大水量采样器,采样技术在环境监测中的应用

在环境监测工作中,采样是重要步骤,一些先进国家的环境保护机构对发展水中痕量污染物的富集采样技术极为重视,自动采样器(装置)得到广泛应用.美国国家环保局(EPA)下属的辛辛那提环境监测与支持实验室编著的《水与废水采样及样品保存手册》一书,专门介绍了一些自动采样器,认为自动采样器的使用为进行环境污染监测和筛选环境水样中的优先监测物和致突变物质,提供了方便,使过去因工作量大而无法广泛开展的工作成为可能.采样器以及采样技术的发展水平反映了一个国家环境监测水平.     

废水中石油类总量控制监测的采样技术

污染物总量控制监测的关键是废水采样的时间和空间代表性问题。采用废水连续自动等比例采样器实现时间代表性,用优化点位解决空间代表性,结果表明以石油类为主要污染物的采样断面应选择在水跃区。     

酸雨监测手工采样的可靠性

目前国内对降雨采样方法有两种:一种是人工收放采样器,即手工采样;另一种是随着降雨和雨止,自动开启和闭合的自动采样器,即自动采样.为了加强现场质控,搞好酸雨监测,我们将手工采样与自动采样作了同步对比试验.对手工采样的可靠性作了探讨.1 试验部分1.1 试验仪器对比:自动降雨采样器是利用水的导电性而设计的,当降雨时,雨水进入两金属片空隙间,接通电路,使自动采样器的罩盖打开,开始采样,当雨止后,金属片间雨水在较短时间内会自动滴落而断开,罩盖便自动闭合;而手工采样只是用医用搪瓷缸作为雨样收集器,每当降雨时将雨     

浅析被动采样器监测环境空气质量数据的可比性

对被动采样器与空气自动站监测环境空气质量进行了全年的对比实验,并对大量的监测数据进行了规范的处理分析。结果表明,被动采样器在环境条件持续稳定满足采样条件时,被动采样器与自动站监测结果无显著性差异;在环境条件不能持续稳定满足采样条件时,二者监测结果有显著性差异,但仍有较大的相关性。     

环境空气连续采样系统的改进

目前 ,很多环境监测站已采用 2 4ｈ连续采样监测代替了过去的季五日采样法。连续采样监测系统由空气自动连续采样器、总悬浮颗粒物 (ＴＳＰ)采样器和辅助风机 (主要是采样管道引风机和采样亭排气扇 )组成。空气连续采样器设有时控系统 ,可以根据要求随时启停 ,ＴＳＰ采样器无隔日采样控制系统 ,辅助风机则经常出现仪器停止采样后继续运转的情况。对此 ,今利用空气连续采样器的时控系统 ,增加一个ＣＪ1 0 - 5型交流接触器 ,实现了对采样系统所有设备的控制 ,使之都能按要求启停 ,从而节约了用电量 ,减少了风机的不必要运转。现采用的是ＨＢ -…     

污水自动采样器代替人工采样的可行性分析

选择某炼油厂污水总排口水跃区断面 ,安装采样器探头 ,进行采样器与人工同步采样 ,实验室分析得 2 3组监测数据。 1误差分析 :设人工采样为真值 ,采样器采样视为测定值 ,则 :相对误差 =测定值 -真值真值 × 1 0 0 %　　结果表明 ,石油含量在 1 0 mg/L以下的 1 2组数据误差范围在 - 5.3%～ 2 3.9% ,采样器采样低1 5.4 % ;含油量比较高的 1 1组数据误差范围在 0～ 2 5.0 % ,采样器采样低 1 3.5%。经相关分析和 t检验 ,两组测定值无显著性差异 ,采样器代替人工采样完全可行。污水自动采样器代替人工采样的可行性分析@荆万钧$抚顺市环境监测站!…     

《BX2400型恒温恒流大气自动采样器》、《KC-120H型智能中流量TSP采样器》在采样使用过程中应注意的几个问题

BX2400型自动采样器在设自动采样时，仪器采样延时时间可以不设，仪器一般不到一分钟则自动启动．2、间隔时间只对第二次以后的采样时间起作用．     

负压式水质采样器的研制及应用

概述了我国目前水质采样技术规范和水质采样器的现状 ;阐述了负压式水质采样器的结构组成、工作原理及采样方法。该采样器不需电源、携带方便 ,可有效地控制采样深度并实现分层采样。     

工业废水的自动采样和流量测定

阐述了杭州市用美国废水自动采样仪和流量计对废水自动连续采样和流量测定的实践和体会。     

几种常见被动采样技术在水环境中研究进展

总结了半透膜被动采样器(SPMDs)、极性有机化合物整合采样器(POCIS)、化学捕收器(Chemcatcher)和硅橡胶被动采样器(Silicon rubber)几种常用被动采样器的结构组成、应用模型、原理、样品的前处理、影响因素及应用范围,指出几种被动采样技术应用上存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行总结和展望。     

Bioaerosol sampling by a personal rotating cup sampler CIP 10-M

High concentrations of bioaerosols containing bacterial, fungal and biotoxinic matter are encountered in many workplaces, e.g. solid waste treatment plants, waste water treatment plants and sewage networks. A personal bioaerosol sampler, the CIP 10-M (M-microbiologic), has been developed to measure worker exposure to airborne biological agents. This sampler is battery operated; it is light and easy to wear and offers full work shift autonomy. It can sample much higher concentrations than biological impactors and limits the mechanical stress on the microorganisms. Biological particles are collected in 2 ml of liquid medium inside a rotating cup fitted with radial vanes to maintain an air flow rate of 10 l min(-1) at a rotational speed of approximately 7,000 rpm. The rotating cup is made of sterilisable material. The sampled particles follow a helicoidal trajectory as they are pushed to the surface of the liquid by centrifugal force, which creates a thin vertical liquid layer. Sterile water or another collecting liquid can be used. Three particle size selectors allow health-related aerosol fractions to be sampled according to international conventions. The sampled microbiological particles can be easily recovered for counting, incubation or further biochemical analysis, e.g., for airborne endotoxins. Its physical sampling efficiency was laboratory tested and field trials were carried out in industrial waste management conditions. The results indicate satisfactory collection efficiency, whilst experimental application has demonstrated the usefulness of the CIP 10-M personal sampler for individual bioaerosol exposure monitoring.     

无线遥控水质自动采样系统的研发与应用

针对现行废水污染源采样中存在的问题,综合应用无线通信、自动控制、信息处理等现代技术,研发无线遥控水质自动采样系统。该系统集常规采样、质控采样、比对采样、超标采样等功能于一体,并可实现采样全程的远程无线遥控,大大增强废水采样的客观性、代表性、公正性,提高工作效率和快速反应能力。     

基于标准雨量计的降水采样方法比较

对太原市2013年7—11月的大气降水使用标准雨量计、国产A型和进口B型自动降水采样设备进行同步记录,分析国产A型和进口B型设备采集降水样品的p H、电导率和无机阴阳离子。结果表明,进口B型设备采集降水样品的降雨量(155.35 mm)比标准雨量计记录值(117.50 mm)高32.21%,而国产A型设备采集降水样品的降雨量(107.12mm)比标准雨量计记录值低8.83%。7—9月的15场降水,国产A型设备采集大多数降水样品的电导率和离子加权浓度均值基本上低于进口B型设备,差异程度分别达65.51%和62.52%;而p H则基本上高于进口B型,酸雨比例差异程度为61.53%。     

堰槽式明渠废水流量监测数据有效性判别技术研究

针对缺少堰槽明渠废水流量监测数据有效性判别技术的现状,研究了计量检定期间对废水流量计的监督检查技术,设计了现场计量检定项目、流量计运行维护情况、生产工况的变化3个方面检查内容、8项检查指标,并分别提出了检查方法及检查结果的判定与处理,填补了中国废水流量自动数据有效性认定的技术空白,完善了废水流量监测的质控体系。开展的试点工作表明,该文提出废水流量计监督检查技术具有较好的实用性。     

Quality of stormwater runoff from an urbanised watershed

A field monitoring network was set up within the Stamford canal watershed in 1989 to study both the quantitative and qualitative aspects of storm runoff from this urbanised catchment. The data acquisition equipment comprised a continuous recording rain gauge, a water level recorder and an automatic water sampler capable of sampling storm runoff at preset intervals during rainfall events. Water samples were collected after each storm and laboratory tests were carried out on the physical and chemical properties of the storm water. Preliminary findings on the temporal variations of stormwater quality during single storms and the effects of antecedent dry weather period on the quality are presented. The average ranges of some of the significant quality parameters found in the storm runoff were also established. The quality of storm runoff from the catchment under study was found to be of an acceptable level and could potentially be developed as a water catchment area.     

Improving suspended sediment measurements by automatic samplers

Suspended solids either as total suspended solids (TSS) or suspended sediment concentration (SSC) is an integral particulate water quality parameter that is important in assessing particle-bound contaminants. At present, nearly all stormwater runoff quality monitoring is performed with automatic samplers in which the sampling intake is typically installed at the bottom of a storm sewer or channel. This method of sampling often results in a less accurate measurement of suspended sediment and associated pollutants due to the vertical variation in particle concentration caused by particle settling. In this study, the inaccuracies associated with sampling by conventional intakes for automatic samplers have been verified by testing with known suspended sediment concentrations and known particle sizes ranging from approximately 20 μm to 355 μm under various flow rates. Experimental results show that, for samples collected at a typical automatic sampler intake position, the ratio of sampled to feed suspended sediment concentration is up to 6600% without an intake strainer and up to 300% with a strainer. When the sampling intake is modified with multiple sampling tubes and fitted with a wing to provide lift (winged arm sampler intake), the accuracy of sampling improves substantially. With this modification, the differences between sampled and feed suspended sediment concentration were more consistent and the sampled to feed concentration ratio was accurate to within 10% for particle sizes up to 250 μm.     

流动注射分析方法概述

介绍了流动注射分析法在自动分析方面的应用及美国水和废水标准分析方法中的流动注射分析法。     

A new sampler for stratified lagoon chemical and microbiological assessments

A sampler was needed for a spatial and temporal study of microbial and chemical stratification in a large swine manure lagoon that was known to contain zoonotic bacteria. Conventional samplers were limited to collections of surface water samples near the bank or required a manned boat. A new sampler was developed to allow simultaneous collection of multiple samples at different depths, up to 2.3 m, without a manned boat. The sampler was tethered for stability, used remote control (RC) for sample collection, and accommodated rapid replacement of sterile tubing modules and sample containers. The sampler comprised a PVC pontoon with acrylic deck and watertight enclosures, for a 12 VDC gearmotor, to operate the collection module, and vacuum system, to draw samples into reusable autoclavable tubing and 250-mL bottles. Although designed primarily for water samples, the sampler was easily modified to collect sludge. The sampler held a stable position during deployment, created minimal disturbance in the water column, and was readily cleaned and sanitized for transport. The sampler was field tested initially in a shallow fresh water lake and subsequently in a swine manure treatment lagoon. Analyses of water samples from the lagoon tests showed that chemical and bacterial levels, pH, and EC did not differ between 0.04, 0.47, and 1.0 m depths, but some chemical and bacterial levels differed between winter and spring collections. These results demonstrated the utility of the sampler and suggested that future manure lagoon studies employ fewer or different depths and more sampling dates.     

被动采样监测环境空气中SO2和NO2

用自主研制的采样管开展环境空气中SO2和NO2的被动采样监测.结果表明,被动采样监测结果与自动监测结果高度相关,经回归方程修正后,两者的结果没有显著性差异,被动采样的采样和分析产生的误差得以消除.