基于物质流分析的江苏省区域生态效率评价

物质流分析被认为是适用于生态效率评价的重要工具和方法之一,但应用于区域生态效率评价的研究尚较少。根据生态效率理论、物质流分析理论与方法,建立了基于物质流账户的3个层面的区域生态效率评价指标：区域直接生态效率、区域总生态效率、整体生态效率。以江苏省为例,全面评价了 1995~2005年江苏省不同层面的生态效率,结果表明：（1）江苏省区域直接生态效率远高于我国同期水平。区域总生态效率和整体生态效率相对较低,分别仅为区域直接生态效率 15%~22%和 7%~8%左右;（2）1995~2005年,区域直接生态效率呈先上升后下降趋势,原因在于物质生产率未有显著提高以及近年来重工业在产业结构中比重的增加;（3）整体生态效率的变化趋势与区域直接生态效率类似,原因主要是近年江苏省对区外物质和资源的进口量显著增加;（4）区域总生态效率则表现为先快速上升后缓慢上升的趋势。在对研究结果及成因进行分析和讨论的基础上,提出了提高区域生态效率的建议.     

基于动态物质流的钢沉淀运动规律分析

钢存量是未来二次资源的潜在来源。利用二次资源进行钢铁生产能够降低钢铁工业对铁矿石的依赖,并且能够有效解决当前钢铁行业高能耗、高排放、高污染的问题。掌握钢在中国工业化演进过程中的沉淀运动规律,能够为资源战略、产业政策和环境政策的制定提供科学依据,并为钢铁工业实现循环经济和可持续发展提供战略指导。本文从存量和流量动态性的视角出发,利用国际上新兴的动态物质流分析方法,对工业化演进过程中中国国家层面1949-2012年钢人为沉淀运动规律进行研究。研究结果表明,钢的沉淀运动情况与中国国家工业化进程的所处阶段高度相关。建国后中国钢总存量和人均存量随着工业化进程的演进缓慢增长,然后于国民经济和社会发展的"九五"中期进入快速增长阶段,并于"十一五"时期进入迅速增长阶段。在进入"十二五"时期以后,中国钢总存量和人均存量进一步增长,钢持续蓄积于中国社会经济系统之中。其中,建筑中蓄积的钢存量最多,其次为机械设备,再次为交通运输设备。2006年,中国人均钢存量达到了2t/人,此数值被认为是社会建设进入强劲发展阶段的临界值,而此时正值中国"十一五"时期的开端。2011年和2012年中国人均钢存量分别约为3.69t/人和4.05t/人,尚未出现人均存量饱和的趋势,钢存量会进一步增加。基于实证研究结果,我国应该进行钢产品消费结构的指导,加大循环技术的研发力度、增加钢二次生产能力的投资,以及进一步开展钢人为沉淀运动的预测研究,以充分掌握钢的未来消费、蓄积以及退役规律。     

基于时间维度的循环经济物质流特征研究

本文借助物质流分析原理和循环经济理论,引入时间维度,界定"物质流时滞"概念,在分析环境系统与经济系统之间物质流动界面的基础上,建立了中短期时间尺度下的循环经济物质流单循环模型,并利用模型中物质流之间的质量平衡关系对物质运动规律进行分析。在此基础上,对大时间尺度下的循环经济系统物质流总量特征与动态变化做出进一步的剖析,展示出在不同社会经济发展阶段内,资源投入量与废弃物排放量之间的匹配关系与变化规律。最终得出如下结论:通过对不同行业和产品物质流时滞的综合测算,形成政策性物质流时滞,制定相关经济政策,有效实现经济发展与环境保护的双重目标;物质输入量决定了一段时间后的废弃物排放量,必须长期坚持执行减量化原则;"非耐用产品"的物质流时滞较短,应强调再循环原则,"耐用产品"的物质流时滞较长,更应适用再利用原则;提高两个时点和两种内容的循环利用率,降低两个时点和两种内容的废弃物排放率。     

试论以物质流分析方法为基础建立我国循环经济指标体系

为了更好地推动我国循环经济建设的发展。本文介绍了当前国际上用来分析资源问题的物质流分析（MFA．Material Flow Analysis）方法：描述了日本以MFA方法表述国家资源投入、废弃物产生和废弃物再生利用．并在此基础上提出国家循环经济社会发展目标的经验：指出MFA方法将是我国分析评价社会经济活动中资源使用状况的重要方法；并以此为依据．结合我国国情进一步提出我国的循环经济指标体系应包括的主要指标。这些指标将为我国制定循环经济发展目标、推进循环经济发展提供理论依据。也会成为循环经济社会建设中我国与国际比较，找出差距，调整战略的重要技术指标。     

以物质流分析方法为基础核算我国循环经济主要指标

为更好地推动我国循环经济建设的发展，需要建立一套用于评价循环经济发展的指标体系。介绍当前国际上通用的分析资源利用的物质流分析（MFA,Material Flow Analysis）方法，以及结合我国国情建立的我国发展循环经济的几个关于资源利用的主要指标。根据这些指标，分析了我国2000-2003年直接资源投入量的变化趋势以及与其他发达国家的差异和差距；并通过对2000年和2003年中国物质流发展趋势的分析，对中国循环经济的进展进行了评估。结果表明，以上述循环经济的评价指标为基础，确立我国循环经济发展目标，制定我国循环经济战略具有重要的意义。     

海南省环境经济系统的物质流特征与演变

本文运用物质流分析( MFA)和IPAT分析方法,对海南省环境经济系统1990 -2008年间的物质输入与输出进行研究,并与同期广东省数据进行对比分析.结果表明:1990 - 2008年间,海南省环境经济系统直接物质输入呈上升趋势,1990 - 2007年间增长速度平缓,年均增长6.88％,而区域过程排放呈下降趋势,年均降低0.95％;19年间,除个别年份外,海南省物质输入强度、输出强度及物质输入效率均低于同期广东省水平,1994年以前,海南省物质输出效率明显低于同期广东省水平,1995年开始逐渐接近同期广东省水平.对以上结果进行分析,可揭示我国唯一的热带岛屿省份——海南省的物质流特征与演变规律,能够为区域循环经济与可持续发展提供科学决策,促进海南生态省、新型工业省和国际旅游岛的建设.     

基于循环经济的流程工业企业物质流建模与仿真

流程工业属于资源消耗高、污染排放量大的行业。目前,发展循环经济,探索降低资源消耗与环境污染的途径,做好企业内部物质循环,是流程工业企业的迫切需求。本文将物质流分析方法与Petri网方法结合起来,给出一种从物质流分析模型到Petri网模型逐步形式化的建模方法,基于该方法实现某盐湖化工企业生产系统的物质流建模,并利用Matlab中Stateflow工具实现对模型的仿真运行,达到对企业生产过程的物质流进行量化分析和动态模拟的目的。研究结果表明,采用物质流分析与混杂Petri网相结合的逐步形式化建模方法,使所建模型既可以清晰直观地描述出错综复杂的物质流动过程,量化企业物质利用情况,又可以体现出物质流动过程的连续性受生产过程离散操作的影响,为企业进行循环经济的量化评估与决策制定提供了方法及依据,有助于实现整个过程物耗与污染的降低,减少故障发生率,促进流程工业企业获得经济和社会效益。本文结合案例分析,进一步突出了建模方法的应用价值。研究认为,对于流程工业企业,要提高物质利用效率、减少环境污染排放,关键在于对物质的流动情况、消耗强度以及污染排放结构的把握,这样才能加强本企业范围内物质循环利用,进而可以推动与企业乃至社会之间的物质循环。最后,针对循环经济系统的特点,文章提出将能量流与信息流考虑在内,构建物质流、能量流与信息流的耦合Petri网模型,并进一步改进仿真方法,增加仿真过程的可控性等建议。     

基于物质流分析的区域食物链氮素流动规律与调控研究

以食物链物质流调控为核心的区域生态共生系统研究是当今可持续发展领域的重要研究内容。基于物质流分析方法和系统动力学建模平台,构建了区域食物链氮素流动效应评估框架,以上海市青浦区为例,对区域食物链氮素流动进行分析与情景模拟。研究结果表明:(1)2000～2014年青浦区食物链氮输入和输出量经历了急剧下降到逐渐稳定的过程,区域内农业生产无法自给自足;(2)基准情景下,食物链氮素流动对环境的负面效应总体影响较小,但2020年农业生产能力已不能满足当地人口对肉类及水产品氮的需求;(3)优化情景下,区域化肥氮投入减少了53.75%,且农业生产满足了当地常住人口的消费需要,减少区外氮产品调入量2 245.16 t,氮综合循环效率提高至25.54%,农业生产对水环境的影响降低。该优化方案在保证粮食安全的同时,较好地保护了环境免受集约农业生产的冲击。研究成果可为区域食物链氮素养分管理提供方法和思路借鉴。     

物质流分析方法的理论及其应用研究

物质流分析既是发展循环经济重要的辅助手段，也是衡量循环经济发展水平的方法。目前，世界上的一些主要发达国家已经开展了物质流分析的研究与实践。我国物质流分析的研究尚处于起步阶段，特别是以城市为对象的区域物质流分析研究在我国尚处于起步和尝试阶段。为促进循环经济在我国的健康发展．应该结合我国实际，逐渐开展区（县）层面的物质流分析。本文在借鉴国外物质流分析的实践经验的基础上，以青岛市城阳区为例，运用物质流分析方法，首次对区（县）级行政区域进行了研究。此外，结合物质流分析结果，运用IPAT方程，建立了城阳区循环经济建设的指标体系，为其他地区实施区域层面物质流分析、建立循环经济建设指标体系提供了借鉴。研究表明．物质流分析对区域循环经济的规划建设具有重要意义。     

我国对外贸易的资源环境逆差分析

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快及我国改革开放的深入发展。我国贸易快速发展并取得了巨大成就。并成为拉动我国经济发展的兰大引擎之一。但是。长期以来粗放型贸易增长方式在拉动经济贸易增长的同时。也对我国资源与环境带来了巨大压力和严峻挑战。研究表明。我国贸易价值量顺差但资源环境却在产生“逆差”。因此,应高度关注我国贸易增长的资源环境代价．以环保手段绿化贸易增长,运用贸易手段缓解资源环境压力。为此．建议我国在进出口环境关税、市场准入与准出、投资等贸易环节增加环保“阀门”。具体政策建议：①扩大出口关税征收范围．加征高污染产品出口环境关税;②设计和实施以环境保护为目的的市场准入和准出制度;③提高外商直接投资环境准入门槛。引导我国企业的海外投资活动;④健全进口废物贸易政策,有效防范废物贸易环境风险。     

中美贸易与污染避难所假说的实证研究——基于内含污染的视角

使用非竞争型投入产出表,在考虑中间产品产生污染的情况下,通过计算中美双边贸易的内含污染,考察对外贸易对发达国家和发展中国家环境的影响,检验污染避难所假说是否成立.本文首先构造中美两国28个制造业的总污染强度,在此基础上计算1987-2004年中美制造业贸易的贸易内含污染条件指标,并分析中美制造业贸易的进出口内含污染的部门来源.研究发现,1992年之后,所有污染物的贸易内含污染条件值都大于1,这意味着美国从中国进口的污染强度要高于中国从美国的进口污染强度,中美双边贸易中,中国环境受损、美国环境获利,污染避难所假说成立.从部门结构上看,中国出口内含污染主要来源于塑料制品、机械设备和工业化学这三个部门,进口内含污染主要来源于工业化学、机械设备和交通设备这三个部门.     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

Abstract

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input–output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994–2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.     

Analysis of the Energy Embodied in Foreign Goods Trade of China

In recent years, scientists have been increasingly interested in the energy embodied in traded goods among countries. In this article, the direct energy intensities in various economic sectors of China were calculated with the data of energy consumption and output value of each sector, and the input-output table was used to estimate the external energy consumption. The total energy intensity of all sectors was then obtained. From the data of international trade, the energy embodied in goods trade of China was estimated for the period of 1994-2001. During this period, the average energy intensity of imported goods was always higher than that of exported ones. As a country with a surplus in international goods trade, China actually imported net embodied energy in the past few years. The net embodied energy imported was at the same magnitude of the imported energy in the form of fossil fuels.     

Resolving Trade and Environment Conflicts： A Focus on Sustainable Trade in China

This paper begins by analysing the mutual influence between international trade and the environment, and then proceeds to explore the environment and trade conflicts. On the basis of sustainable development theories and the above discussion, the article suggests taking sustainable trade as a solution to the existing conflicts. This paper aims to find the way to strike a balance between international trade and environment based on the present situation in China.     

基于生态足迹模型中国可持续发展动态分析

在介绍生态足迹模型的基本概念、计算方法和研究进展的基础上。对中国历年的生态足迹进行了实证研究。结果表明：从1981-2001年，中国人均生态承载力比较稳定。人均生态足迹从1981年到1996年逐步上升，1997年开始小幅度下降。本文对中国生态足迹时间序列的研究分析表明若要改变长期的不可持续发展状态，就要降低人口数量。改变资源消费模式和消费结构。     

贸易自由化对我国环境的影响——基于ACT模型的实证研究

近年来我国对外贸易发展迅速,但伴随而来的环境污染问题也越来越严重。学术界对我国贸易与环境问题进行了多方面研究,但并未得到一致的结论。文参考ACT模型,试图将贸易自由化对我国环境的影响从经济发展对我国环境的整体效应中分离出来进行研究。本文采用panel数据对我国1992-2004年期间贸易自由化的环境效应进行了实证分析,结果表明：贸易自由化对我国环境消极的规模效应和结构效应远远超过了积极的技术效应,即贸易自由化使我国环境恶化。这主要归因于我国粗放型的经济增长方式以及不完善的环境法规。要改善其不利影响,我国应采用法律和经济措施相结合的办法,从而达到减少贸易的规模效应、改变现有贸易结购以及加强其技术效应的目的。     

Energy Embodied in Goods in International Trade of China: Calculation and Policy Implications

In recent years, China’s energy demand and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown very fast, quite an amount of which was exported as energy embodied in goods in international trade rather than consumed domestically. Starting from the concept of embodied energy, based on input-output energy analysis approach, in this paper the energy embodied in goods in international trade of China during the period from 2001 to 2006 is calculated. The results show that although China has become a net importer of petroleum since 1993, China is a net exporter of embodied energy due to international trade in goods. In 2002, the total amount of energy embodied in exported goods was about 410 million tce (ton of coal equivalent, hereinafter referred to as "tce"). Eliminating the amount of energy embodied in imported goods of about 170 million tce, the net export of embodied energy was about 240 million tce, accounting for 16% of the aggregate primary energy consumption of that very year in China, and the net export of embodied emissions was about 150 million tons of carbon. With the rapid growth of China’s international trade, assuming no structural input-output changes of among sectors, in 2006 the net export of embodied energy went up to about 630 million tce, an increase of 162 % over 2002. In addition, this paper also analyzes the possible sources of error in calculation, and also discusses the policy implications according to the result of the calculation.     

Energy Embodied in Goods in International Trade of China: Calculation and Policy Implications

Abstract

In recent years, China’s energy demand and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have grown very fast, quite an amount of which was exported as energy embodied in goods in international trade rather than consumed domestically. Starting from the concept of embodied energy, based on input-output energy analysis approach, in this paper the energy embodied in goods in international trade of China during the period from 2001 to 2006 is calculated. The results show that although China has become a net importer of petroleum since 1993, China is a net exporter of embodied energy due to international trade in goods. In 2002, the total amount of energy embodied in exported goods was about 410 million tce (ton of coal equivalent, hereinafter referred to as “tce”). Eliminating the amount of energy embodied in imported goods of about 170 million tce, the net export of embodied energy was about 240 million tce, accounting for 16% of the aggregate primary energy consumption of that very year in China, and the net export of embodied emissions was about 150 million tons of carbon. With the rapid growth of China’s international trade, assuming no structural input-output changes of among sectors, in 2006 the net export of embodied energy went up to about 630 million tce, an increase of 162 % over 2002. In addition, this paper also analyzes the possible sources of error in calculation, and also discusses the policy implications according to the result of the calculation.     

Carbon Embodied in International Trade of China and Its Emission Responsibility

Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997-2007 are accounted by input-output method based on Chinese input-output table and global trade analysis project database.It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997-2007,but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports,China is a net export nation in embodied carbon.The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82% of the total carbon emissions in 1997,dropped to 7.15% in 2002,increased to13.13% in 2006,and slightly dropped to 12.64% in 2007.Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China,and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports.Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade,and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.     

Carbon Embodied in International Trade of China and Its Emission Responsibility

Abstract

Carbon emissions embodied in international trade of China during 1997–2007 are accounted by input–output method based on Chinese input–output table and global trade analysis project database. It is revealed that carbon emissions embodied in imports and exports both increased during 1997–2007, but carbon emissions embodied in exports are greater than those embodied in imports, China is a net export nation in embodied carbon. The net exports of embodied carbon account for about 10.82% of the total carbon emissions in 1997, dropped to 7.15% in 2002, increased to 13.13% in 2006, and slightly dropped to 12.64% in 2007. Low-end position of international industry division is an objective factor of being a net exporter of embodied carbon for China, and usage of a large amount of obsolete energy-using equipments wasted much energy and increased carbon emissions embodied in exports. Importers should take more responsibilities for carbon emissions embodied in trade, and China should take a certain responsibility for unreasonable energy dissipations too.