基于利益相关者视角的矿山地质环境多元监管模式探析

由于矿山地质环境保护不善而导致的环境污染、资源枯竭和矿山地质灾害等问题已给我国经济社会发展带来了极大的危害,因此加强对矿山地质环境的监管迫在眉睫。为了实现矿山地质环境监管的有效性,本文从矿山地质环境中利益相关者视角出发,深入分析了矿山地质环境监管中三大利益相关主体的基本概况,并结合矿山基本生命周期,构建了包括监管体制、监管主体、监管内容和监管手段在内的矿山地质环境多元监管模式,以促进矿山地质环境的保护。     

矿山环境问题与防治对策

论文阐述了我国矿山环境的主要问题,表现为矿山生产环境恶劣、"三废"排放、地质灾害、环境资源破坏等,针对这些问题,文中提出了建立明晰的矿山环境资产产权制度、完善矿山生态环境保护的法规体系、实施矿山环境准入制度等管理制度治理途径,同时还提出了清洁生产、"三废"治理、废弃地生态恢复等技术防治措施,以改善我国的矿山环境.     

“五位一体”视域下的矿山生态修复

新形势下我国矿山生态修复需要拓展外延,与绿色采矿、资源循环利用等结合起来;需要创新机制体制,大力培育生态修复产业并建立市场化运行机制,以保证矿山生态修复的可持续;需要树立矿山生态修复的更高目标,与矿山资源节约、环境友好型社会建设、民生改善、后矿山时代需要等结合起来;应增强矿山生态修复的使命感,将之与新农村建设、矿山景观建设、生态文化产业、旅游产业和资源深加工产业等协同起来。     

遥感技术在黑龙江省矿山地质环境监测中的应用

针对黑龙江省矿山地质环境问题,紧密结合遥感技术发展现状和趋势,从资源损毁、矿山地质灾害遥感监测、矿山地质环境危险性评估与预警等方面提出了黑龙江省矿山地质环境遥感监测方法,为矿山地质环境监管提供了新的技术思路。     

矿山生态修复及市政污泥稳定化产物应用潜力

对矿山土地的破坏、污染与危害进行了调研和回顾,详细介绍了矿山土地的物理修复、化学修复和植物修复技术,以及含硫矿山所特需的酸性矿山废水（AMD）原位阻断技术,分析其优缺点及使用条件.研究得出矿山土地生态修复技术的选择依据,通过一系列技术阻断污染,修复与改良表层土壤后建立植被,最终实现生态修复.指出提供足够的、符合需求的植物生长基质是矿山土地生态系统修复的关键要素.进一步提出符合标准要求的市政污泥稳定化产物具有替换客土、预防AMD产生、阻断矿山重金属污染、为矿山土地补充维持植物生长所必需的养分、强化矿山土地保水保肥的作用.同时,对于我国目前待修复的矿山面积,市政污泥稳定化产物施用在时间维度上具有长期的可持续性.因此,市政污泥稳定化产物在矿山土地生态修复的应用上具有潜力和优势.     

辽宁矿山固体废弃物对环境影响遥感调查分析

辽宁矿种繁多,矿山固体废弃物产出量巨大。为了加强生态环境建设,在矿山固体废弃物对生态环境影响遥感调查的基础上,论述了矿山固体废弃物调查对象与内容、技术路线与工作方法,并分析了辽宁矿山固体废弃物产出量及矿山固体废弃物对环境的影响。     

中国矿山环境治理恢复保证金制度

由于中国当前的矿山环境保护政策尚不能从根本上解决矿山环境的主要问题,作为责任主体的矿山企业不能积极主动实施矿山环境治理与恢复。矿山环境治理恢复保证金是为了保证采矿权人履行矿山环境治理恢复义务而缴纳的资金。建立矿山环境治理恢复保证金制度就是为了贯彻"谁污染、谁治理;谁破坏,谁恢复"的环保原则,促进采矿权人在采矿过程中保护矿山环境,并确保在闭坑、停办、关闭后受破坏的矿山生态环境得到治理恢复的一项特别的经济手段和措施。实施保证金制度可以更好地促进矿产资源开发的外部成本内部化,是矿山环境保护必要且有效的形式。     

对生态矿山建设中生态化规划的研究

从矿山结构和功能的关系看，搞好生态矿山建设规划的核心是实现矿山产业结构和功能的“生态化”。我国生态矿山建设应从采矿、选矿的生态化开始，从矿山生态分区规划、选矿的生态化开始，从矿山生态分区规划，矿山生态单元规划和矿山生态安全空间格局三个层次进行研究。对生态矿山功能规划是指矿山生态产业、矿山生态人居、矿山生态文化等八大类功能的全面生态化。     

美国矿山土地复垦制度对我国的启示

如何有效地开展矿山土地复垦、恢复生态环境,达到人口、资源和环境的可持续发展是我国矿山环境保护工作的重中之重。我国的矿区土地复垦工作远远滞后于发达国家,与美国的矿山土地复垦制度相比,我国的矿山土地复垦制度发展滞后。本文在借鉴发达国家矿山土地复垦制度成功经验的基础上,针对我国矿山土地复垦制度的不足提出了予以完善的建议和措施。     

我国矿山采空区综合治理研究综述

矿山资源不断开发产生的大量采空区诱发了许多工程安全和生态安全问题。我国矿山采空区具有类型多样、成因复杂等特点,引发的工程安全和生态环境安全问题差异明显,使矿山采空区综合治理成为一项涉及稳定变形、环境生态的复杂系统工程。针对我国矿山采空区治理的现状和存在的问题,在简要分析我国矿山采空区类型特点和存在的安全隐患的基础上,综述了现有矿山采空区综合治理的主要手段以及各自的优缺点和技术发展,对矿山采空区探测、采空区稳定性评价和采空区处置方法进行了总结与归纳,重点论述了矿山采空区充填方法和充填胶凝材料的应用状况,并展望了矿山采空区治理未来的发展方向。     

论我国煤矿区的水资源状况及其科学保护

本文对我国煤矿区水资源面临的总本形势，煤矿开采对水资源的破坏及其引起的相关灾害进行了详细论述；并提出了与煤矿开采及煤矿区水资源保护密切相关的几个问题。     

Optimisation of the mine closure process

The excitement and fanfare that surrounds the opening of a new mine is never present when it finally closes. Closure may be planned but most commonly, it is premature, occurring before ore (or coal) reserves are exhausted. The reasons why mines close are diverse and include economic, geological, geotechnical, regulatory, community and other pressures. Premature and planned mine closures can result in significant adverse impacts on the environment and community and need to be managed appropriately.The use of risk management techniques can help reduce these impacts. The closure risk model has significant potential as a tool for decision-makers to assess the major closure risks at individual mine sites in a structured, systematic manner both qualitatively and quantitatively. This, in turn, facilitates comparisons between the closure issues at a single site as well as between different mines. A team-based approach is essential to ensure that all of the risks are incorporated, and the use of an external facilitator, as is standard practice in risk assessments, helps to reduce subjective bias. The importance of community engagement during operation and the inevitable mine closure phases cannot be overstated. If ignored, an optimal closure outcome will not be achieved. The consequences of a poor consultation strategy are potentially severe in terms of community impacts. Mining companies that get it right will benefit from the support they receive from employees, landholders, local and state governments, and other stakeholders. Other benefits include significant cost savings and a competitive advantage for future exploration/mining activities.Even though closure issues are unique from mine-to-mine, it is possible to develop a series of principles to assist the company, government and community involved in the closure process to ensure maximum benefit for all parties involved.     

Policy guidance for identifying and effectively managing perpetual environmental impacts from new hardrock mines

Perpetual environmental management at operating and proposed hardrock mines is a rapidly expanding global dilemma. While economies of scale have encouraged larger mines, improved models routinely predict long-term water quality degradation at sulfide metal mines. Technical causes include oxidation of sulfide minerals and seepage from waste rock, tailings, and pit wall rock. Perpetual treatment is usually less expensive than permanent stabilization, even using 2% “risk-free” investment return rate; but this option greatly increases the social and financial complexity. A few regulations address perpetual management, but specific requirements range from formal acceptance to complete prohibition. With vague regulations, predictions of long-term impacts often delay permitting as operators and regulators grapple with model uncertainty and regulatory ambiguity. Risk management tools (e.g., insurance, inflation-protected investments, etc.) can reduce but cannot eliminate risk, and their continued availability is uncertain. What regulators and mine operators need – but do not have – is a clear framework to guide them in developing perpetual management plans that balance risks (e.g., uncertainty in predictions, cost, finance, and governance) and ensure responsible environmental and social stewardship. This paper responds with a review of perpetual mine management issues, including technical causes, policy examples, investment tools, case studies, technical remedies, and principles for successful long-term management.     

我国矿产资源开采中的损失贫化浅析

矿产资源开采中的损失与贫化问题直接关系到国家矿产资源的综合利用程度和可持续发展的问题。我国矿产资源开采中损失贫化大的问题 ,加速了资源枯竭的速度 ,缩短了矿井服务年限 ,加剧了矿产资源供求矛盾 ,造成金属大量流失、开采成本提高、经济效益差并严重阻碍了矿山的发展。文章分析了我国矿产资源开采中的损失贫化大的根源 ,并提出了解决矿石损失贫化的有效途径和低贫损开采模式。     

关于加强乡镇煤矿安全监管的思考

乡镇煤矿事故频发的主要原因是对井下灾害信息的失察。解决问题的途径是政府要加大对技术弱势矿井的科研投人,构建以监察部门为主管的煤矿集约化安全监控系统,使乡镇煤矿的安全监管从分散到集中,从定性到定量,实现小煤矿大管理,从根本上扭转安全监察部门在乡镇煤矿灾害信息监管上的被动局面。     

宁东能源化工基地规划产业布局的生态适宜性分析

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,在宁东地区土壤侵蚀敏感性评价的基础上,对宁东能源化工基地规划的产业布局进行了生态适宜性分析.结果表明,宁东能源化工基地规划的煤炭、电力和煤化工三大主导产业布 局与该区生态环境不相适宜.在规划的12座煤矿、7个电厂和3个煤化工园区中,有3座煤矿、2个电厂和1个化工园区位于土壤侵蚀的高度敏感区内;有2座煤矿、3个电厂和1个化工园区位于土壤侵蚀的中度敏感区内.为更好的促进区域生态环境与经济社会的协调发展,探索性地提出了宁东能源化工基地产业布局规划的优化调整建议.     

综合物探技术在煤矿灾害防治中的应用

分析了煤矿开采中地质灾害与地质风险的地球物理特征,对采区地震勘探、电法勘探等方法的特点与勘探效果以及在煤矿灾害防治中如何正确运用综合物探技术进行了阐述,并展望了综合物探技术的应用前景.     

世界汞矿地区汞污染研究进展

汞是一种人体非必需的有毒重金属元素。近年来,随着全球环境的不断恶化以及人们对汞的毒性的深入认识,世界上不同国家和地区的大型汞矿陆续停产、闭坑。但是,长期的汞矿山开采和冶炼活动,改变和破坏了矿区地表生态系统,对矿区的生态环境造成了严重的汞污染。本文综述了世界范围的汞矿分布和开采冶炼历史以及汞矿开采冶炼的环境影响,主要表现为固体废弃物的排放、水体汞污染、大气汞污染及汞矿活动的大气汞排放、土壤汞污染和食物汞污染。     

Indian small-scale mining with special emphasis on environmental management

Although small-scale mining provides a wealth of socioeconomic benefits to the rural inhabitants of developing countries, there is often total disregard for the environment industry-wide. This paper focuses upon some of the key environmental issues in the Indian small-scale mining industry. The geo-environmental factors constraining the mining of the Himalayan limestone, magnetite, phosphate, and polymetallic sulphur ore deposits are discussed, and the environmental impacts of small-scale operations working prospective deposits are detailed. The paper further examines the schematics of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) adopted for small-scale mines in India. It is concluded, however, that widespread environmental improvement can only be achieved industry-wide if additional mining cooperatives are formed, and the Indian Government, through their Department of Environment, oversees the implementation of effective mitigation practices for small scale-mines, particularly at the university level.     

浅议水雷寿命期内环境条件和边界参数

针对水雷全寿命剖面中环境变量的边界参数进行了深入探讨,为确定水雷全寿命剖面的环境条件边界参数提供了新的研究方向。以确定舰船部署水雷的环境边界参数为案例进行了深入探讨,特别关注了这类水雷在其整个生命周期中的环境条件边界参数,并据此构建了一套用于确定其环境条件边界参数的策略,为水雷产品在其生命周期中环境条件边界参数的确定提供了新的研究方向,这将有助于推动水雷环境工程分析技术的进步,能够更准确地评估水雷的性能和可靠性,从而为水雷的设计和应用提供科学依据。为了进一步提高水雷装备的可靠性和水雷环境工程分析技术,需要对现有的研究思路进行深化和完善,并将其应用于水雷环境条件边界参数的确定过程中,从而为装备建设提供更为坚实的技术支持和依据。