关于“三个集中”与加强郊县环境管理的思考

《务院关于环境保护若干问题的决定》（以下简称《决定》）指出：“地方各级人民政府要按照国务院的有关规定采取切实措施．加强对乡镇企业环境管理。要全面规划，合理布局，分类指导．因地制宜地发展少污染和无污染的产业，并与村镇建设相结合，相对集中建设乡镇企业．大幅度提高乡镇企业处理污染能力，根本扭转乡镇企件对环境污染和生态破坏加剧的状况。”这就是说．进一步采取切实措施．解决乡镇企业对环境的污染和对生态的破坏问题．是地方各级人民政府对本辖区环境质量负责，实行环境质量行政领导负责制，实现“九五”时期和2010年远景…     

加强环境管理 促进经济发展

本文论述了环境管理与经济发展的辨证关系；指出环境管理的的核心是使经济环境协调发展，环境管理必须遵从生态规律和经济规律，并提出了在改革中加强环境管理促进经济发展的措施。     

产业生态学和生态产业

产业生态学是生态产业的学科基础。产业生态学的研究对象是社会生产活动中自然资源从源、流到汇的全代谢过程及其与生命支持系统的相互关系。生态产业是按生态经济管理和知识经济规律组织起来的基于生态系统承载能力、具有高效的经济过程及和谐的生态功能的网络型进化型产业。它通过两个或两个以上的生产体系或环节之间的系统耦合使物质和能量多级利用、高效产出并持续利用。生态产业的组合、孵化及设计原则主要有十点，即横向耦合、纵向闭合、区域整合、柔性结构、功能导向、软硬结合、自我调节、增加就业、人类生态和信息网络。广西贵港目前正在建设的生态工业园即是按以上十点原则设计的。     

环境负效应的生态补偿模式

在社会发展进程中，人类的一些行为对环境产生了负面影响。寻求有效的生态补偿模式，建立生态补偿制度，减少或缓解环境的负效应是体现社会公平的重要途径，也是实现可持续发展的必由之路。在资源、环境与生态经济学的理论指导下，构建保障国家生态安全的全方位生态补偿机制，制定中国生态补偿机制的财政对策，完善生态补偿的生态税费制度，建立中国生态补偿政策评估体系，是实施环境管理新模式的必然要求。     

生态效率：可持续发展的环境管理理论探索

本文提出了一种可持续发展的环境管理的理论：生态效率，这一理论是通过能够支持可持续发展的共同行为，在最优秀的经济目标和最优秀的环境目标之间建立一种最佳的链接，这一理论强调采用兼顾经济与环境保护的策略，来提高经济与环境生态的效益或效率。本文在分析了生态效率的概念、内涵之后，在借鉴OECD的经验基础之上，对生态效率环境管理的实施做了有益的探索。     

环境管理要坚持“严”字当头

我国目前正面对着这样的现实：一方面是我国环境污染和生态破坏都很严重，另一方面是环境问题必须解决，否则就不可能实现可持续发展。那么，究竟如何去解决我们所面临的环境问题呢？历史的经验告诉我们，要解决环境问题，除了要搞好宏观调控之外，最重要的有两条，一是靠科技的发展和投入的保证；二是靠严格的环境管理。我国早在1983年召开的第二次全国环保会议上，就将“强化管理”作为我国环境保护的三大政茂之一。当时把强化管理作为一项重要的政策V读是，我国经济实力还不强，一时还拿不出更多的钱用于环境治理．同时相当一部分环境问…     

对市场经济下环境管理的思考

社会主义市场经济体制的建立，标志着我国的改革开放和现代化建设进入了一个全新的历史阶段，不仅为发展环保事业提供了契机，也为强化环境管理注入了活力，赋予了更深层次的意义。剖析其在市场经济下的特殊性，对于利用环境管理规律，拓展环境管理思路，发挥环境管理效能，实现环境管理价值，有着重要作用。一、环境管理在市场经济下的新特征考察市场经济运行机制，我们不难发现，市场配置资源主要是通过三种相互关联的机制实现：一是价值决定机制，即通过灵敏的阶格发挥价值规律作用，使资源流向技术先进、管理水平高和生产成本低的企业；…     

论加强环境资源市场管理（一）

《中共中央关于建立社会主义市场经济体制若干问题的决定》（1993年11月14日），制定了社会主义市场经济体制的总体规划，标志着我国开始进入全面建设社会主义市场经济体制的新时期。随着环境资源因素产品、环境资源劳务和环境资源智力成果越来越多地进入市场，市场经济对环境资源工作的影响越来越大。在不久的将来，我国将形成一个全面统一开放的环境资源市场。如何科学、有效地管理好这一环境资源市场，将成为决定我国经济、社会和环境资源工作能否持续发展的一个重要问题。一、环境资湖市场的概念、组成和特点本文所谓环境资源市场，是指…     

关于开发区实施环境管理“三同时”制度的问题及建议

党的十四届三中全会《关于制定国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标的建议》中指出：“加强环境、生态、资源保护。坚持经济建设、城乡建设与环境建设同步规划、同步实施、同步发展。所有建设项目都要有环境保护规划和要求，特别要加强工业污染控制和治理。”《建议》中指出的“城乡建设与环境建设”的“三同步”方针，实际上与环境管理“八项制度”之一的“环境污染治理与主体工程同时设计、同时施工、同时投产”的“三同时”制度原则上完全一致。从目前各地实施环境管理“三同时”的情况看，虽效果参差不齐，但基本上都不同程…     

学校环境管理的概念、方法及新思路

随着我国“绿色学校”创建工作的深入开展，学校环境管理愈来愈受到重视。学校环境管理与社会环境管理在内容和形式上有相同之处，然而，由于学校教育功能的特殊性，使其在环境管理的概念与方法上具有独特性。ISO14000系列标准是国际标准化组织为适应人类社会可持续发展需要，满足社会各界环境管理需求而制定的，已在各国得到很好的推广，它以在组织内部建立环境管理体系，并持续改进这一体系为目标，不仅有利于企业的环境管理水平提升，也为学校环境管理提供了一条新的思路。学校环境管理概念及基本方法1.概念与基本途径学校环境管理是社…     

Women as managers of village water resources

In rural Africa the time-consuming and burdensome task of securing water for family needs falls to women. Although women benefit the most when water points are built, the responsibility for operating them has by tradition been given to men. Often the results of that approach have been poor and the water points have fallen into disrepair. With the establishment of water points near to the point of use, the burden of collecting water has been lightened considerably. As a result, women have been able to participate in educational programmes and have established highly profitable enterprises at the village level. This paper describes the role women have played in furthering village development, and because of their demonstrated management skills recommends that they be given responsibility for the management of the water points within their villages.     

The ecological awareness of Bulgarian industrial managers

Summary Over 600 industrial managers in Bulgaria were individually interviewed to determine their ecological awareness and their attitudes towards the environment. The interviews took place at an unusual time in 1990 when these managers were beginning to move from a position of government control and interference, but were becoming affected by a situation of increasing economic difficulties. Various specific profiles of environmental awareness of the managers were registered, depending on the technologies used by their industrial enterprise, the degree to which the labour force was acquainted with the environmental hazards, and the pressures from the ecological movements and legislature.Unfortunately, at the time of the interviews, few of teh managers-despite two-thirds of their industrial enterprises being strong or intermediate polluters-were under serious pressure to resolve their ecological problems, and many (44 percent) were unaware of these problems. Repeated studies of this nature will hopefully demonstrate improvements in the ecological awareness of the managers which may result from legislative and educational measures proposed, in part, by the authors.Dr Ivan T. Chalakov is the senior author of this paper which has been prepared by the staff of the Institute of Sociology at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Drs Chalakov, Kotzewa and Todorova are Research Fellows in the Department of Sociology of Science Psychology respectively. The other authors assisted with this research.     

Modeling human-induced climatic change: A summary for environmental managers

The rapid increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases has caused concern because of their potential to alter the earth's radiation budget and disrupt current climate patterns While there are many uncertainties associated with use of general circulation models (GCMs), GCMs are currently the best available technology to project changes in climate associated with elevated gas concentrations. Results indicate increases in global temperature and changes in global precipitation patterns are likely as a result of doubled CO₂. GCMs are not reliable for use at the regional scale because local scale processes and geography are not taken into account. Comparison of results from five GCMs in three regions of the United States indicate high variability across regions and among models depending on season and climate variable. Statistical methods of scaling model output and nesting finer resolution models in global models are two techniques that may improve projections. Despite the many limitations in GCMs, they are useful tools to explore climate-earth system dynamics when used in conjunction with water resource and ecosystem models. A variety of water resource models showed significant alteration of regional hydrology when run with both GCM-generated and hypothetical climate scenarios, regardless of region or model complexity. Similarly, ecological models demonstrate the sensitivity of ecosystem production, nutrient dynamics, and distribution to changes in climate and CO₂ levels. We recommend the use of GCM-based scenarios in conjunction with water resource and ecosystem models to guide environmental management and policy in a “no-regrets” framework or as part of a precautionary approach to natural resource protection.     

A data-oriented strategy to support water resource managers and researchers

Given the wide diversity of data services provided to national water management agencies, the Group on Earth Observations (GEO) in collaboration with the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS) developed the approach described in the report, Implementing the GEOSS Water Strategy—From Observations to Decisions to develop more coherent and equitable data services for water management through the use of Earth observations. Among other water resource issues, it recognized the need to enhance data-enriched water management services to support decision making related to drought monitoring, flood warning, tracking and improving sustainable development and monitoring and ameliorating the impacts of climate change. Needs associated with the Strategy's four themes: improved data acquisition for essential water variables, research and product development, interoperability and coordination, and capacity development and decision support, are reviewed. Responses to the recommendations have been undertaken by GEO, led by its Global Water Sustainability (GEOGloWS) initiative which includes NASA contributions, CEOS, and the Global Terrestrial Network for Hydrology (GTN-H). Progress on the themes is reviewed and benefits of these developments for international and US water management are identified. The commentary concludes with a summary of what has been achieved, what remains to be done, and the priority focus areas for implementation in the final year of the Strategy.     

Making business integration work: A survival strategy for EHS managers

Realizing the benefits of environment, health, and safety (EHS) management systems requires more than just rewriting policies and procedures, EHS tasks and activities must be pushed out into all aspects of the organization. The success of this process necessitates an evolving role for EHS managers. For EHS managers, business integration involves the challenge of integrating environment, health, and safety awareness, responsibility, and action into multiple jobs and business processes, leveraging scarce resources to maximize value and minimize costs. Drawing on recent work in the fields of sociology and political science, this article presents conceptual tools for assisting EHS managers to plan and strategize the changing role of the EHS function. By assessing political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and framing processes, EHS managers can maximize the success of EHS programs, while adding value to companies' core operations.     

Interpreting dynamics of aquatic resources: A perspective for resource managers

Since the presentation of the Leopold Report (Leopold et al. 1963) to the United States Secretary of the Interior, recommendations in the document for managing natural park resources on the ecosystem level have been included in the management policies of the National Park Service. In many instances, however, management programs have continued to focus on individual resource problems, without apparent concern for the ecological consequences on ecosystems. Without knowledge of the interrelationships of ecosystem components, solving one problem may result in other resource problems. Graphic approaches are presented as potential tools to view these complex interrelationships relative to the needs of the resource manager. Interpreting the dynamics of aquatic systems is emphasized.