郑州市环境空气中VOCs的空间分布及源解析

郑州市环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)以芳香烃、醛酮类、烷烃类为主。各类挥发性有机物的年度平均浓度,芳香烃类为131μg/m3、烷烃类为118μg/m3、酮类为84.3μg/m3。年平均浓度最高的化合物为丙酮(66.2μg/m3)、乙醇(27.5μg/m3)、正十一烷(24.4μg/m3)和甲苯(17.2μg/m3)。挥发性有机物浓度在水平方向上的分布特征为城市老区和工业区最高,其他各功能区基本持平,但城市间的挥发性有机物污染分界不明显;高度方向上,40m左右达到浓度峰值;PCA和PMF源解析结果显示,机动车尾气和工业排放为主要污染源,分别占源总量的34%和19%。     

吹脱捕集气相色谱法分析水中挥发性卤代烃

建立了吹脱捕集气相色谱法测定水中7种挥发性卤代烃的分析方法。对色谱条件、吹脱时间、实验用水等进行了探讨,同时对分析参数如线性相关性、相对标准偏差、最低检出限及加标回收率进行了评价。结果表明,采用吹脱捕集气相色谱法,在1.0μg/L～20.0μg/L范围内,7种卤代烃的质量浓度和峰面积呈良好的线性关系;10.0μg/L的7种挥发性卤代烃标准溶液经重复7次测定,其相对标准偏差为1.30%～8.71%;水样的加标回收率在86.3%～110%之间;最低检出限在0.17μg/L～0.96μg/L之间,该方法已成功地应用于饮用水和地表水中挥发性卤代烃的定性定量测定,结果令人满意。     

太湖流域城镇地表水中挥发性卤代烃污染特征

分析了太湖流域典型城镇-常州市武进区地表水和5类排放源（市政污水处理厂进、出水,工业污水处理厂出水,分散式工业废水和水产养殖废水）中5种挥发性卤代烃的浓度水平,通过密集采样点设置的全年采样,揭示了地表水中挥发性卤代烃的污染特征,探讨了排放源对地表水的影响,初步识别了主要污染源.结果表明,地表水中目标卤代烃的含量在相似文献   

城市污水处理厂恶臭挥发性有机物的感官定量评价研究

采用自制低温吸附装置和臭气袋采集了广州典型城市污水厂6个处理车间的空气样品.应用热解析/气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析恶臭挥发性有机物的组成和含量,参照国标的三点比较式臭袋法测量样品的恶臭浓度,并针对恶臭挥发性有机物进行感官定量评价.结果表明,①城市污水处理厂检测出烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃等7大类共70种挥发性有机物,其中30种属于恶臭挥发性有机物,它们的浓度范围为0.37～1 872.24μg.m-3,在污泥脱水、污泥浓缩和曝气池最高;②主成分分析可以将主要恶臭挥发性有机物分为苯系物、卤代烃、醛类、碳氢化合物和含氮、硫的挥发性有机物5类;③多元线性回归分析能建立化学浓度与恶臭感官浓度的定量表达式,计算出恶臭挥发性有机物对该厂恶臭气味的贡献率占25%,感官浓度的预测值和实测值拟合良好,建立的预测方程对污水处理车间低浓度恶臭挥发性有机物的敏感度高于人鼻嗅辨的敏感度.     

吹扫捕集/气联用测定水中25种有机物研究

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中25种挥发性有机物的方法。采用相对经济的氮气作为吹扫气体,优化了吹扫捕集和色谱条件,结果表明,25种挥发性有机物的色谱分离情况较好,在2.0~50.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.995,检出限在0.02~0.2μg/L范围内。方法的相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,平均回收率为87.3%~108.3%。该方法前处理简单快速,采用内标法定量准确度高,重复性好,检出限低,适合低浓度水样的分析。     

反相流动注射化学发光法测定水中过氧化氢

反相流动注射分析(RFIA),是由Johnson和petty于1982年提出的一种新技术,即以样品为载流,定量注射试剂的分析方法。笔者用反相流动注射化学发光分析方法(RFIA-CL),在ABEI-Cr~(3+)-H_2O_2化学发光体系中,测定H_2O_2含量。其线性范围为0.4～100μg/l;检出限为0.15/μg/l;对浓度为5μg/l的H_2O_2测定11次,相对标准偏差为1.2％;样品分析速度为100只/h。     

P&T-GC-MS联用技术测定水中的25种挥发性有机物

建立了PT-GC-MS联用技术测定水中的25种挥发性有机物分析方法。水中的挥发性有机物经吹扫富集、脱附后,HP-VOC色谱柱分离,选择离子监测模式,内标法定量。25种挥发性有机物质量浓度在0. 5～10μg/L范围呈良好线性关系(响应因子相对标准偏差13. 7%),方法的检出限在0. 03～0. 32μg/L。以空白样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率在84. 9%～112%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0. 7%～9. 2%。本方法操作简单、选择性好、准确度高,可用于测定水中的25中挥发性有机物。     

罐采样-GC/MS测定空气中挥发性有机物方法

建立了罐(SUMMA)采样GC/MS测定空气中38种挥发性有机物的方法,详尽地叙述了采样及分析过程。方法检出限在0.01～0.03μg/m3。     

吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法测定固废浸出液中的挥发性卤代烃

建立了吹扫捕集/气相色谱-质谱法同时测定固体废物浸出液中35种挥发性卤代烃的方法,系统地研究了吹扫捕集条件,优化了色谱分离条件。结果表明,各挥发性卤代烃可以实现良好的分离;标准曲线相关系数均大于0.990,检出限为0.1μg/L-0.3μg/L,不同浓度的相对标准偏差分别为7.6%-16%,2.2%-18%和1.2%-11%,样品加标回收率为73.4%-119%。该方法缩短了分析周期,实现了一次进样多组分同时分析,灵敏度高,具有良好的精密度和准确度,适用于固体废物浸出液中挥发性卤代烃的测定。     

北京地区城乡结合部大气挥发性有机物污染及来源分析

采用低温固体吸附采样,热脱附-气相色谱-质谱方法对北京城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行了观测分析,对城乡结合地空气中挥发性有机物含量水平、时空变化、来源等进行了研究.所有样品共检测出挥发性有机物265种,挥发性有机污染物的平均浓度为431.7μg·m-3,苯系物和烷烃是本地区大气环境中含量最为丰富的挥发性有机物,浓度分别为248.1μg·m-3和130.5μg·m-3,烯烃11.7μg·m-3,卤代烃22.4μg·m-3,含氧化合物18.6μg·m-3,所占比例分别为57.0%、30.0%、3.0%、6.0%和4.0%;苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯等是含量较高的物质;有机污染物在交通早、晚高峰时期出现较高浓度水平,VOCs浓度冬季最高,秋季次之,夏季最低;源分析表明空气中挥发性有机物的主要来源有机动车尾气,油气挥发排放,黏结剂和溶剂利用以及植被排放等,贡献率分别为53.4%、20.1%、11.0%和5.93%.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.