catchment scale. 相似文献
15.
Jennifer Welchman 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2007,20(4):353-363
Norton argues on pragmatic “Deweyan” grounds that we should cease to ask scientists for value neutral definitions of “sustainability,”
developed independently of moral and social values, to guide our environmental policy making debates. “Sustainability,” like
human “health,” is a normative concept from the start—one that cannot be meaningfully developed by scientists or economists
without input by all the stake holders affected. While I endorse Norton’s approach, I question his apparent presumption that
concern for sustainability for the future is at odds with and ought to trump concern for enhancement in the present of public opportunities to access the goods nature represents. I argue that the two are not separable in practice.
I argue for Passmore’s position that unless we take care to enhance equitable access to the good and services nature represents
in the present, we cannot succeed in promoting sustainability for future generations. 相似文献
16.
The Lyon-Turin High-Speed Rail: The Public Debate and Perception of Environmental Risk in Susa Valley,Italy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
When the construction of the Lyon-Turin segment of the new European high-speed rail network was first publicly announced at
the beginning of the 1990s, it immediately found fierce opposition from the inhabitants of Susa Valley, Italy, one of the
areas to be cut across by such infrastructure. At issue were the project’s potential environmental impact and its consequences
on public health. This study intends to clarify environmental risk perception and public debate between the national government,
local advocacy groups, and the inhabitants of Susa Valley. Two major phases of public reaction were identified: (1) an initial
rebellious period of no real dialog among the project’s major stakeholders (exemplified by the popular “No TAV” [No High Speed
Train] movement), followed by (2) a yielding period of intense multilateral negotiations centered on the activities of the
“Lyon-Turin Environmental Observatory.” The results of a qualitative cross analysis of the residents’ perception of the proposed
high-speed rail revealed that public acceptance of risk in Susa Valley was influenced by the characteristics of hazards perceived
by the residents and by the communicative approach used by the project’s various stakeholders. It also emerged that early
dialog among all the parties involved was critical in forming a personal viewpoint on risk, which, once consolidated, defied
new information and perspectives. Likely, a greater and earlier care taken by the other stakeholders to inform and consult
the local population about the railway would have greatly eased the public debate. 相似文献
17.
Adaptive Management of Nonnative Species: Moving Beyond the “Either-Or” Through Experimental Pluralism 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Jason M. Evans Ann C. Wilkie Jeffrey Burkhardt 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2008,21(6):521-539
This paper develops the outlines of a pragmatic, adaptive management-based approach toward the control of invasive nonnative
species (INS) through a case study of Kings Bay/Crystal River, a large artesian springs ecosystem that is one of Florida’s
most important habitats for endangered West Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus). Building upon recent critiques of invasion biology, principles of adaptive management, and our own interview and participant–observer
research, we argue that this case study represents an example in which rigid application of invasion biology’s a␣priori imperative
to minimize INS has produced counterproductive results from both an ecological and social standpoint. As such, we recommend
that INS control in Kings Bay should be relaxed in conjunction with an overall program of adaptive ecosystem management that
includes meaningful participation and input from non-institutional stakeholders. However, we also note that adaptive management
and INS control are by no means mutually exclusive, in Kings Bay or elsewhere. Instead, we suggest that adaptive management
offers a means by which INS control efforts can emerge from—and be evaluated through—ongoing scientific research and participatory
dialogue about the condition of specific places, rather than non-contextual assumptions about the harmfulness of INS as a
general class. 相似文献
18.
Loss of fish habitat in North America has occurred at an unprecedented rate through the last century. In response, the Canadian
Parliament enacted the habitat provisions of the Fisheries Act. Under these provisions, a “harmful alteration, disruption, or destruction to fish habitat” (HADD) cannot occur unless authorised
by Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO), with legally binding compensatory habitat to offset the HADD. The guiding principle
to DFO’s conservation goal is “no net loss of the productive capacity of fish habitats” (NNL). However, performance in achieving
NNL has never been evaluated on a national scale. We investigated 52 habitat compensation projects across Canada to determine
compliance with physical, biological, and chemical requirements of Section 35(2) Fisheries Act authorisations. Biological requirements had the lowest compliance (58%) and chemical requirements the highest (100%). Compliance
with biological requirements differed among habitat categories and was poorest (19% compliance) in riparian habitats. Approximately
86% of authorisations had larger HADD and/or smaller compensation areas than authorised. The largest noncompliance in terms
of habitat area occurred in riverine habitat in which HADDs were, on average, 343% larger than initially authorised. In total,
67% of compensation projects resulted in net losses of habitat area, 2% resulted in no net loss, and 31% achieved a net gain
in habitat area. Interestingly, probable violations of the Fisheries Act were prevalent at half of the projects. Analyses indicated that the frequency of probable Fisheries Act violations differed among provinces. Habitat compensation to achieve NNL, as currently implemented in Canada, is at best
only slowing the rate of habitat loss. In all likelihood, increasing the amount of authorised compensatory habitat in the
absence of institutional changes will not reverse this trend. Improvements in monitoring and enforcement are necessary to
move towards achieving Canada’s conservation goals. 相似文献
19.
Kumi Kato 《The Environmentalist》2008,28(2):148-154
A commitment to conservation of a place is based on the sense of place expressed by its “conceptual community”, including
those who are not its residents in the geographical sense, but who nonetheless identify with it for various reasons. With
the global nature of environmental issues being clearly recognized, such communities form a “terrain of consciousness” (Berg and Dasmann 1978), extending responsibility for conservation across cultures, time and space. Although the social
mobility and diversity brought about by today’s technology often work against the development of a sense of place, they also
allow the formation of such conceptual communities, who can highlight local distinctiveness while at the same time positioning
local issues in a global context, so generating a sense of global responsibility. In the case of Tasmania, Australia, recent
international interest in its ecologically and culturally significant places, such as Recherche Bay and the Styx Valley, has
intensified the focus on forest issues, building on Tasmania’s already well-recognized history of environmentalism. It is
important that these issues be recognized in Japan in particular, where a rising awareness about climate change and mass consumerism
has alerted the public to the problem of deforestation; however the fact that Tasmania is one of the major sources of woodchips
for paper production is not widely known. Awareness by the consumer, it is argued, is a foundation for forming a sense of
global responsibility and it is necessary to form a conceptual community of those committed to the same issue. Cross-cultural
collaboration is therefore necessary, and creativity can be an effective facilitating agent for this. This paper illustrates
this point, through the example of the Kodama Forest, a forest of tree spirits, in North East Tasmania, that arose from such a collaboration between a group of Japanese students and a local community
group. The collaboration also facilitated meaningful learning opportunities for the students, who chose to study in Tasmania
because of its natural environment. The forest now provides a cultural heritage that also defines the evolution of this conceptual
community through on-going collaboration. The importance of human connection at all levels, local, regional and global, in
promoting environmental sustainability is addressed through the example of this forest. 相似文献
20.
Hosny Khordagui 《Environmental management》1991,15(4):455-459
This article describes and assesses the impact of oil spillage and oil well fires on Kuwait and its surroundings. The marine
ecology of the Arabian Gulf is shown to be relatively resistant to damage from oil spillage. The risks of the contamination
of thermal desalination plants by oil and oil products are assessed, and remedies are suggested. Air pollution from burning
oil wells is described and its consequences are predicted.
Editor’s note: Professor Hosny Khordagui worked as a research scientist at the Environmental and Earth Science Department of the Kuwait
Institute for Scientific Research. The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990, led to the permanent loss of most of his
data, research reports, and laboratory equipment, and Prof. Khordagui was constrained to live under the Iraqi occupation for
a few weeks. His article “A Conceptual Approach to the Selection of a Control Measure for Residual Chlorine Discharge in Kuwait
Bay” will appear in a forthcoming issue ofEnvironmental Management. 相似文献