砷污染土壤磷酸盐淋洗修复技术研究

淋洗修复技术是治理砷污染土壤的一种高效快速方法.本研究通过砷污染土壤批量振荡淋洗实验,筛选出环境友好且高效的淋洗剂磷酸钾,系统分析液固比、淋洗时间、淋洗液浓度、p H对土壤中砷的去除效果的影响,确定磷酸钾的最佳淋洗条件.进一步以磷酸钾为基本淋洗剂,采用不同试剂和磷酸钾进行组合二步淋洗,探究最佳复合淋洗组合.结果表明,磷酸钾在浓度为0.5 mol·L-1、液固比为4 m L·g-1、淋洗时间为8 h及p H为4.3的淋洗条件下,单独使用磷酸钾进行淋洗时,土壤砷的去除率达到74.03%.当采用0.5 mol·L-1Na OH+0.5 mol·L-1KH2PO4进行复合二步淋洗时,可使土壤中砷的去除率提高到82.60%.     

高锰酸钾氧化去除砂壤土中三氯乙烯的试验研究

以环境中常见的污染物三氯乙烯(TCE)为研究对象,利用高锰酸钾(KMnO4)对工业场地土壤中的TCE进行处理,探讨了不同氧化条件、污染物初始浓度、氧化次数等对去除效果的影响.结果表明,采用正交试验获得优化操作条件为:KMnO4浓度125mg/L,pH7,反应时间30min.在此条件下,100mg/kg的TCE去除率达到93.7%.TCE的去除率随污染物浓度的增加而减小,对于污染程度高的土壤,2次处理能有效提高去除率.土柱实验结果表明经过KMnO4溶液淋洗12d后,初始浓度为50mg/kg的TCE氧化率均达到88.1%以上,降低淋洗流速可提高TCE的去除率.     

净化去除酸性废水中不同价态砷的研究

根据净化含砷废水的铁盐中和法．通过理论分析和实验表明,在Ｆｅ／Ａｓ＝０．５—６．０范围内,铁盐中和法对废水中３价砷的去除率较其对５价砷的去除率平均低约６０％,证实了废水中的３价砷较５价砷难于去除。氧化剂选择研究表明,对于含砷量高的酸性废水,采用漂白粉［Ｃａ（Ｃ１０）２］氧化其中的３价砷最为适宜。对于含砷７８２．５ｍｇ／Ｌ,ｐＨ＝１的酸性废水,采用氧化－铁盐中和法经一级处理后,废水中含砷量即可低于８ｍｇ／Ｌ．除砷率大于９９％,二级处理后出水中砷含量即可低于国家排放标准（０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ）。     

FeMnNi-LDHs对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附性能与机制

稳定和高效地去除地下水中的As(Ⅲ)仍然是一个具有挑战的全球性问题.本研究以Fe、Mn和Ni这3种元素作为层板阳离子,采用共沉淀法制备出三金属层状双氢氧化物FeMnNi-LDHs,利用XRD、TEM、FT-IR和XPS等技术对其结构进行表征,并探讨其对水中As(Ⅲ)的吸附去除能力与机制.结果表明,FeMnNi-LDHs...     

Preparation of activated carbon from cattail and its application for dyes removal

Activated carbon was prepared from cattail by H3PO4 activation. The effects influencing the surface area of the resulting activated carbon followed the sequence of activated temperature activated time impregnation ratio impregnation time. The optimum condition was found at an impregnation ratio of 2.5, an impregnation time of 9 hr, an activated temperature of 500°C, and an activated time of 80 min. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area and average pore size of the activated carbon were 1279 m2/g and 5.585 nm, respectively. A heterogeneous structure in terms of both size and shape was highly developed and widely distributed on the carbon surface. Some groups containing oxygen and phosphorus were formed, and the carboxyl group was the major oxygen-containing functional group. An isotherm equilibrium study was carried out to investigate the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon. The data fit the Langmuir isotherm equation, with maximum monolayer adsorption capacities of 192.30 mg/g for Neutral Red and 196.08 mg/g for Malachite Green. Dye-exhausted carbon could be regenerated effectively by thermal treatment. The results indicated that cattail-derived activated carbon was a promising adsorbent for the removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions.     

柠檬酸对污染棕壤中镉的去除优化及结合形态影响

针对农田土壤重金属污染,研究了有机酸对土壤中镉的去除条件优化及结合形态的影响,旨在发展一种环境友好、可原位且永久去除土壤中镉(Cd)的淋溶暗排联合净化方法.采用环境友好型淋溶剂柠檬酸,通过批试验确定淋溶最佳参数(柠檬酸浓度、固液比、淋溶次数、淋溶时间和淋溶方式).同时,将自行设计的淋溶瓶和淋溶暗排箱用于批试验最优化参数...     

新型水泥基材料富镁C3A对氮磷的共去除

将镁掺杂进水泥基材料铝酸三钙（C₃A）制得新型富镁铝酸三钙（Mg@C₃A）应用于水体氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）和磷（PO₄^3-）的共去除.通过批量实验,考察了Mg@C₃A投加量、氮磷浓度、溶液pH值、温度等因素对NH₄⁺-N、PO₄^3-共去除的影响,并阐述了共去除机制.结果表明：Mg@C₃A是由Mg掺杂C₃A同构体和表面MgO组成,其中Mg的引入未改变C₃A晶体结构和基本形貌.Mg@C₃A材料对NH₄⁺和PO₄^3-具有良好的共去除效果.当Mg@C₃A的投加量为3g/L,NH₄⁺和PO₄^3-的最大去除量分别为38.4,78.9mg/g;温度升高有利于Mg@C₃A对NH₄⁺和PO₄^3-的共去除,而高pH值可促进NH₄⁺的去除.Mg@C₃A材料对NH₄⁺的去除主要是OH^-的中和作用和鸟粪石的沉淀作用主导,PO₄^3-主要是与Mg²⁺或Al³⁺结合形成鸟粪石或磷酸铝被去除.     

零价铁-过硫酸盐体系同时去除水中酸性橙7和磷

采用零价铁(ZVI)活化过硫酸盐(PS)同时去除水中酸性橙7(AO7)和磷.ZVI-PS体系可以产生强氧化性的SO·-4和HO·,从而去除水中AO7.同时,ZVI最终转化为Fe3+,因此可以用来去除水中磷.结果表明,ZVI-PS体系在酸性条件下可以有效的同时去除水中AO7和磷.淬灭实验结果表明,硫酸根自由基(SO·-4)对AO7的降解起主要作用.水中共存的阴离子和腐植酸(HA)对AO7和磷的去除均有抑制作用,其对AO7和磷去除的抑制能力排序均为:HCO-3 NO-2 HA NO-3 Cl-.AO7和磷在超纯水中的去除率高于其他实际水体,但反应60 min后,实际水体中AO7和磷的去除率也分别高达80.31%～92.69%和87.54%～100%,因此,该体系对实际水体中AO7和磷的处理有潜在的应用价值.通过紫外-可见分光光谱和GC-MS分析说明,AO7经过偶氮键断键后的中间产物进一步氧化形成含苯环类物质.同时,TOC有所降低,说明部分AO7被矿化为CO2和H2O.     

pH、钙和磷对砷在水稻土中溶解度的影响及表面络合机制解析

为深入理解稻田土壤砷(As)的环境行为,以及不同环境因素对土壤溶液中As有效性的影响机制,通过吸附实验结合天然有机质-电荷分配(NOM-CD)模型分析了pH、 Ca²⁺和PO₄^3-对As在湖南株洲稻田土壤中溶解度和化学形态分布的影响,并揭示其影响机制.结果表明,土壤总As溶解度在pH 6.0左右最低,主要受Ca²⁺、 PO₄^3-、 As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的静电作用及位点竞争作用控制;土壤溶液中Ca²⁺浓度的增加会促进As的吸附,降低土壤溶液中As的浓度,尤其在碱性条件下由于Ca²⁺的吸附增加了土壤氧化物表面正电荷,因而土壤溶液中As(Ⅴ)浓度随Ca²⁺浓度的升高明显降低;pH低于5.5时,添加PO₄^3-抑制了土壤As(Ⅴ)的还原,但pH高于5.5后,添加PO₄^3-促进了土壤As(Ⅴ)的还原,并由于PO     

序贯高斯法模拟新沂、东海农业区土壤砷空间变异性

采用序贯高斯条件模拟值法,研究了江苏省新沂、东海农业区土壤砷含量空间变异性.结果表明,研究区土壤砷为正偏态分布,经高斯非线性转化后,符合二阶平稳假设.其经验半变异函数表现为各向同性.采用加权多项式法,对经验半变异函数拟合结果进行评价,并根据结果选择了带块金效应的高斯模型作为拟合模型.对研究区砷分布情况进行了100次模拟,模拟结果平稳.根据模拟数据与实际监测数据的关系,采用相关系数法选择最终模拟结果.研究区西北部土壤砷含量最高,中北部最低.     

锰氧化物负载施氏矿物去除酸性矿山废水中As(III)的性能及机理

施氏矿物是天然的砷吸附剂,但其存在酸性条件下对As(III)吸附性能较弱且无法对As(III)氧化降毒的缺陷. 采用液相沉淀法成功制备出锰氧化物负载施氏矿物(MnO_x@Sch),研究锰负载量、初始pH值和共存离子对MnO_x@Sch去除As(III)的影响,并采用吸附动力学结合XPS、FTIR及TEM等表征探究该过程的机理. 结果表明:在初始pH=3、投加量为0.5 g·L^-1、As(III)初始浓度为1 mg·L^-1的条件下,As(III)与MnO_x@Sch反应后的剩余浓度仅为2.42~3.38 μg·L^-1.MnO_x@Sch去除As(III)受初始pH影响较小,H₂PO₄^-共存时As(III)去除存在明显的抑制作用. MnO_x@Sch 去除As(III)的过程符合准二级动力学方程和颗粒内扩散方程. 液相化学组分和固相产物表征分析显示MnO_x@Sch对As(III)的去除机理可概括为As(III)氧化、静电吸附和络合配位及配体交换. 研究结果可为施氏矿物及其改性材料应用于酸性矿山废水砷污染治理提供理论依据.     

过硫酸钠对砂壤土中三氯乙烯的氧化研究

以过硫酸钠(Na2S2O8)为氧化剂,柠檬酸(CA)螯合Fe(Ⅱ)溶液作为活化剂,对砂壤土中的三氯乙烯(TCE)进行处理.采用正交试验获得优化操作条件为: Na2S2O8浓度5mmol/L,Fe(Ⅱ)浓度2.5mmol/L,CA浓度0.25mmol/L,反应时间30min.在此条件下,土壤中不同浓度的TCE去除率均在93%以上.对于污染程度高的土壤,采用连续氧化处理可达到较高的修复目标要求.土柱实验结果表明经过Na2S2O8溶液氧化7d后,TCE氧化率达到88.9%以上,且去除效果与处理方式有关,分次加入方式的效果最好.     

HAP诱导磷酸钙结晶回收低磷污水中的磷

为提高磷酸钙结晶产物回收价值和低磷适应性,以羟基磷酸钙(HAP)为晶种,诱导Ca-P结晶回收模拟二级出水(初始PO4-P浓度1.0mg/L)中的磷,对比了诱导结晶与均相结晶的磷回收效果,考察了Ca/P比和晶种投加量对磷回收的影响,并结合产物SEM、EDS、XRD和FTIR分析,探讨了HAP诱导Ca-P结晶机制.结果表明...     

磷酸铵镁结晶法去除和回收养猪废水中营养元素的实验研究

以模拟养猪废水为处理对象,进行了磷酸铵镁结晶小试实验,考察了pH值、NH4 、Mg2 、Ca2 和CO23-浓度对磷酸铵镁结晶反应的影响;利用扫描电镜-能谱分析仪(SEM-EDX)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对结晶产物进行了表征.结果表明,磷酸铵镁结晶反应的最佳pH值范围为9.5～10.5;随着NH4 与磷摩尔比的增加,磷的去除率增大;最佳的镁与磷的摩尔比为1.4:1,过高的镁盐投加量对提高反应效率作用不明显;Ca2 的存在对磷酸铵镁结晶产物的晶形、纯度均产生干扰,当Ca2 增至一定浓度时,反应将生成无定形的磷酸钙沉淀;CO2-3的存在会降低磷的去除率,但不影响磷酸铵镁的晶形与纯度.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(III) sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono-and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate (FS) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)₂. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water (<10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As (0.9 μg/L-0.487 mg/L) than the US EPA regulatory limit (5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

Groundwater arsenic removal by coagulation using ferric(III) sulfate and polyferric sulfate: A comparative and mechanistic study

Elevated arsenic (As) in groundwater poses a great threat to human health. Coagulation using mono- and poly-Fe salts is becoming one of the most cost-effective processes for groundwater As removal. However, a limitation comes from insufficient understanding of the As removal mechanism from groundwater matrices in the coagulation process, which is critical for groundwater treatment and residual solid disposal. Here, we overcame this hurdle by utilizing microscopic techniques to explore molecular As surface complexes on the freshly formed Fe flocs and compared ferric(III) sulfate (FS) and polyferric sulfate (PFS) performance, and finally provided a practical solution in As-geogenic areas. FS and PFS exhibited a similar As removal efficiency in coagulation and coagulation/filtration in a two-bucket system using 5 mg/L Ca(ClO)₂. By using the two-bucket system combining coagulation and sand filtration, 500 L of As-safe water (< 10 μg/L) was achieved during five treatment cycles by washing the sand layer after each cycle. Fe k-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and As k-edge extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the solid residue indicated that As formed a bidentate binuclear complex on ferrihydrite, with no observation of scorodite or poorly-crystalline ferric arsenate. Such a stable surface complex is beneficial for As immobilization in the solid residue, as confirmed by the achievement of much lower leachate As (0.9 μg/L–0.487 mg/L) than the US EPA regulatory limit (5 mg/L). Finally, PFS is superior to FS because of its lower dose, much lower solid residue, and lower cost for As-safe drinking water.     

Removal of trace arsenic（V） and phosphate from water by a highly selective ligand exchange adsorbent

The ligand exchange adsorbent could be used to remove the toxic arsenic(V) and phosphate efficiently from water even in the presence of foreign anions and possible to apply in chemical industry.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.     

太湖不同营养水平湖区表层沉积物的砷分布特征及其生态风险

以太湖不同营养水平湖区为研究对象,采用改进的砷(As)形态连续提取法对表层沉积物中As的化学形态进行分析研究,探讨了沉积物中总砷(TAs)和As形态的分布特征及其与沉积物中营养盐和总有机碳(TOC)的相关性,并利用潜在生态风险评价(Eir)和风险指数编码法(RAC)评估了各湖区沉积物中As的生态风险水平.结果表明,各湖区表层沉积物中TAs的平均含量约为14.23~16.59 mg·kg~(-1),其中,竺山湾的TAs平均含量相对最高.As形态表现出明显的空间分布特征,其中,北部富营养湖区(竺山湾、梅梁湾、贡湖湾)中的有效态As(非专性吸附态和专性吸附态)与潜在有效态As(无定形氧化铁结合态、晶体形氧化铁结合态、有机结合态)的含量与百分比均高于中营养水平的南太湖,而北部湖区的残渣态As含量则低于南太湖.Pearson相关分析结果显示,除晶体形氧化铁结合态As和残渣态As外,沉积物总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和TOC与其他As形态均存在显著的正相关关系.潜在生态风险评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物TAs均处于低风险;而RAC评价结果表明,各湖区沉积物的有效态As基本处于中等风险水平,且北部湖区的RAC指数均明显高于南太湖.     

Effects of a new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate and potassium leaching in two soils

In this study, soil column was used to study the new nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate （DMPP） on nitrate （NO3^-- N） and potassium （K） leaching in the sandy loam soil and clay loam soil. The results showed that DMPP with ammonium sulphate nitrate （ASN） （（NH4）2SO4 and NHaNO3） or urea could reduce NO3^--N leaching significantly, whereas ammonium （NH4^＋-N） leaching increased slightly. In case of total N （NO3^--N＋NH4^＋-N）, losses by leaching during the experimental period （40 d） were 37.93 mg （urea）, 31.61 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 108.10 mg （ASN）, 60.70 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the sandy loam soil, and 30.54 mg （urea）, 21.05 mg （urea＋DMPP）, 37.86 mg （ASN）, 31.09 mg （ASN＋DMPP） in the clay loam soil, respectively. DMPP-amended soil led to the maintenance of relatively high levels of NH4^＋ -N and low levels of NO3^--N in soil, and nitrification was slower. DMPP supplementation also resulted in less potassium leached, but the difference was not significant except the treatment of ASN and ASN＋DMPP in the sandy loam soil. Above results indicate that DMPP is a good nitrification inhibitor, the efficiency of DMPP seems better in the sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil and lasts longer.