青白江区农业废弃物循环利用产业链构建研究

阐述了循环经济、生态农业的内涵，分析了青白江区构建农业废物流动利用链的必要性，并以循环经济理论为指导，以实现物质与能量利用最优化为目的，利用3R原则，对该区进行农业废物流动链构建研究，使在农业生产过程中和产品生命周期中减少自然资源、物质的投入量和废物的排放量，实现“投入品－产出物－废弃物”的循环综合利用。     

循环经济与资源综合利用

讨论了资源利用对经济、社会和环境的影响及经济发展模式与废弃物的问题，提出如何开发资源综合利用的市场。     

云南德宏州循环农业发展现状与对策

通过对德宏州所辖5县（市）的农业生产方式,畜禽养殖方式,农村生活垃圾粪便产生处理,农业废弃物综合利用方式,秸秆、人畜粪便等资源化,循环农业发展案例和模式等方面进行调研,分析德宏州循环农业发展的现状与对策。     

农业利用有机废弃物的生态工程

本文运用生态工程将农业利用有机废弃的主要用途划分为作饲料，肥料，能源，培养料和多层次循环利用５种方式，论述了中国农业利用有机废弃物的历史，现状与水平，对农业利用作秸秆，畜禽粪便，沼气发酵余物和机的主要秣工程技术。     

董召荣:农业可持续发展安徽要迈“三道槛”

在安徽农业大学农学院教授、农业可持续发展研究所所长董召荣看来,党的十八大报告给予我国农业发展很多笔墨,更加明确了农业可持续发展的方向。"从农业可持续发展的角度来说,安徽需要迈‘三道槛’。"董召荣说。农业废弃物如何综合利用,这是董召荣认为亟需迈出的"第一道槛"。"安徽是农业大省,秸秆产生量很大,但是秸秆的综合利用效率低,带来了很多环境问题。"董召荣告诉     

安阳市以沼气建设为纽带的农业循环经济模式的探索与实践

概括了安阳市农村沼气建设取得的显著成效,并根据大量的探索实践,总结分析了安阳市以沼气为纽带的农业循环经济模式的特点、类型及应用效果。实践表明,以沼气建设为纽带的农业循环经济模式是实现农业有机废弃物多层次综合利用的有效途径,在解决现代农业发展进程中所面临的环境污染、生态保护、资源消耗及农村能源短缺等问题方面,具有重要而深远的现实意义。     

综合利用农业副产物资源建立饲-能-环生态工程

我国人口增加、耕地减少的矛盾日益突出,而极为丰富的农业副产物资源又未很好利用。建立饲料-能源-环保生态工程,是综合利用农业副产物资源的巨大潜力、缓解人口土地矛盾的有效途径。饲-能-环生态工程是利用厌氧微生物降解、转化有机废弃物的特殊功能,通过人工瘤胃发酵技术、沼气技术和处理工业有机废水的环境工程技术综合利用农业副产物资源,产生饲料、能源和治理污染,达到经济效益、生态效益和社会效益的统一。     

现代农作物废弃物的生态效应及资源化利用

通过分析我国农业废弃物对生态环境的影响以及农业废弃物资源化开发的现状,阐述了农业废弃物资源化开发利用存在的问题。提出生物技术、绿色工艺及开发节能环保建材等无害处理农业废弃物新途径,指出发展循环农业的有效模式,即建立生态农业多途径循环开发模式,植物、动物和微生物资源组成的“三维结构”的绿色新型农业,建立和推广生态型家庭经济模式,为推进农产品高效流通,促进农产品深度综合开发提供借鉴。     

利用工业废弃物，发展新型绿色建材

本文分析了北京市煤矸石、粉煤灰、尾矿渣等工业废弃物资源的特点和分布情况，提出了北京郊区资源综合利用的建议。     

德阳市农业废弃物的来源及资源化利用研究

农业废弃物的资源化是实现农业经济循环的关键环节。以德阳市农业废弃物为主要研究对象,对德阳市农业秸秆和畜禽粪便的来源及资源化利用现状进行了分析,并提出对策建议。旨在为促进德阳市循环农业的实现以及新农村、环境友好型社会及和谐社会的建设提供支持。     

城市垃圾和污水脱水污泥、排水管污泥混合堆肥工艺研究

城市垃圾和污水脱水污染、排水管污泥已成为现代城市污染的主要总是。由于这些废弃物中有机物质的含量较高,因此可以利用堆肥的方法来进行处理,使其转化为农田的有机肥料,本文用城市生活垃圾和污水处理厂污泥、排水管污泥混合进行堆肥的研究。     

我国农业非点源污染成因及解决对策

农业非点源污染目前已成为全球水污染的主要来源。对我国农业非点源污染成因的分析表明:农药、化肥的大量使用,不同灌溉方式、生产生活废弃物和规模化畜禽养殖等与农业非点源污染的形成之间均有密切的关系,应从农田径流控制、小流域综合治理、发展生态农业等方面开展农业非点源污染防治。实施农田养分最佳管理技术、开发农业非点源污染管理应用软件、完善农业生态补偿机制将成为我国农业非点源污染研究的发展趋势。     

Biorefinery study of availability of agriculture residues and wastes for integrated biorefineries in Brazil

Brazil has a great potential for use renewable raw materials in biorefineries. It is one of the largest producers of agricultural and animal commodities, which produce large amounts of residues and wastes. These agricultural residues and animal waste can be effectively transformed to energy and other products in systems similar to a ethanol refinery where an integrated process involves conversion for biomass into fuel, energy and chemicals, integrated in the context of a biorefinery. The objective of this work is the determination of the actual availability of main agricultural residues and animal wastes generated in Brazil and of their generation potential index and their prospects for 2020. The results indicate that the sugarcane has the highest agronomic availability, reaching 157 million tons of fresh material and an estimated reuse potential of 19.6 million tons (dry basis), followed by soybeans, rice, maize, orange, wheat, cotton, cassava and tobacco.     

Anaerobic treatment with methane recovery of agricultural and village wastes

To provide more efficient utilization of village wastes and agricultural residues and eliminate pollution from current practices anaerobic treatment of such wastes with methane recovery is proposed. This paper describes studies to determine the performance of anaerobic composting for such wastes.Composting of three waste types was investigated: (a) agricultural residues, (b) Village solid waste and 1:1 mixture of (a) and (b). Three 150 gallon reactors with periodic leachate recycling were used for anaerobic composting while three 50 gallon reactors produced an aerobic compost from the same wastes. Reactors were maintained for six months simulating the time between growing seasons. Volatile solids destruction ranged from 10.3 to 38.7%. Biogas production was ranged from 1350 to 1420 1 per k of volatile solids destroyed with a methane content of 55 to 70%. Leachate was monitored throughout for: pH, alkalinity, total and ammonia nitrogen, COD, TOC, total solids, volatile solids and four metals. MPN data was collected for various bacterial groups (total plate count, anaerobic cellulose decomposers, and anaerobic acid producers) to monitor increases and declines in the leachate bacterial population. Physical and chemical testing provided comparisons between finished anaerobic compost and aerobic compost from the same three waste samples.     

Land application of biomass residue generated from palm oil processing: its potential benefits and threats

Man’s increased demand for food and better living conditions has led to over exploitation of resources and the consequent generation of enormous amounts of liquid and solid waste materials. This is one of the global challenges for mankind. In Malaysia, palm oil mill waste (POMW) contributes the highest proportion of industrial solid wastes produced yearly. Wastes from the mills include palm oil mill effluent, decanter cake, empty fruit bunches, seed shells and the fibre from the mesocarp. Direct application of POMW into agricultural soil has resulted in a number of problems such as water pollution, leaching. However, with application rates specific for targeted plant species, land application can be employed as a permanent solution to the problem of waste from palm oil mills. This review examines the characteristics of each of the palm oil wastes and their potential for use as a future fertilizer supplement.     

Cholesterol,beta-sitosterol,ergosterol, and coprostanol in agricultural soils

In this work we analyzed the sterol content of agricultural soils. Three eukaryotic sterols, cholesterol, beta-sitosterol, and ergosterol were chosen as representative of the animal, plant, and fungal kingdoms, while coprostanol was validated as a marker of human fecal matter contamination. Three soils subjected to different treatments (sewage sludge application, irrigation by saline waters, and contamination by industrial and municipal wastes) were sampled and their sterol content was measured and compared with adjacent untreated soils. The effects of time, location, and treatment were evaluated by means of a number of statistical techniques. Beta-sitosterol concentration varied from 0.9 to 30 mg kg(-1). Lesser values were measured in Cremona (2.1 mg kg(-1)) than in Bari (4.0 mg kg(-1)) and Naples (10.9 mg kg(-1)) soils. No significant effects were detected for cholesterol and ergosterol. Coprostanol was present after sewage sludge disposal and contamination by industrial and municipal wastes, while it was absent in the soil treated with saline water and in the adjacent untreated soil. Coprostanol concentration did not vary much within site and time of sampling, with a mean value of 0.2 mg kg(-1). We confirmed coprostanol as a useful persistent marker of human fecal matter contamination. Multivariate analysis highlighted a clear distinction between the eukaryotic sterols and coprostanol. In addition, a different behavior between ergosterol and cholesterol on one side and beta-sitosterol on the other was detected. This preliminary work suggests that sterols deserve a deeper study of their use as indicators in agricultural soils.     

Turkish Sugar Production Potential and Use of Waste of Sugar Beet as Energy Source

Abstract

Biomass energy is the most renewable energy resource in the world. Biomass energy is derived from plant and animal material, such as wood from forests, residues from agricultural and forestry processes, and industrial, human or animal wastes. The production of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel has the potential to replace significant quantities of fossil fuels in many transport applications, electricity, generate heat and steam, etc. In this study, Turkish sugar sector and sugar capacity, residue quantitiy and its possibility of utilization is examined.     

Comparison of three enzyme immunoassays for measuring 17beta-estradiol in flushed dairy manure wastewater

Natural steroidal estrogens are an environmental concern because low nanogram per liter concentrations in water can adversely affect aquatic vertebrate species by disrupting the normal function of their endocrine systems. There is a critical need to accurately measure estrogens in dairy wastes, a potential source of estrogens such as 17beta-estradiol, to assess the risk of estrogen contamination of agricultural drainage waters resulting from land application. Commercially available enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits have been used for measuring 17beta-estradiol in livestock manure, but it is not known if different EIAs provide similar results. We compared three EIAs by measuring 17beta-estradiol in two samples of flushed dairy manure wastewater (FDMW). The measured concentrations of 17beta-estradiol in FDMW differed according to the immunoassay used. The differences were attributed to a matrix interference associated with coextracted humic substances. Future research should develop methods that enable routine measurement of 17beta-estradiol in livestock wastes by more conclusive analytical techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.     

UTILIZATION OF LANDSCAPE INDICATORS TO MODEL POTENTIAL PATHOGEN IMPAIRED WATERS1

ABSTRACT: Many water bodies within the United States are contaminated by non‐point source (NPS) pollution, which is defined as those materials posing a threat to water quality arising from a number of individual sources and diffused through hydrologic processes. One such NPS pollutant that is of critical concern are pathogens derived from animal wastes, including humans. The potential presence of pathogens is identified by testing the water for fecal conform, a bacteria also associated with animal wastes. Water contaminated by animal wastes are most often associated with urban and agricultural areas, thus it is postulated that by utilizing land cover indicators, those water bodies that may be at risk of fecal coliform contamination may be identified. This study utilizes land cover information derived from the Multi‐Resolution Land Characterization (MRLC) project to analyze fecal coliform contamination in South Carolina. Also utilized are 14 digit hydro‐logic unit code (HUC) watersheds of the state, a digital elevation model, and test point data stating whether fecal coliform levels exceeded State Water Quality Standards. Proportions of the various land covers are identified within the individual watersheds and then analyzed using a logistic regression. The results reveal that watersheds with large proportions of urban land cover and agriculture on steep slopes had a very high probability of being impaired. (KEY TERMS: Geographic Information Systems; land use planning; nonpoint source pollution; statistical analysis; water quality; watershed management.)     

Bioreactor applications in waste treatment

An overview of bioreactor applications in treatment of gaseous, liquid and solid wastes is presented with emphasis on newer technologies. Waste treatment is considered in a broad context including concentration by bioaccumulation, degradation to substances with reduced environmental impact and upgrading to such useful products as feeds, foods and fuels. Biofilters and bioscrubbers for gaseous pollutants, high-rate municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in airlift bioreactors, reactor-based soil bioremediation, artificial wetland filters for liquid effluents, and protein enrichment of agricultural solid residues are some of the technologies reviewed. The various treatment strategies are illustrated with examples. The developments discussed point to an increasing role for bioreactor based processes in waste treatment and reuse.