甲醇为共代谢基质时四氯乙烯的厌氧生物降解

四氯乙烯(PCE) 在厌氧条件下通过还原脱氯发生生物降解.本文研究以甲醇作为共代谢基质时PCE的降解情况.结果表明:在微生物的作用下PCE还原脱氯为TCE和DCEs,可能有VC和乙烯.因此,DCEs、VC和乙烯可能是PCE降解的终产物.PCE、TCE的降解和TCE的生成都符合准一级动力学.PCE和TCE的反应速率常数K分别为0.8991d^-和0.068 d^-;半衰期分别为0.77d和10.19d,TCE的生成速率常数为0.1333d^-.表明PCE的脱氯速度大于TCE,而TCE的生成速率大于降解速率,所以在整个实验期间都有TCE存在.     

纳米铁为脱氯菌供电降解三氯乙烯实验研究

采用一种从氯乙烯污染场址土壤中提取的脱氯菌种(Dehalococcoides spp.)进行三氯乙烯(TCE)降解实验,研究纳米铁厌氧腐蚀产氢为该脱氯菌种提供电子的可能性.结果表明,在甲醇做电子供体时,稀释25倍的菌液［（2.0±0.44）×105　cell/mL)］可以在96　h内将20 mg/L TCE完全降解,并在190　h时有2.706　μmol乙烯产生.而在无甲醇做电子供体时,96　h内只有部分TCE转化为顺二氯乙烯(cisDCE),且190　h时几乎无乙烯产生（0.159　μmol）,因此无电子供体时菌液脱氯活动不能维持.但在4　g/L纳米铁腐蚀产氢的情况下,脱氯菌可以利用纳米铁产生的阴极氢维持脱氯活动,在131　h内将20 mg/L TCE完全降解,并且其耦合的脱氯速率高于纳米铁单独降解时的速率.从乙烯的产量分析中可以看出,纳米铁供电时190　h后由脱氯菌产生的乙烯量为1.187　μmol,明显低于甲醇做电子供体时乙烯的产量2.706　μmol,表明纳米铁可能对微生物存在一定的毒性效应.同时反应190　h后乙炔的产量为0.109　μmol,相对低于与纳米铁单独降解TCE时的产量0.161　μmol,说明微生物在无电子供体的情况下,竞争利用了纳米铁与水反应产生的电子导致乙炔的生成量降低.上述结果表明,4　g/L的纳米铁与水反应生成的活性氢可以为脱氯菌提供电子,并维持其脱氯活动,这对纳米铁和脱氯菌耦合应用于地下水的有机氯修复具有重要的实际意义.     

铁还原环境四氯乙烯生物降解及其影响因素

通过实验研究了铁还原环境下四氯乙烯(PCE)的生物降解。以醋酸为共代谢基质,在20℃时,PCE可以顺序脱氯为TCE和DCEs。反应速率常数为0.2489d-1,半衰期为2.78d。在实验的第1天和第10天分别检测到了TCE和DCEs。TCE最高浓度为358.98nmol/L,是最主要的反应产物。碳平衡为88.7%～109.3%。在13d的实验周期中,微生物的数量和活性都有所增加。同时研究了不同的影响因素,如低温、不同pH和电子受体对PCE生物降解的影响。结果表明,在12℃时,PCE可以脱氯为TCE,半衰期为6.45d,降解速率为0.1075d-1,较20℃时的降解速率要低。脱氯的最佳pH值在7.0左右,较高和较低的pH值均会抑制脱氯微生物的活性。加入不同电子受体NO3-和SO42-,PCE脱氯受到不同程度的抑制,前者可能是由于NO3-是相对强的氧化剂,造成微环境中的氧化还原电位升高;后者则可能是SO42-的存在,会抑制脱氯菌的作用。     

乳化纳米铁(EZVI)强化地下水氯代烃还原脱氯

对氯代烃污染地下水进行厌氧微生物还原脱氯时,存在微生物驯化时间长、pH值持续降低、有毒中间产物累积等限制修复效率的问题,为解决上述问题,本课题组制备了一种乳化油(EVO)包覆纳米零价铁(NZVI)的修复试剂,即乳化纳米铁(EZVI),其可以抑制NZVI钝化,增强反应速率并促进厌氧微生物脱氯反应.通过静态批实验探究了EZVI与三氯乙烯的反应动力学及EZVI对四氯乙烯(PCE)还原脱氯的中间代谢产物,并阐明了该过程机理.结果表明EZVI可以有效延缓NZVI钝化、提高反应活性,反应符合一级反应动力学,k_obs=0.182d^-1;EZVI还原PCE可以减少中间产物二氯乙烯的积累,10天内去除PCE达到97.2%,比EVO还原体系提高了68.9%;反应过程中pH值保持在6.5~7.5,ORP值在-50~10mV,提供了良好的还原环境,有效促进了厌氧微生物脱氯反应进行.     

电气石负载聚氨酯泡沫作为生物载体强化2,4,6-三氯酚还原

2,4,6-三氯酚在环境中广泛分布,是典型的持久性有机污染物.脱卤呼吸菌能还原分解氯酚,使其毒性大大降低,继而被其他微生物氧化分解并矿化.然而脱卤呼吸菌在自然环境中丰度较低,代谢速率慢,对电子利用能力较差,因此传统的生物添加或生物激活等原位修复方法往往导致效能受限,可应用性差.本研究驯化富集了具有稳定厌氧还原脱氯2,4,6-三氯酚能力的混合菌群,在添加乙酸钠（5 mmol·L^-1）和氢气（10 mL）的情况下,在6 d内将2,4,6-三氯酚还原脱卤为4-氯酚.研究采用聚氨酯泡沫作为生物载体材料,在聚氨酯泡沫表面负载电气石,发现在无氢气额外添加的情况下,2,4,6-三氯酚的还原脱氯速率提高了6倍,且脱卤性能稳定.对强化后混菌的群落结构及潜在核心脱氯功能菌属进行分析,16S rRNA测序鉴定结果表明假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）在混合菌群中的占比超过90%,为体系中的核心脱氯功能菌.本研究为地下水中还原脱卤菌群的应用提供了理论技术.     

驯化污泥厌氧还原脱氯促进2,4,6-三氯酚矿化及胞外呼吸脱氯途径

厌氧条件下,以乳酸钠为电子供体,2,4,6-三氯酚为电子受体对活性污泥进行驯化,考察了驯化污泥厌氧脱氯的代谢特性.结果发现,污泥可对2,4,6-三氯酚进行高效脱氯,乳酸钠、2,4,6-三氯酚初始浓度为20 mmol·L-1、40~80μmol·L-1时,9~24 h内可实现2,4,6-三氯酚100%初始性降解.中间产物有2,4-二氯酚,但检出浓度较低(4.22μmol·L-1),4-氯酚和苯酚为主要产物.驯化污泥以脱邻位氯(2,4,6-三氯酚,2,4-二氯酚)降解菌为优势种群,对4-氯酚和苯酚的进一步转化有限.厌氧代谢残留物经好氧污泥处理后,4-氯酚(初始浓度33μmol·L-1)2 h实现100%去除.驯化污泥可快速将Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),并具有较强的腐殖质(AQDS)还原能力,说明驯化污泥中富集了异化铁还原菌.电子介体[Fe(Ⅲ)和AQDS]明显地加速了脱氯速率,在电子介体的介导作用下,污泥可同步进行胞外呼吸脱氯.     

"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系降解2,4,6-TCP特性及机制研究

采用批处理实验方式,对"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系降解2,4,6-TCP过程进行研究,探讨了零价铁与微生物的协同作用及其机制.结果表明,Fe0对微生物具有促进生长和界面富集的作用,"Fe0/优势脱氯菌"体系菌浓度(D600表示)是单独优势脱氯菌体系的约1.7倍,反应96 h铁表面有大量细菌附着生长,其形态呈现短杆状或类球状;Fe0腐蚀产生的OH-对体系酸化起平衡调节作用,在pH值7.0、Fe0浓度5 g.L-1、2,4,6-TCP浓度30 mg.L-1的初始条件下,体系pH值稳定在7.8左右,有利于2,4,6-TCP还原脱氯反应的进行和优势脱氯菌的生长;2,4,6-TCP的主要降解路径为2,4,6-TCP→2,4-DCP→4-CP.     

Ag/Fe催化还原体系处理水体中氯代烃的研究

研究了水体中的三氯甲烷(CF)、四氯化碳(CT)、1,1,1-三氯乙烷(1,1,1-TCA)、1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷(1,1,2,2-TeCA)、六氯乙烷(HCA)、三氯乙烯(TCE)、四氯乙烯(PCE)在Ag/Fe以及Fe⁰还原体系中的还原脱氯反应.结果表明,Ag的加入会明显提高氯代烃的还原脱氯速率,铁表面积浓度为150 m²·L^-1时,如果单独使用Fe⁰,CF、CT、1,1,1-TCA、1,1,2,2-TeCA、     

氯代烯烃胁迫下菌群SWA1的降解活性及群落结构

以填埋场覆盖土筛选的可高效降解三氯乙烯(TCE)的混合菌群SWA1为研究对象,考察了其对高浓度氯代烯烃的耐受性及微生物群落变化.SWA1对反-1,2-二氯乙烯(t-1,2-DCE),TCE和四氯乙烯(PCE)的最高耐受浓度分别可达580,250,500mg/L,远高于已报道菌株.生物降解研究结果表明SWA1可有效去除氯代烯烃,菌群生长到稳定期,对t-1,2-DCE的去除率高于90%.高通量测序结果和相关性分析显示不同氯代烯烃驯化后SWA1群落结构存在显著性差异,t-1,2-DCE共代谢生物降解中参与甲烷氧化和氯代烃降解的优势菌属分别为Methylophilus(相对丰度为17.4%~26.6%)和Methylomonas(相对丰度为31.7%~62.2%);TCE共代谢降解中参与甲烷氧化和氯代烃降解的优势菌属分别为Methylophilus(相对丰度为26.9%~46.3%)和Methylocystaceae(相对丰度为1.7%~33.4%).群体感应分析表明微生物间互利共生关系促进了SWA1的生物氧化.     

电活性生物膜阳极构建及其对2，4，6-三氯酚同步降解和产电

为实现氯酚（CPs）的高效降解和资源化利用,探究微生物燃料电池（MFC）体系优势功能菌,揭示生物降解路径.接种、驯化长春市南郊污水处理厂的厌氧活性污泥,获得生物膜阳极以构筑MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系,基于扫描电子电镜（SEM）、16S rRNA分析测序方法,考察生物膜阳极微生物的附着情况和优势菌种,基于电化学阻抗（EIS）、循环伏安（CV）和线性扫描伏安（LSV）等电化学分析手段,表征生物阳极的电化学性能和氧化还原能力.结果表明,生物膜阳极微生物种类丰富,其中Geobacter和Acinetobacter分别为MFC-2,4,6-TCP体系产电和降解驯化期的优势功能菌,体系最大输出电压可达0.55 V,最大功率密度为428.65 mW·m-2,对2,4,6-TCP的降解和矿化率可达97.5%和85.4%.随着MFC循环次数的增加,微生物代谢途径多样化,产电菌逐渐演替为协同菌,且优势功能菌对2,4,6-TCP降解的中间产物（环己醇）,其毒性远低于氯酚或苯酚,更利于被微生物利用.该结果可为氯酚废水的实际处理提供新策略和技术参考.     

厌氧氨氧化菌的富集培养与分子鉴定

采用传统培养方法与分子生物学方法相结合,进行了厌氧氨氧化菌的分离培养与分子鉴定.富集培养以2种不同反应器的厌氧氨氧化污泥作为分离源,以亚硝酸盐与铵盐为底物.经过2 a传代培养获得2个培养系,对亚硝酸盐及铵盐具有稳定的去除能力,氨氮去除率为85%左右.通过16S rRNA克隆文库方法对培养系中浮霉菌门微生物群落结构进行了多样性解析,结果表明2个培养系中的厌氧氨氧化菌是同一种微生物,代表序列比对结果与"Kuenenia stuttgartiensis"同源性为99%.采用"K.stuttgartiensis"的特异探针对培养系进行了荧光原位杂交分析(FISH),进一步证实"K.stuttgartiensis"是培养系中的优势厌氧氨氧化菌,占总菌群数的80%～90%.对反应器中"K.stuttgartiensis"的丰度变化进行了FISH跟踪检测,发现原始接种污泥中"K.stuttgartiensis"为主要厌氧氨氧化菌,经过2 a运行该菌在污泥中的丰度由11%提高到24%.     

Exploration of the metabolic flexibility of glycogen accumulating organisms through metatranscriptome analysis and metabolic characterization

Glycogen accumulating organisms (GAOs) are closely related to the deterioration of enhanced biological phosphorus removal systems. However, the metabolic mechanisms that drive GAOs remain unclear. Here, the two-thirds supernatant of a reactor were decanted following the anaerobic period to enrich GAOs. Long-term monitoring demonstrated that the system was stable and exhibited typical characteristics of GAOs metabolism. Acetate was completely consumed after 60 min of the anaerobic phase. The level of glycogen decreased from 0.20 to 0.14 g/gSS during the anaerobic phase, whereas the level of glycogen significantly increased to 0.21g/gSS at the end of the aerobic period. Moreover, there was almost no phosphate release and absorption in the complete periods, thus confirming the successful construction of a GAOs enrichment system. Microbial community analysis demonstrated that Ca. Contendobacter was among the core functional genera and showed the highest activity among all of the communities. Furthermore, our study is the first to identify the involvement of the ethyl-malonyl-CoA pathway in the synthesis of polyhydroxyvalerate via croR, ccr, ecm, mcd, mch and mcl genes. The Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway was preferentially used via glgP. Furthermore, the glyoxylate cycle was the main source of ATP under anaerobic conditions, whereas the tricarboxylic acid cycle provided ATP under aerobic conditions. aceA and mdh appeared to be major modulators of the glyoxylate pathway for controlling energy flow. Collectively, our findings not only revealed the crucial metabolic mechanisms in a GAOs enrichment system but also provided insights into the potential application of Ca. Contendobacter for wastewater treatment.     

Enrichment, isolation and identification of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria from sulfide removing bioreactor

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) are the main microorganisms that participate in the natural sulfur cycle. To obtain SOBwith high sulfur-oxidizing ability under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, aerobic and anaerobic enrichmentswere carried out. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles showed that the microbial community changed according to the thiosulfate utilizationduring enrichments, and Rhodopseudomonas and Halothiobacilluswere the predominant bacteria in anaerobic enrichment and aerobic enrichment, respectively,which mainly contributed to the thiosulfate oxidization in the enrichments. Based on the enriched cultures, six isolateswere isolated from the aerobic enrichment and four isolateswere obtained from the anaerobic enrichment. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the 16S rRNA gene of isolates belonged to the genus Acinetobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Pseudomonas, Halothiobacillus,0chrobactrum, Paracoccus, Thiobacillus, and Alcaligenes, respectively. The tests suggested isolates related to Halothiobacillus and Rhodopseudomonas had the highest thiosulfate oxidizing ability under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, respectively; Paracoccus and Alcaligenes could aerobically and anaerobically oxidize thiosulfate. Based on the DGGE and thiosulfate oxidizing ability analysis, Rhodopseudomonas and Halothiobacilluswere found to be the main SOB in the sulfide-removing reactor, andwere responsible for the sulfur-oxidizing in the treatment system.     

流变相法制备包覆型CMC-Fe0及降解水中TCE的研究

以廉价环保的羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)为表面修饰剂,采用流变相反应法制备包覆型纳米零价铁(CMC-Fe0),用XRD、SEM和TEM、氮气吸附-脱附手段对样品进行表征,并利用合成的零价铁粒子对三氯乙烯(TCE)进行还原脱氯反应.结果表明,当CMC-Fe0投加量为6 g·L-1,TCE初始浓度为5 mg·L-1时,反应40 h去除率达100%.包覆型CMC-Fe0对TCE的还原反应符合准一级反应动力学.最后,对反应产物进行了简单易行的回收.     

典型油田多环芳烃污染对土壤反硝化微生物群落结构的影响

油田区土壤具有潜在的PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons)污染风险,而以硝酸根为电子受体的反硝化作用可能在PAHs的厌氧代谢中起到重要作用.以具有50多年历史的江汉油田区域为对象,从该油田的油井口附近采集了9个土壤样品,编号为JH-1~JH-9,以反硝化相关的nir K(Cu-亚硝酸还原酶基因)和nirS(细胞色素cd1-亚硝酸还原酶基因)为分子标识,通过定量PCR及克隆文库结合T-RFLP(terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism)的方法,研究典型油田区土壤反硝化微生物的群落结构,并探讨其与土壤环境因子之间的关系.结果表明,该油田区土壤中nirK基因的丰度高于nirS基因,PAHs含量最高的土壤样品(JH-4)中反硝化功能基因nir K和nir S的丰度均最低,相关性分析表明,土壤nir K及nirS基因的丰度均与土壤PAHs含量呈显著负相关(nirK:R2=0.54,P0.05;nirS:R~2=0.58,P0.05).克隆文库及T-RFLP的结果则表明,该油田土壤中nirK基因的群落组成在不同样品间的变异较大,且PAHs含量最高的JH-4中该基因的群落组成与其它各样品有明显的不同,RDA(redundancy analysis)的分析结果进一步表明除有效氮、有效磷外,土壤PAHs含量也是影响nirK型反硝化微生物群落组成的重要因子.相较于nirK,该油田区土壤中nirS基因的群落组成在不同样品间的差异较小,但发现nirS型假单胞菌的丰度与土壤PAHs含量呈正相关,表明具备较强有机污染物降解能力的假单胞菌属可能在该区域土壤PAHs的反硝化代谢中起到重要作用.     

耐高浓度沼液产油小球藻的分离鉴定与特征分析

本研究从长期在空气中放置的沼液中分离得到1株可以耐受高浓度沼液的藻株,经形态和分子生物学方法鉴定为小球藻属的一种,命名为Chlorella sp.BWY-1.本研究所用的沼液来自于以固液分离后的猪场废水为发酵原料的沼气工程.与普通小球藻Chlorella regularis(FACHB-729)的对比研究表明,Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11和不同浓度的沼液中都有相对较强的生长速率、生物量积累能力和氮磷等污染物去除能力.Chlorella sp.BWY-1在BG11中有最高的生长速率和生物量生产力(324.40 mg·L-1,以dw计),但是其含油量和油脂生产力随着沼液浓度的增加而增加.在未稀释的沼液中Chlorella sp.BWY-1的含油量可达44.43%,油脂生产力达108.70 mg·L-1.分析结果表明该藻株在养殖废水处理和生物能源方面具有一定的应用潜力,可以结合固液分离、厌氧发酵等其他技术用于养殖场废水的处理和生物柴油的制取.     

Enhanced methane production in an anaerobic digestion and microbial electrolysis cell coupled system with co-cultivation of Geobacter and Methanosarcina

The anaerobic digestion(AD)and microbial electrolysis cell(MEC)coupled system has been proved to be a promising process for biomethane production.In this paper,it was found that by co-cultivating Geobacter with Methanosarcina in an AD–MEC coupled system,methane yield was further increased by 24.1%,achieving to 360.2 m L/g-COD,which was comparable to the theoretical methane yield of an anaerobic digester.With the presence of Geobacter,the maximum chemical oxygen demand(COD)removal rate(216.8 mg COD/(L·hr))and current density(304.3 A/m_3)were both increased by 1.3 and 1.8 fold compared to the previous study without Geobacter,resulting in overall energy efficiency reaching up to 74.6%.Community analysis demonstrated that Geobacter and Methanosarcina could coexist together in the biofilm,and the electrochemical activities of both were confirmed by cyclic voltammetry.Our study observed that the carbon dioxide content in total gas generated from the AD reactor with Geobacter was only half of that generated from the same reactor without Geobacter,suggesting that Methanosarcina may obtain the electron transferred from Geobacter for the reduction of carbon dioxide to methane.Taken together,Geobacter not only can improve the performance of the MEC system,but also can enhance methane production.     

ORC-GAC-Fe0 system for the remediation of trichloroethylene and monochlorobenzene contaminated aquifer: 1. Adsorption and degradation

Activities at a former Chemistry Triangle in Bitterfeld, Germany, resulted in contamination of groundwater with a mixture of tdchloroethylene(TCE) and monochlorobenzene(MCB). The objective of this study was to develop a barrier system,which includes an ORC(oxygen release compounds) and GAC(granular activated carbon) layer for adsorption of MCB and bioregeneration of GAC, a Fe^0 layer for chemical reductive dechlorination of TCE and other chlorinated hydrocarbon in situ. A laboratory-scale column experiment was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this proposed system. This experiment was performed using a series of continuous flow Teflon columns including an ORC column, a GAC column, and a Fe^0 column. Simulated MCB and TCE contaminated groundwater was pumped upflow into this system at a flow rate of 1.1 ml/min. Results showed that 17%-50% of TCE and 28%-50% of MCB were dissipated in ORC column. Chloride ion, however, was not released, which suggest the dechlorination do not happen in ORC column. In GAC column, the adsorption of contaminants on activated carbon and their induced degradation by adapted microorganisms attached to the carbon surface were observed. Due to competitive exchange processes, TCE can be desorbed by MCB in GAC column and further degraded in iron column. The completely dechlorination rate of TCE was 0.16-0.18 cm^-1, 1-4 magnitudes more than the formation rate of three dichloroethene isomers. Cis-DCE is the main chlorinated product, which can be cumulated in the system, not only depending on the formation rate and its decaying rate, but also the initial concentration of TCE.