水系分形特征对流域径流特性的影响——以赣江中上游流域为例

以赣江流域中上游的8个水文站点所控制的流域为研究对象,以水系分形维数为指标来描述流域水系特征,以Hurst指数为指标来描述流域径流序列复杂性,研究两者之间的关系,并分析流域水系特征、水系变迁对流域旱涝灾害的影响。研究表明,流域水系分维数越高,水系越复杂,其径流深序列Hurst指数则越高,其径流过程则越简单,反之亦然。径流序列的复杂程度在一定程度上可以反映出洪涝干旱灾害发生的可能性,径流越复杂,则洪涝干旱灾害发生可能性越高。因此,一般来说水系分维越高,水系越复杂,则洪涝干旱灾害发生的可能性也就越低。各流域水系分维与径流深序列的关系,可以在一定程度上说明水系变迁对洪涝干旱灾害的影响：在气温、降水、地形、植被等要素变化不大的情况下,水系、河网消亡将增加洪涝灾害和干旱灾害发生的可能性。     

Quality assurance/quality control programs in some U.S. environmental laboratories

The quality control program of the Environmental Measurements Laboratory in radioactivity measurements is described and some results are reported.     

Vegetation restoration dynamics in the forest-steppe system of the middle Volga region

The current dynamics of ecosystems of the forest-steppe system is most adequately described via determining the probable trajectories of changes in its elements in a simple Markov chain. The obtained data have made it possible to determine the direction of succession and draw its scheme. Theoretically possible series of community development are presented. The succession of community restoration from the spread of shrubs over steppificated fallow lands to the formation of low forests of European bird cherry has been analyzed. The restoration cycle of ecosystem dynamics is described by eight age stages.     

Preparedness of households and catering establishments for incidents involving radioactive contamination

This short paper describes a number of investigations carried out to ensure preparedness for crises involving radioactivity to catering operations and private households in Finland. The specific recommendations for catering kitchens during crises were published in 1994. A study to determine the level of adherence to these recommendations is summarised here, together with its findings and subsequent recommendations. Another study on the pre-planning of crisis menus is described. New challenges for the catering kitchens are touched upon. A crisis food preparation booklet for households is described and based on consumers' attitudes suggestions are made for how this can be improved in the future.     

The Phytoecological Map as a Means for Evaluating the State and Anthropogenic Transformation of Vegetation

The methodological principles of making a phytoecological map reflecting the degree of anthropogenic transformation of the plant cover are described.     

长江口拦门沙及水下三角洲的动力沉积和演变

分析了长江河口拦门沙和水下三角洲及河口和邻近水域的水系和水团的特征，论述了河口混浊带羽状锋系的分布移动规律，并对河口拦门沙的物理，化学，生物及地质屏障效应作了评估。通过对泥沙分布，沉积率和沉积程序的研究，探明了河口拦门沙及水下三角洲的泥沙交换和演变。根据以上所述，探讨了长江河口深水航道的选址问题，为有关管理部门提供了科学的数据。     

Experience in establishing a natural standard for analyzing the dynamics of taiga ecosystems

Experience in organizing a natural reference area (standard) for studies on the functional dynamics of ecosystems in connection with paludification and forest-bog relationships is described. The essence of studies on ecosystem dynamics with the aid of natural standards and key plots is described using an example of the Yenisei region of Western Siberia. Arguments are presented for the necessity of using a differential approach to studies on the dynamics of nature and taking into account local ecological conditions while extrapolating the results of these studies to other geographic regions.     

The ecology of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) in Western Siberia

The data on the ecology of bilberry and cowberry in the West Siberian Plain, Kuznetsk Ala Tau, and highland Altai are presented. Ecological ranges of these plants and amplitudes of their tolerance for some environmental factors are described.     

Removal of synthetic dyes from wastewaters: a review

The more recent methods for the removal of synthetic dyes from waters and wastewater are complied. The various methods of removal such as adsorption on various sorbents, chemical decomposition by oxidation, photodegradation, and microbiological decoloration, employing activated sludge, pure cultures and microbe consortiums are described. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed and their efficacies are compared.     

Typological and species diversity of dark conifer forests in the lower reaches of the Bol’shaya Porozhnyaya River, a tributary of the Pechora (Pechora-Ilych state nature reserve)

The structure of dark conifer forests in the lower reaches of the Bol’shaya Porozhnyaya River is described. Ordination of corresponding communities has been performed, and their ecological and ecocenotic characteristics and species structure have been analyzed. On this basis, a typological scheme of the forests has been constructed following the method by L.B. Zaugol’nova. The identified sections and variants of communities within the true moss and tall herb sections are described. Successive change of leading ecological factors in the hierarchical series of communities, from sections to variants, is demonstrated.     

Environmental radioactivity surveillance in Germany

The environmental radioactivity surveillance program of the Federal Republic of Germany is briefly described. Some results of intercomparative measurements carried out by the Federal Milk Research Institute are presented.     

Measurement of transuranic elements,chiefly 237Np (by neutron activation analysis), in the physical and biological compartments of the French shore of the English channel

The behaviour of transuranic elements in the marine environment has been studied via both in situ sampling and laboratory tracer experiments. In particular, the radionuclide ²³⁷Np was investigated and techniques for its quantitative determination are described. In the field investigations, a preliminary separation of Np from samples was performed prior to neutron activation analysis, with subsequent γ-ray spectrometry of ²³⁸Np. In the laboratory studies, ²³⁷Np was determined by a radiochemical method followed by α-spectrometry. The results obtained from the in situ study in the English Channel (sea water, seaweed, molluscs) and from laboratory-uptake experiments (water and mussels) are described. Levels of Pu, Am and Np are compared and the characteristics of neptunium transfer to molluscs are discussed.     

Present experience on low-level radioactivity measurements in Finland; needs of environmenal standards

Measurements of environmental radioactivity in Finland are described.     

On the population ecology of the gray plover in the northern Yamal Peninsula

The demography of the gray plover was studied using color banding at a stationary control plot in the northern Yamal tundra for seven years. Data on the dynamics of nesting density, fertility, breeding success, and site tenacity are presented. Cases of polygyny and the absence of nesting are described. Factors affecting population dynamics are discussed.     

Radionuclides in the Ecosystem of Lake Tygish in the Zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace

The radioecological situation in Lake Tygish is described. The lake is situated on the central axis of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT), which was formed after the nuclear accident in the Southern Urals in 1957. The distributions of ⁹⁰Sr and ¹³⁷Cs among the main components of the water body and the results of the measurement of tritium concentration in the water are presented. Mathematical models are described that have made it possible to estimate changes in the concentrations of radionuclides and their amounts accumulated in the water and bottom sediments of the lake during the long period after the accident and to predict the development of the radioecological situation in the lake until 2057. Based on the mathematical models, more accurate data on the initial ecological situation in the lake in the year of the accident have been obtained.     

Types of Ontogeny and Territorial Distribution of Small Rodents

In small rodents, differences in the average home range size, depending on the type of ontogeny and animal sex, have been revealed. The dynamics of changes in the spatial structure of populations during the breeding season are described.     

Environmental monitoring in the United Kingdom

Regulatory requirements and monitoring programmes for the measurement of environmental radioactivity in the United Kingdom are described.     

Formation of Two Xylem Frost Injuries in One Annual Ring in Siberian Spruce under Conditions of Western Siberian Forest-Tundra

The phenomenon of the formation of two damaged xylem layers in one frost ring is described in Siberian spruce grown in western Siberian forest-tundra. Temperature conditions providing for the formation of pathological cell and tissue structures are determined. The relationship between the formation of double frost injuries and cold periods is demonstrated.     

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity assay of water sampled from the underground nuclear explosion site in the north of the Perm region (Russia)

The results of our study revealed a local biologically relevant surface water contamination in the radionuclide anomaly in the north of Russia (Perm region) by means of Allium schoenoprasum L. anaphase-telophase chromosome aberration assay. This radionuclide anomaly was formed in 1971 as a result of an underground nuclear explosion with soil excavation. Specific activities of main dose-forming radionuclides in all examined reservoirs are below intervention levels officially adopted in Russia for drinking water. We found that (90)Sr significantly contributes to induction of cytogenetic disturbances. Our previous data and the data described here suggest that metal and radionuclide combined exposure (with the dose below permissible exposure limits for human) may cause substantial biological effects. These effects are in part due to synergic response. The findings described here indicated that development of a new concept of radiation protection for humans and biota should be based on the clear understanding of biological effects of low doses of radiation in chronic exposure to multi-pollutant mixtures.     

Ecotypes in Graylings (Thymallidae,Salmoniformes)

The ecotypic structure of two grayling species in Eurasia is considered. Based on original and published data, the development of ecological forms in water bodies of different kinds is analyzed. Parallelism in the emergence of highly similar forms in different sites of the ranges is demonstrated. Distinctive features of ecotypes and their internal structure are described. The causes and rate of establishment of forms with a short life cycle are discussed.