施肥与不施肥措施下小麦田的CO2、CH4、N2O排放日变化特征

二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）是对全球气候变化影响最大的温室气体。由于土壤与大气之间的水热交换需要一定的传导平衡时间,因此土壤温室气体与温湿度之间的关系存在不同的表现形式。目前,有关温室气体研究多集中于季节性排放特征,而关于CO2、CH4、N2O的日变化研究却少见报道。以北京小麦（Triticum aestivuml）农田土壤为研究对象,对施肥和不施肥条件下CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量和气温、土壤温度进行连续观测,来探讨3种温室气体的日变化特征。采用人工静态暗箱法对小麦田土壤进行连续48 h原位观测,每2 h测定1次,每次盖箱时间为30 min。气体样品中的CO2、CH4、N2O用气相色谱仪（Agilent 6890A,FID/ECD）测定。结果表明：施肥与不施肥条件下小麦生育后期麦田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量具有明显的日变化特征。土壤表现为CH4的吸收汇、CO2和N2O的排放源。CH4的吸收通量、CO2和N2O的排放通量均表现为施肥区＞对照区。CO2、CH4的交换通量的70%以上出现在白天,而施肥区和对照区的N2O白天排放通量分别达到全天的81.8%、91.1%。另外,相关性分析表明,CO2、N2O交换通量的日变化与气温和5 cm地温呈极显著（P＜0.01）或显著（P＜0.05）的正相关关系,且N2O交换通量日变化与10 cm地温呈现极显著的正相关关系,说明温度是影响CO2、N2O交换通量日变化的重要因素;而气温、5 cm地温、10 cm地温对CH4交换通量日变化不存在显著性影响。     

施肥与不施肥措施下小麦田的CO_2、CH_4、N_2O排放日变化特征

二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)是对全球气候变化影响最大的温室气体。由于土壤与大气之间的水热交换需要一定的传导平衡时间,因此土壤温室气体与温湿度之间的关系存在不同的表现形式。目前,有关温室气体研究多集中于季节性排放特征,而关于CO2、CH4、N2O的日变化研究却少见报道。以北京小麦(Triticum aestivuml)农田土壤为研究对象,对施肥和不施肥条件下CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量和气温、土壤温度进行连续观测,来探讨3种温室气体的日变化特征。采用人工静态暗箱法对小麦田土壤进行连续48 h原位观测,每2 h测定1次,每次盖箱时间为30 min。气体样品中的CO2、CH4、N2O用气相色谱仪(Agilent 6890A,FID/ECD)测定。结果表明:施肥与不施肥条件下小麦生育后期麦田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量具有明显的日变化特征。土壤表现为CH4的吸收汇、CO2和N2O的排放源。CH4的吸收通量、CO2和N2O的排放通量均表现为施肥区对照区。CO2、CH4的交换通量的70%以上出现在白天,而施肥区和对照区的N2O白天排放通量分别达到全天的81.8%、91.1%。另外,相关性分析表明,CO2、N2O交换通量的日变化与气温和5 cm地温呈极显著(P0.01)或显著(P0.05)的正相关关系,且N2O交换通量日变化与10 cm地温呈现极显著的正相关关系,说明温度是影响CO2、N2O交换通量日变化的重要因素;而气温、5 cm地温、10 cm地温对CH4交换通量日变化不存在显著性影响。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤小麦和玉米季CO2、N2O排放特征

基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤旱地小麦-玉米轮作长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地连续施肥16 a后,不同施肥条件下小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2和N2O的排放特征。结果表明,CO2和N2O排放具有明显的季节性,施肥对土壤CO2和N2O排放有明显影响,且有机肥的施用显著促进了土壤CO2和N2O排放。不施肥对照（CK）、氮磷配施（NP）、氮钾配施（NK）、氮磷钾配施（NPK）和有机无机肥配施（NPKM）处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2累积排放量分别为5 904、8 062、4 298、9 235、14 098和4 708、7 530、5 435、7 089、15 472 kg.hm-2,土壤N2O累积排放量分别为0.34、0.63、0.44、0.62、1.00和0.25、0.39、0.35、0.52、1.73 kg.hm-2,小麦休闲期土壤CO2和N2 O累积排放量平均占小麦生长季的63.52%和28.43%,玉米休闲季平均占玉米生长季的49.98%和32.72%,说明休闲期土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量不容忽视。除玉米季NP、NK、NPK处理外,其他各处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm深处土壤温度显著相关;而土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度间均未表现出显著相关性;除NPKM处理外,其他各处理土壤CO2或N2O排放通量与土壤水分间相关性均未达显著水平。     

土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞释放通量的影响

以重庆市的主要耕作土壤——紫色土为研究对象,用动力通量箱与RA-915＋汞分析仪联用技术,通过室内模拟实验研究土壤湿度和浇水对紫色土土/气界面汞交换通量的影响.结果表明,加入外源硝酸汞的土壤汞交换通量大于加入硝酸亚汞的土壤汞交换通量,对照土壤的汞释放通量最小.随着土壤含水量的增加,土/气界面汞交换通量有增加的趋势,在土...     

华北平原典型农业区土壤甲烷通量研究

利用静态箱法原位测定了华北农田不同施肥处理夏玉米和冬小麦生长季土壤甲烷的通量。结果表明 ,施肥农田夏玉米和冬小麦生长季甲烷通量分别为 -79.8和 -2 1.6μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 ,年平均通量为 -4 3 .1μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 。未施肥农田夏玉米和冬小麦生长季甲烷通量分别为 -110 .0和 -88.2 μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 ,年平均通量为 -95 .2 μg·(m2 ·h) - 1 。在不同生长季 ,各处理农田土壤甲烷通量均为负值 ,即土壤为大气甲烷的吸收“汇” ,在各个生长季施肥农田对甲烷的吸收量均低于未施肥农田 ,各处理冬小麦生长季土壤对CH4 的吸收量均低于同一处理的夏玉米生长季的吸收量 ;各处理甲烷通量具有较明显的季节变化 ,5月上旬至 9月中旬 ,土壤的甲烷吸收能力较强 ,其他时间吸收量较低 ;施肥土壤约比未施肥土壤对甲烷的氧化吸收能力降低 2 7%～ 76% ;试验区域内较大降水在一定时期内促进了土壤对甲烷的氧化     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1．69μmol·m-2．S-1和1．24μmaol·m-2s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0．50μmol·m-2．S-1和0．63μmol·m-2．S-1。各地类土壤C02排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10：00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高（R2=0．8375）,其次为旱田和草地。     

吉林西部不同土地利用方式下的生长季土壤CO2排放通量日变化及影响因素

利用GXH-3051A红外线分析仪,采用动态闭合气室法对吉林西部4种土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放通量日变化进行了定位测量,系统分析了环境因子及土壤理化性质等因素对土壤CO2排放通量日变化的影响。结果表明,水田、旱田、草地和盐碱地土壤CO2排放通量日变化均呈单峰曲线,但排放通量的日均值有较大差异,其中水田和草地排放量较高,分别为1.69μmol.m-2.s-1和1.24μmol.m-2.s-1;旱田和盐碱地较低,为0.50μmol.m-2.s-1和0.63μmol.m-2.s-1。各地类土壤CO2排放通量的日均值与其每天上午10:00土壤CO2排放通量值最为接近,即可用该时间测得的土壤CO2排放通量估测日平均值。土地利用方式和大气温度是造成土壤CO2日排放通量差异的主要因素,多年来该区土地利用方式的变化,改变了土壤表层10 cm内的土层温度、土壤含水率、有机碳含量、水解氮含量,进而影响土壤呼吸和CO2排放通量;区内水田土壤CO2排放通量与温度的相关性最高(R2=0.837 5),其次为旱田和草地。     

长期不同施肥条件下红壤小麦和玉米季CO_2、N_2O排放特征

基于中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤旱地小麦-玉米轮作长期定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法,研究红壤旱地连续施肥16 a后,不同施肥条件下小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2和N2O的排放特征。结果表明,CO2和N2O排放具有明显的季节性,施肥对土壤CO2和N2O排放有明显影响,且有机肥的施用显著促进了土壤CO2和N2O排放。不施肥对照(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、氮钾配施(NK)、氮磷钾配施(NPK)和有机无机肥配施(NPKM)处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2累积排放量分别为5 904、8 062、4 298、9 235、14 098和4 708、7 530、5 435、7 089、15 472 kg.hm-2,土壤N2O累积排放量分别为0.34、0.63、0.44、0.62、1.00和0.25、0.39、0.35、0.52、1.73 kg.hm-2,小麦休闲期土壤CO2和N2 O累积排放量平均占小麦生长季的63.52%和28.43%,玉米休闲季平均占玉米生长季的49.98%和32.72%,说明休闲期土壤CO2和N2O累积排放量不容忽视。除玉米季NP、NK、NPK处理外,其他各处理小麦季和玉米季土壤CO2排放通量与5 cm深处土...     

南京地区地表热通量的遥感反演分析

利用南京地区2013年8月11日、2013年10月14日、2014年1月2日和2014年5月26日的4景Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS1B遥感影像,结合地面气象观测资料,借助SEBAL模型反演了南京地区地表热通量,并利用地表温度实测数据进行验证,且与他人研究结果进行了比较。结果表明,(1)南京净辐射通量与土壤热通量表现为春季最大,夏季次之,冬季最小;感热通量呈暖季(春、夏)大于冷季(秋、冬)的特征;秋季潜热通量最大,冬季最低,夏春季居中。(2)南京净辐射通量值为长江最高,均值达614.8 W·m~(-2);湖泊与林地次高,均值大于500 W·m~(-2);旧城、草地、农田较高,均值在480~500 W·m~(-2)之间;裸地与新城最低,均低于460 W·m~(-2)。土壤热通量值为旧城、裸地、新城最高,均值在75~85 W·m~(-2)之间;湖泊、农田、草地次之,均值在65~75 W·m~(-2)之间;长江与林地最低,均值低于60 W·m~(-2)。感热通量值为城区最高,均值均高于200 W·m~(-2);林地、裸地、农田、草地次之,均值在100~200 W·m~(-2)之间;水体区域最低,均低于60 W·m~(-2)。潜热通量值为水体区域最高,均值高于400 W·m~(-2);林地、草地、农田、裸地次高,均值在220~320 W·m~(-2)之间;城区潜热通量最低,均低于200 W·m~(-2)。(3)土壤热通量占净辐射的比值除冬季均低于0.1外,其余季节均在0.05~0.25之间;新老城区的感热通量占净辐射比值在四季典型日均高于0.4,除春季的裸地和冬季外,其余土地利用类型均低于0.3,水体区域均低于0.15。潜热通量占净辐射比值为水体区域在四季均高于0.7,新老城区均低于0.5,除春夏季裸地和冬季的林地外,其余土地利用类型均高于0.5。不同土地利用类型的波文比呈现"新城旧城裸地林地农田草地湖泊长江"的空间分布和"春季冬季夏季秋季"的时间分布。新城区的波文比在四季典型日均为最高,且均值大于1,而水体的均为最低,均值小于0.2。     

水旱轮作土壤-小麦系统CO2排放及其影响因素

利用静态箱/气相色谱法对川中丘陵区水旱轮作区的小麦进行全生长季CO2排放观测.结果表明,(1)土壤-小麦系统的CO2排放通量存在着明显的日变化.凌晨400～600排放量最低,随着温度的升高,CO2的排放量逐渐增大,在午后100～300达到峰值.分析表明,气温和地表温度与土壤-小麦系统CO2排放通量之间存在显著的相关关系.(2)土壤-小麦系统CO2排放都有明显的季节变化.分析表明,小麦生物量和气温与土壤-小麦系统CO2排放季节变化之间存在显著的相关关系.(3)在小麦各个生育期中,CO2平均排放通量常规处理>无氮处理>空白>裸地.水旱轮作区小麦常规处理、无氮处理、空白点和裸地的CO2排放通量的平均值分别为574.51、362.23、239.91、129.47 mg/(m2·h).在小麦的各个生育期中,RH、RAR和RAS对土壤-小麦系统CO2排放的贡献率分别为20%、20%和60%.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).