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1.
Ecological effects of reactivation of artificially stabilized blowouts in coastal dunes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. H. van Boxel P. D. Jungerius N. Kieffer N. Hampele 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(1):57-62
In an inner dune area in the Dutch coastal dunes several artificially stabilized blowouts were reactivated. The purpose was
to investigate whether these reactivated blowouts could remain active despite the increased atmospheric deposition of nutrients,
how much area would be affected by sand from the blowouts, whether the vegetation would respond to the deposition of sand,
and whether the reactivation of blowouts could be a measure against the effects of acidification and eutrophication.
This paper presents the results of the first years of minitoring the changes in the blowout morphology and the response of
the vegetation. In the monitoring period (1991–1994) the blowouts remained active and grew slowly in size and depth. The area
which receives more than 1 cm of calcareous sand from the blowout in three years was up to six times the area of the blowouts.
Moss vegetation responded to the accumulation of sand:Campylopus introflexus was sparse within the deposition area whereasTortula ruralis was found near the contour of 1 cm deposition in 3 yr. No indications were found that shrubs or marram grass were adversely
affected by the deposition of sand.
The experiment forms part of a programme to test measures aimed at mitigating the effects of air pollution on natural landscapes.
From the viewpoint of the programme the experiment is a success. 相似文献
2.
A short outline is given of the floristic composition, structure and distribution of coastal dune vegetation found at Malindi
Bay, Kenya. The area was studied by air photo interpretation and field sampling to determine the relationship of plants to
aeolian features. TWINSPAN classification was used to distinguish geomorphological units on the basis of their species composition.
In this paper, an inventory and first quantitative analysis of vegetation distribution is presented. We identified 174 plant
species from 62 families in the sand dunes and several plant communities are distinguished based on the species content and
the connection with morphological units.Papilionaceae with 18 species andPoaceae with 17 species were the most represented families. A distinct zonal distribution of the plant communities was found.
The most important plant species are the pioneer vegetation consisting ofHalopyrum mucronatum, Ipomoea pescaprae andScaevola plumieri. The woody shrub species which have colonized the established primary dunes and hummock dunes areCordia somaliensis, Pluchea discoridis, Tephrosia purpurea (dunensis). Succulent herbs were identified in the dune slacks and salt marsh that are moist and damp environments. 相似文献
3.
The marine foreland called Ørkenen (=the desert) at Anholt is covered by lichen-richEmpetrum nigrum-Corynephorus canescens heath vegetation on beach ridg e systems formed during the elevation of land after the Weichsel ice age andStereocaulon saxatile-richAmmophila arenaria-Corynephorus canescens vegetation on semi-fixed aeolic dunes. The development of the vegetation at Ørkenen is the result of various kinds of human exploitation, with its maximum in the 16th and 17th century. After the cessation of human use, a slow succession towards closed vegetation with mainlyEmpetrum nigrum andCorynephorus canescens began. The present heath ecosystem, developed on sandy substrate with very little organic matter and a small nutrient supply, is a high priority habitat in Europe. 相似文献
4.
The negative impact of grass and moss encroachment on the botanical diversity of West European coastal dunes attracted increasing
attention in the 1990s. This paper focuses on moss encroachment during primary succession in the xeroseries. Until the mid-1970s,
vegetation types rich in species of the lichen generaCladonia andCladina were found on the fixed,Corynephorus canescens-dominated, so-called grey dunes all over the island of Terschelling, The Netherlands. In addition, species ofHypogymnia, Parmelia andUsnea, which usually grow on trees, occurred here terrestrially on moss carpets or bare sand. These vegetation types are still
present on the Noordsvaarder, a nature reserve in the western part of the island. They occur on parts of seven dune ridges
parallel to the coast and form a chronosequence in which age increases with distance from the sea.
Our study found the highest lichen diversity on the second and third dune ridges in a stage of primary succession that can
be assigned to theViolo-Corynephoretum. The changes from lichen-rich to moss-dominated stadia were significantly related to soil development and acidification in
connection with the ageing of the dune soil.
The superficial cutting of sods in moss-encroached vegetation appeared to be unsuccessful as a management technique for restoring
the biodiversity of cryptogams. Our findings suggest that the best option for maintaining lichen vegetation in theViolo-Corynephoretum is the blow-in of sand with a subneutral or neutral pH from reactivated and natural blowouts or from foredunes, with increasing
lime content respectively. 相似文献
5.
The negative impact of grass and moss encroachment on the botanical diversity of West European coastal dunes attracted increasing
attention in the 1990s. This paper focuses on moss encroachment during primary succession in the xeroseries. Until the mid-1970s,
vegetation types rich in species of the lichen generaCladonia andCladina were found on the fixed,Corynephorus canescens-dominated, so-called grey dunes all over the island of Terschelling, The Netherlands. In addition, species ofHypogymnia, Parmelia andUsnea, which usually grow on trees, occurred here terrestrially on moss carpets or bare sand. These vegetation types are still
present on the Noordsvaarder, a nature reserve in the western part of the island. They occur on parts of seven dune ridges
parallel to the coast and form a chronosequence in which age increases with distance from the sea.
Our study found the highest lichen diversity on the second and third dune ridges in a stage of primary succession that can
be assigned to theViolo-Corynephoretum. The changes from lichen-rich to moss-dominated stadia were significantly related to soil development and acidification in
connection with the ageing of the dune soil.
The superficial cutting of sods in moss-encroached vegetation appeared to be unsuccessful as a management technique for restoring
the biodiversity of cryptogams. Our findings suggest that the best option for maintaining lichen vegetation in theViolo-Corynephoretum is the blow-in of sand with a subneutral or neutral pH from reactivated and natural blowouts or from foredunes, with increasing
lime content respectively.
Nomenclature: Van der Meijden (1990) for higher plants; Touw & Rubers (1989) for mosses; Purvis et al. (1992) for lichens. A set of lichen
specimens has been deposited at the herbarium of Dr. A. Aptroot (C.B.S. Baarn) — herbarium code ABL (Taxon 44: 258). 相似文献
6.
Urban Šilc Danka Caković Filip Küzmič Danijela Stešević 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2017,21(1):15-21
Trampling is one of the human activities that are harmful for plant species and communities of sand dune ecosystems. The aim of this study was to compare the vegetation of embryonic and shifting Ammophila sand dunes with and without fencing to limit trampling. Fenced sand dunes appeared to be richer in species but differences were more prominent in embryonic sand dunes. Some species (Cakile maritima, Pancratium maritimum) were missing on trampled embryonic dunes. The positive impact of trampling exclusion on embryonic sand dunes was indicated by a lowered slope in a Whittaker graph as well as by rarefaction curves that showed higher species richness on the lower slope. Changes in the vegetation of more stabilised shifting Ammophila sand dunes due to trampling are not evident, although species composition is also impoverished. Fencing of parts of sand dunes proved to be an effective measure for vegetation conservation. In addition to physical exclusion of visitors, fences can also have symbolic value for raising public awareness. 相似文献
7.
Bridget L. Elliott Graham I. H. Kerley Anton McLachlan 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2000,6(1):79-88
Dune hummocks (small aeolian dunes formed by sand deposition in and around pioneer plants) are the smallest vegetated dune
unit; they occur along the entire South African coastline but are poorly studied. Structural properties and distribution of
the two main hummock-forming plants:Arctotheca populifolia (a pioneer species with fast growth rate and rapid turnover) andGazania rigens (a later colonizer with slower growth) were investigated. A marked vegetation succession exists across the floor of the slack
as a result of the migration of transverse dune ridges across the slack.Arctotheca hummocks were initiated on the newly exposed eastern margin of the slack, and were replaced about midway across the width
of the slack byGazania hummocks. Hummocks increased in size with distance from the eastern side of the slack.Gazania hummocks attain a greater vegetation height, support a greater vegetation complexity and mass, and attain a larger maximum
size thanArctotheca hummocks. Succession, defined as both the replacement of plant species as well as site modification within the plants over
time, was evident. Since the growth form and dynamics determine (1) the ability of plants to trap wind-borne soil and detritus,
(2) the shape of the hummocks, and (3) the habitat complexity available to spiders and insects, the ecology of the hummocks
is probably determined largely by the vegetation characteristics of the hummock-forming plants. 相似文献
8.
Topography and vegetation of restored dunes on a developed barrier island were examined after a large-scale beach nourishment
project. Restoration began in 1993 using sand-trapping fences andAmmophila breviligulata Fern. plantings. Subsequent growth of dunes was favored by installing new fences and suspending beach raking to accommodate
nesting birds. Plant species richness, percent cover of vegetation, and height ofA. breviligulata were sampled in 1999 on seven shore perpendicular transects in six dune microhabitats (backdune, primary crest, mid-foredune,
swale, seaward-most fenced ridge, incipient dune on the backbeach).
A total of 26 plant taxa were found at all seven sites. Richness and percent cover were greatest in the backdune and crest,
especially in locations that predated the 1992 nourishment. Richness was greater where fences enhanced stabilization. Fences
initially compensate for time and space and allow vegetation to develop rapidly, but maintenance nourishment is required to
protect against wave erosion and ensure long-term viability of habitat. An expanded environmental gradient is an option, where
beach nourishment provides space for a species-rich crest and backdune to develop, while the incipient dune remains dynamic.
Options where space is restricted include a dynamic, full-sized seaward section of a naturally functioning dune (truncated
gradient) or a spatially restricted sampler of a wider natural dune (compressed gradient) maintained using fences. Expanded
and truncated gradients may become self-sustaining and provide examples of natural cycles of change. Compressed gradients
provide greater species richness and flood protection for the available space, but habitats are vulnerable to erosion, and
resident views may be impaired. 相似文献
9.
At three coastal dune sites at the island of Hiddensee, north-east Germany, vegetation cover was mapped during 2002 and compared
to vegetation surveys from the late 1980s and 1930s. Abiotic and biotic factors, which have been identified as being critical
for coastal dunes in former studies such as disturbance, salt spray or nutrient availability, were measured. Grazing and land-use
history were reviewed by literature and interviews. Tall graminoid communities, mainly Carex arenaria, are a common vegetation unit today. Development, distribution of these dominances and possible causes for its occurrence
have not been analysed. Generally, older successional vegetation units increased and pioneer stages decreased from the 1930s
until 2002. At the geologically youngest site, the southern dunes, grass encroachment by Carex arenaria was highest (ca. 50% cover in 2002), and age and density of trees lower than at the older, central dunes. Land-use changes
such as decrease in grazing pressure, additional feeding of livestock, increase in coastal protection measures and subsequent
decrease in shifting sands as well as varying availability of groundwater and amount of salt spray are relevant factors for
vegetation changes in coastal dunes over the past 70 years. Site-specific land-use differences such as livestock density and
land-use history have a stronger influence than atmospheric N-pollution on the vegetation composition of these acidic, coastal
dunes under low to moderate N-deposition loads of 6–8 kg N ha−1 yr−1. 相似文献
10.
Sam Provoost Carole Ampe Dries Bonte Eric Cosyns Maurice Hoffmann 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2004,10(1):33-42
Grey dunes are a priority habitat type of the European Union Habitats Directive and demand special attention for conservation
and management. Knowledge of the ecology of coastal grey dunes can contribute to this policy. Dune grassland succession is
initiated by fixation and driven by the complex of soil formation (humus accumulation) and vegetation development. Leaching
and mobilization of CaCO3. which are important in nutrient dynamics, complicate the picture. At present, grass- and scrub encroachment greatly overrules
these fine scaled soil processes and causes substantial loss of regional biodiversity. Belgium has an international responsibility
in grey dune conservation because of the limited range of its characteristic vegetation, flora and fauna. As biomass removal
seems essential in grassland preservation, grazing is an important management tool. Evaluation of management measures focuses
on biodiversity measurements on the levels of landscape, community and species. 相似文献
11.
Dynamic coastal dune spit: the impact of morphological change on dune slacks at Whiteford Burrows, South Wales, UK 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Whiteford Burrows is a coastal dune spit wetland in South Wales that is susceptible to morphological change. The height of the ridge of groundwater within the sand aquifer is essentially proportional to the width of the spit. The water table elevation impacts both the frequency and duration of slack flooding events and, therefore, slack ecology. A severe late winter storm event on 17 March 1995 caused extensive erosion of the foreshore, reducing the effective width of the dune system by 4 % and the water table elevation by up to 1 m. This observed relationship allows water level elevations in the dune system to be hindcast using historical maps and air photos which record past change in dune morphology. These historical data indicate that the dunes were relatively broad in the nineteenth century and the slacks were humid and liable to regular winter flooding. The system slowly dried out towards the 1940s as the spit thinned, when subsequent widening allowed the water table to rise and once again flood slack floors in winter. Despite these changes, the alkalinity of the Whiteford Burrows dune system has inhibited organic matter accumulation and maintained conditions needed for the persistence of a diverse basiphilous vegetation assemblage in many of the slacks. 相似文献
12.
Linking irreplaceable landforms in a self‐organizing landscape to sensitivity of population vital rates for an ecological specialist
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Wade A. Ryberg Michael T. Hill Charles W. Painter Lee A. Fitzgerald 《Conservation biology》2015,29(3):888-898
Irreplaceable, self‐organizing landforms and the endemic and ecologically specialized biodiversity they support are threatened globally by anthropogenic disturbances. Although the outcome of disrupting landforms is somewhat understood, little information exists that documents population consequences of landform disturbance on endemic biodiversity. Conservation strategies for species dependent upon landforms have been difficult to devise because they require understanding complex feedbacks that create and maintain landforms and the consequences of landform configuration on demography of species. We characterized and quantified links between landform configuration and demography of an ecological specialist, the dunes sagebrush lizard (Sceloporus arenicolus), which occurs only in blowouts (i.e., wind‐blown sandy depressions) of Shinnery oak (Quercus havardii) sand‐dune landforms. We used matrix models to estimate vital rates from a multisite mark‐recapture study of 6 populations occupying landforms with different spatial configurations. Sensitivity and elasticity analyses demonstrated demographic rates among populations varied in sensitivity to different landform configurations. Specifically, significant relationships between blowout shape complexity and vital rate elasticities suggested direct links between S. arenicolus demography and amount of edge in Shinnery oak sand‐dune landforms. These landforms are irreplaceable, based on permanent transition of disturbed areas to alternative grassland ecosystem states. Additionally, complex feedbacks between wind, sand, and Shinnery oak maintain this landform, indicating restoration through land management practices is unlikely. Our findings that S. arenicolus population dynamics depended on landform configuration suggest that failure to consider processes of landform organization and their effects on species’ population dynamics may lead to incorrect inferences about threats to endemic species and ineffective habitat management for threatened or endangered species. As such, successful conservation of these systems and the biodiversity they support must be informed by research linking process‐oriented studies of self‐organized landforms with studies of movement, behavior, and demography of species that dwell in them. 相似文献
13.
As coastal populations expand, demands for recreational opportunities on beaches and coastal dunes grow correspondingly. Although
dunes are known to be sensitive to direct human disturbance and provide irreplaceable ecosystem services (e.g. erosion control,
critical habitat and nesting sites), dunes serve as campsites for large numbers of people (∼90,000 p.a.) on the ocean-exposed
shores of Fraser Island, Australia. Campsites are located in the established dunes and can only be accessed with 4WD vehicles
along tracks cut directly from the beach through the foredunes. Here we quantified the extent of physical damage to foredunes
caused by this practice, and tested whether human-induced physical changes to foredunes translate into biological effects.
Of the 124 km of ocean-exposed beaches, 122 km (98%) are open to vehicles driven on the beaches, and camping zones cover 28.7
km or 23% of the dunes. A total of 235 vehicle tracks are cut across the foredunes at an average density of eight tracks per
km of beach. These tracks have effectively destroyed one-fifth (20.2%) of the dune front in camping zones, deeply incising
the dune-beach interface. There is evidence of accelerated erosion and shoreline retreat centred around vehicle tracks, resulting
in a “scalloping” of the shoreline. No dune vegetation remains in the tracks and the abundance of ghost crabs (Ocypode spp.) is significantly reduced compared with the abutting dunes. Because current levels of environmental change caused by
dune camping may not be compatible with the sustainable use of coastal resources and conservation obligations for the island
(listed as a World Heritage Area and gazetted as a National Park), restoration and mitigation interventions are critical.
These will require spatial prioritisation of effort, and we present a multi-criteria ranking method, based on quantitative
measures of environmental damage and ecological attributes, to objectively target rehabilitation and conservation measures.
Ultimately, coastal management needs to develop and implement strategies that reconcile demands for human recreation, including
beach camping, with conservation of coastal dune ecosystems. 相似文献
14.
In dune slacks in The Netherlands, a decline of rare mesotrophic basiphilous plant species and their plant communities has
been observed in combination with an increase of more productive systems with common, taller acidophilous plant species. This
has been attributed to both natural and anthropogenic changes. In a humid climate with a precipitation surplus, as in The
Netherlands, the calcium carbonate content of a calcareous soil increases with depth. However, soils in coastal dune slacks,
may have a higher carbonate content in the topsoil horizon than in the underlying layers. Carbonates which buffer the pH can
prolong the presence of mesotrophic basiphilous plant communities which are of high conservation value.
To explain the occurrence of calcareous surface horizons in dune slacks, hydrological and micromorphological analyses were
carried out in three dune slacks. Two slacks are situated on the Wadden Sea islands in the northern part of The Netherlands;
one on Schiermonnikoog and one on Texel. The third slack is situated in the dunes on the island of Goeree in the southwestern
part of The Netherlands. In all three slacks, carbonate occurs as mollusc and gastropod fragments (silt- or sand-sized) and
as micritic nodules in the topsoil layer, due to aeolian deposition and sedimentation by water.In situ carbonate accumulation (calcitans and calcareous crusts) due to CO2 release in inundated and/or capillary rise of calcareous groundwater near, or at the soil surface. Accumulation of carbonate
also occurs as a result of biological activity by algae in the topsoil of the Goeree site. In general, hydrological processes
maintaining high levels of calcareous groundwater are a prerequisite for the maintenance of high carbonate levels in topsoils.
Such levels are necessary for the conservation and management of basiphilous pioneer vegetation. 相似文献
15.
Serena Lucrezi Melville Saayman Peet van der Merwe 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2014,18(3):193-211
Coastal dunes are increasingly at risk due to pressures deriving from global climate change, sea level rise, recreation and development. The consequences of the “coastal squeeze” in which dunes are placed, such as erosion and the loss of critical ecosystem services, are usually followed by expensive restoration and protection measures, many of which are unsuccessful. Due to the poor understanding and acknowledgement of the key attributes of coastal dunes in decision making processes, it is essential to provide scientific data on the impacts of human interference on coastal dunes so as to inform executives and guide them towards a sustainable management of the coastal zone. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of five different levels of infrastructure development on the vegetation community structure of coastal dunes in Jeffreys Bay, South Africa. The effects of infrastructure development on dune vegetation were quantified by measuring the richness, diversity, cover, height and composition of plant species. With an increase in infrastructure development a significant decrease in dune width, average species richness and height of the plants occurred, accompanied by a shift in plant community composition. The foredunes that were backed immediately by infrastructure presented significantly greater species richness, diversity, cover and height compared with the foredunes abutted by primary dunes. This study demonstrated that coastal dunes are environments which are sensitive to varying levels of human impact. Informed and comprehensive management planning of these environments is therefore imperative for the restoration and maintenance of remnant dunes and for the conservation of undeveloped coastal dunes. 相似文献
16.
Wind Characteristics of Mesquite Streets in the Northern Chihuahuan Desert, New Mexico, USA 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Past research has shown that the most important areas for active sand movement in the northern part of the Chihuahuan Desert
are mesquite-dominated desert ecosystems possessing sandy soil texture. The most active sand movement in the mesquite-dominated
ecosystems has been shown to take place on elongated bare soil patches referred to as “streets”. Aerodynamic properties of
mesquite streets eroded by wind should be included in explaining how mesquite streets are more emissive sand sources than
surrounding desert land. To understand the effects of wind properties, we measured them at two flat mesquite sites having
highly similar soil textures but very different configurations of mesquite. The differences in wind properties at the two
sites were caused by differences of size, orientation, and porosity of the mesquite, along with the presence of mesquite coppice
dunes (sand dunes stabilized by mesquites growing in the dune and on its surface) found only at one of the two sites. Wind
direction, u* (friction velocity), z0 (aerodynamic roughness height) and D (zero plane displacement height) were estimated for 15-m tower and 3-m mast data. These aerodynamic data allowed us to distinguish
five categories with differing potentials for sediment transport. Sediment transport for the five categories varied from unrestricted,
free transport to virtually no transport caused by vegetation protection from wind forces. In addition, “steering” of winds
below the level of the tops of mesquite bushes and coppice dunes allowed longer parallel wind durations and increased wind
erosion for streets that aligned roughly SW–NE.
U.S. Government right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free licence in and to any copyright is acknowledged. 相似文献
17.
Dune slack habitats are highly dependent on the availability of water to support flora and fauna. Typically this is provided
by shallow groundwater. This paper describes the seasonal and long term variation in groundwater levels in part of the Sefton
coastline between 1972 and 2007. The effects of climate change, vegetation management and coastline realignment on groundwater
levels are modelled. The observed annual water table levels rise and fall with an amplitude of 1.5 m, but longer term variations
and trends are apparent. A stochastic water balance model was used to describe the changes in water table levels in slack
floors in the open dunes and also in areas afforested with pine trees. It was found that the pine trees evaporated 214 mm/year
more than open dunes vegetation, resulting in the water table being 0.5–1.0 m lower under the trees than under the open dunes.
The effects of climate change on the ground water was simulated using predictions of future climate conditions based on the
UKCIP02 medium high emissions scenario. The increase in temperature and change in rainfall patterns will result in a decrease
in mean ground water levels by 1.0–1.5 mm in the next 90 years. Typical patterns consist of sequences of 5–10 years of low
water table levels interspersed by infrequent sequences consisting of 2–5 years of relatively high or “normal” levels. These
results indicate that that flora and fauna that cannot survive a 5–10 year period of water table levels >2.5 m below ground
level are unlikely to survive or persist in many slack areas and a change in the ecology of these slack may become inevitable.
Other effects of climate change include sea level rise which will result in a gradual rise in water table levels. Coastal
erosion will increase the water table gradient to the sea and result in a slight lowering of the ground water levels. Conversely
coastal accretion will reverse this process. The spatial distribution of coastal erosion and accretion along the Sefton coastline
and its likely impacts on groundwater levels are discussed. The modelling work described in this paper has identified the
factors which have the largest effect on groundwater levels in temperate coastal dune systems. 相似文献
18.
P. C. E. M. de Rooij-van der Goes C. van Dijk W. H. van der Putten P. D. Jungerius 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》1997,3(2):133-142
In stabilized dunesAmmophila arenaria (marram grass) degenerates due to a process involving soil-borne pathogens and parasites. This leads to exposure of the sand
surface so that wind erosion may create blowouts.Ammophila rejuvenates on the edges of the blowouts, where the sand has accumulated. We tested the hypothesis that such rejuvenation
of plants may be related to a reduction of the plant-parasitic nematodes and fungal propagules during the process of wind-driven
transport.
Field measurements in blowouts during storm events indicated that the drifted sand contained relatively low numbers of plant
pathogenic fungi and plant-parasitic nematodes. A wind tunnel experiment showed that drifting sand may indeed reduce the numbers
of fungi and nematodes. Although most fungi were attached to sand particles, they were also affected by the wind-borne sand
movement. Sand that had been deposited by wind was made up of a larger proportion of large-sized particles. In our experiment
the relatively small particles were lost during transport.
Stirring the soil (part of the forces of natural winds) by mixing for 15 min. with a propeller mixer at 1500 rpm significantly
reduced the number of nematodes and fungi. Both sand movement in the wind tunnel and intensive stirring of the sand enhanced
the growth ofAmmophila test plants in a bioassay. It was concluded that in wind-blown sand the pathogen inoculum is reduced. Therefore, serious
consideration should be given to allowing controlled reactivation of blowouts to rejuvenate decliningAmmophila in stabilized foredunes.
Implications for dune management are briefly discussed.
Nomenclature: van der Meijden (1990) for vascular plants. Nematodes were identified to the genus level according to Bongers (1988). The
allocation of nematodes to feeding groups was according to Yeates et al. (1993). Nomenclature of fungi according to Domsch
et al. (1980) was used throughout this study except forFusarium. Species of the latter genus were identified according to Nelson et al. (1983). 相似文献
19.
Alexandra Spodar Arnaud Héquette Marie-Hélène Ruz Adrien Cartier Pascal Grégoire Vincent Sipka Nicolas Forain 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2018,22(3):457-474
The largest beach replenishment project ever in France was completed in February 2014 in Dunkirk on the coast of northern France. A volume of 1.5 × 106 m3 of sand extracted from a navigation channel was placed on the beach to build up a 150 to 300 m wide supratidal platform in front of a dike, called « Digue des Alliés », which protects several residential districts of Dunkirk from marine flooding. High resolution topographic surveys were carried out during 2½ years to monitor beach morphological changes, completed by a hydrodynamic field experiment conducted in February 2016. Approximately ?138,200 m3 of sand, corresponding to 9.2% of the initial nourishment volume, were eroded over the nourishment area in about 2 years. An obvious decrease in erosion eastward with a shift from erosion to accumulation was observed, suggesting an eastward redistribution of sand. This longshore sand drift is beneficial for the eastward beach of Malo-les-Bains where most of the recreational activities are concentrated. Hydrodynamic measurements showed that waves and wave-induced currents play a major role on the longshore sand redistribution compared to tidal flows. Strong relationships were observed between cumulative offshore wave power and beach volume change during distinct beach survey periods (R2 = 0.79 to 0.87), with more significant correlations for northerly waves. A slight decrease in erosion during the second year compared to the first year after nourishment suggests that the loss of sand should decrease after an initial phase of rapid readjustment of the beach shape towards equilibrium. 相似文献
20.
Eduard J. Weeda 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(2):75-79
The position of alien plant species in the Dutch coastal dune vegetation is evaluated considering 12 archaeophytes and 20
neophytes (including one moss), all of widespread occurrence in the coastal area of the Netherlands. Almost all archaeophytes
have become part of natural vegetation types. Open scrub communities, in particular Hippophae rhamnoides-Sambucus nigra scrub at the leeside of the outer dunes, and calciphilous moss-dominated pioneer vegetation are relatively rich in archaeophytes.
Among neophyte vascular species a contrast is apparent between herbaceous and woody species. The majority of herbaceous neophytes
are characteristic of man-disturbed habitats and are only infrequently observed in natural vegetation types. However, woody
species (as well as the moss Campylopus introflexus) have entered into natural vegetation on a large scale and behave in an invasive way. 相似文献