土壤中不同老化时间的DDT对小麦根系的生物有效性

研究了水、正己烷、正己烷/丙酮ASE对土壤中不同老化时间的DDT的逐级提取量的差别及其与小麦根吸收的关系。结果表明,有机氯的水提量随老化时间增加而下降,正己烷提取量随老化时间增加而下降,正己烷/丙酮提取量随老化时间增加而上升。植物根吸收随老化时间增加而下降。根吸收与水提量没有确定关系,与正己烷提取量具正相关关系,与正己烷/丙酮提取量有负相关关系。正己烷提取量可被作为土壤有机氯DDT的有效态部分。     

气相色谱法测定土壤中BHCs和DDTs的残留

建立了土壤中六六六 (BHC )和滴滴涕 (DDT )异构体含量的气相色谱分析方法 ,样品以正己烷 丙酮利用超声波提取 ,提取液以层析柱净化 采用HP 1(Methylsiloxane )毛细管色谱柱分离样品 ,GC ECD检测BHC和DDT的残留量 ,方法的最小检测量为 1 5× 10 -13 — 1 6× 10 -12 g ;平均加标回收率为 92 6 %—99 2 % ;RSD为 2 2 %— 6 0 %     

Cd、Pb在根际与非根际土壤中的吸附解吸特点

采用根袋盆栽试验以及平衡法研究根际与非根际土壤对镉、铅的吸附-解吸特性。结果表明，在镉、铅起始浓度分别为Cd 0-0．6mmol／L和Pb0～1mmol／L条件下，根际与非根际土壤镉、铅吸附量差别不大，随镉、铅浓度的提高，根际土壤镉、铅吸附量均比相应的非根际土壤的高。根际与非根际土壤镉、铅解吸量随镉、铅吸附量的增加而增加，但铅解吸率(0．7％以下)明显比镉的(5％-10％)低，根际土壤镉解吸量比非根际土壤的低。     

提取方法对土壤可溶性有机碳测定结果的影响

为验证浸提条件对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浸提量的影响,选择具有代表性的3种土地利用方式的土壤进行实验,研究土样处理方式、提取时间、水土比、提取剂种类和振荡次数等提取条件对DOC浸提量的影响。结果表明:土样处理方式影响DOC浸提量的大小顺序为:风干过2 mm筛鲜样过1 mm筛过2 mm筛过5 mm筛不过筛,风干过2 mm筛的DOC提取量是鲜样不过筛的2.4倍,且各处理之间DOC浸提量差异性达显著水平(P0.05);DOC的浸提量随振荡时间变化不是特别明显,振荡4 h后基本达到平衡;土壤DOC浸提量随水土比的增加而增大,呈显著的线性关系;浸提剂种类对土壤DOC浸提量影响显著,4种提取剂提取出来的DOC量的大小顺序为:DOC(80℃,H_2O)DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L~(-1) NaHCO_3)DOC(25℃,0.5 mol·L~(-1) K_2SO_4)DOC(25℃,H_2O);单次提取量随提取次数增加而降低,累积提取量随浸提次数增加而升高,且累积提取的DOC量与浸提次数呈极显著正相关。建议采用过2 mm筛的土壤鲜样,提取剂用25℃去离子水,水土比采用5∶1,连续振荡4 h后一次过滤测定土壤DOC含量。本研究有助于增强不同研究结果之间DOC数据的可比性,也有利于推动土壤DOC测定标准的完善。     

油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累

油料作物对亲脂性DDT的吸收富集能力是否会更强是一个值得研究的问题。采用DDT老化残留土壤,温室盆栽油料作物花生(Arachishypogaea),大豆(Glycinemax)和芝麻(Sesamumindicum)。果实成熟后将植株分成根、茎、果壳和果仁四部分,GC-ECD测定各部位中的DDT浓度。研究了油料作物对土壤老化残留DDT的吸收积累情况,结果表明,∑DDT在三种作物不同部位中的浓度顺序都是:根>茎>果壳>果仁。含油量高的花生果仁和芝麻果仁中∑DDT浓度都明显高于大豆果仁的∑DDT浓度,这种差异有可能是由果仁含油量的差异造成的。单株植物吸收积累∑DDT的总量顺序为:花生>芝麻>大豆。花生、大豆和芝麻三种作物的根和茎的生物富集系数都比较高,特别是花生的,说明这三种油料作物根部从土壤中吸收积累老化残留DDT的能力以及从根部向茎部运输DDT的能力都是相当强的。     

华南土壤对五氯苯酚吸附的行为及其控制因素研究

应用批量吸附实验法研究了华南地区7个红壤剖面对PCP的吸附最ΓPCP与剖面深度的关系，以及与土壤的理化性质、化学组成、矿物组成和形态的关系。双变量积矩相关分析发现吸附量ΓPCP与土壤pHw值、TOC呈非常显著相关，与AAOFe、AAOAI和DCBAI呈显著相关，但偏相关分析和剔除法逐步线性同归分析清楚显示，控制吸附最ΔPCP的4个最为重要因素是土壤pHw值、TOC、非晶态氧化铝（AAOAI）和砂粒矿物相（主要是石英）含量，其次是粘土矿物（主要是高岭石和水云母）、CaCO3和晶态氧化铁矿物（DCBFe）的含量。随着深度增加，土壤对PCP的吸附量ΓPCP明显下降。不同的剖面，吸附量有较明显差别，其与土壤pHw值和TOC等含量变化明显相关。     

土壤中有机氯农药的多残留分析技术

本文建立了超声波提取 ,硅胶SPE柱净化 ,GC μECD检测土壤中α HCH ,β HCH ,γ HCH ,δ HCH ,HCB ,o p′ DDE ,aES,p p′ DDE ,Diel,Endrin ,p p′ DDD ,o p′ DDT ,p p′ DDT含量的方法 .对提取剂、洗脱剂和前处理步骤优化的结果表明 :体积比为 1∶2的丙酮 /石油醚是较好的提取剂和洗脱剂 ,方法加标回收率在 70 %— 1 1 0 %之间 ,检测限为0 0 5— 1ng·g- 1 .     

蔬菜地土壤有效态重金属提取方法的比较

实地采集土壤进行盆栽试验,研究用5种提取剂提取的土壤有效态重金属含量与大白菜吸收量间的关系。结果表明,采用化学提取方法测得的可提取态重金属含量比重金属总量更能有效预测大白菜吸收的重金属量,并以CaC l2和NH4OAc 2种提取剂最为有效。将土壤重金属总量与pH值2项指标结合起来考虑可较好地预测大白菜对土壤重金属的吸收。     

DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复

用植草方法研究了受DDT及其主要降解产物污染土壤的植物修复试验，比较了10种草在不同污染浓度下对5种土壤的修复能力。研究表明，同一品种的草在不同土壤中对污染物的清除能力是不同的，不同品种的草在同一土壤中对污染物的清除能力也是不同的，在植物修复的过程中，通过草对有机污染物吸收的途径而去除土壤中污染物所作的贡献很小，植草3个月后，草对DDT及其主要降解产物的吸收与富集仅占原施药总量的0．13％－3．0％，而7．10％－71．94％的DDT及其主要降解产物从土壤中消失。     

原油污染土壤中油成分的最佳萃取条件

利用气相色谱和红外分光测油仪测定原油污染土壤中油成分的含量,对萃取剂种类和用量、萃取时间、萃取次数、温度和pH值进行优化.结果表明,正己烷萃取效果较好,气相色谱杂峰相对少.萃取剂用量为每克干土样加6-7ml正己烷时,萃取油量最大.萃取时间超过24h,萃取效率不再明显升高.萃取效率随萃取次数的增加而增加,可达到100%.pH值小于3时,萃取效果好;pH值大于7时,萃取能力受到极大抑制.温度则选择50-60℃较为适中.     

Substitution of toxicologically critical solvents in the residue analysis of acetamiprid: Towards green chemistry

The article presents the reduced use of toxicologically critical solvents for the extraction and clean-up of a neo-nicotinoid pesticide, acetamiprid from vegetables. Acetamiprid was extracted from spiked vegetable samples of cabbage by the use of different techniques like microwave-assisted extraction (MWAE), sonication and by the conventional method of homogenization. The study revealed that though higher percent recoveries of 78–92 were obtained in the blending method, solvent use was high as compared to MWAE. In MWAE, the percent recoveries recorded were in the range of 46–89 depending upon the solvent used and power employed. A mixture of methanol–water and methanol–acetone at 400 W power levels gave percent recoveries of 72 and 82, respectively, as compared to solvent mixtures, namely, acetone–hexane and acetone–hexane–water, which recorded recoveries of 49 and 67%. The study indicates that the choice of solvent and power employed plays a significant role in MWAE for enhanced recoveries.     

水稻中氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物的超高效液相色谱残留分析方法

采用超高效液相色谱法分析了氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物在田水、土壤、稻秆、糙米和稻壳中的残留.水样以乙酸乙酯为萃取溶剂,液-液分配净化;土壤样品以丙酮为提取剂,液-液分配净化;水稻样品经乙腈提取,NH2-Carb柱净化.对水稻和环境中的氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物进行不同水平的添加回收率实验,方法的回收率在78.2%—104.8%之间,相对标准偏差为1.1%—4.4%.氟虫双酰胺及其代谢产物的最小检出量在0.004—0.02 ng,其在稻田水中的最低检测浓度为0.0008—0.0009 mg.L-1,在土壤、稻秆、糙米、稻壳中的最低检测浓度为0.001—0.003 mg.kg-1.     

Bestimmung der resorptionsverfügbaren PCDD/PCDF aus Kieselrot

For the estimation of intestinal absorption of polychlorianted dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/F), ain-vitro model was developed in order to study PCDD/F mobilization by digestion of technogenic soils using ?Kieselrot” (red slag) as substrate and digestive juice model mixtures. Red slag samples were shaken successively with model mixtures of saliva, gastric juice, duodenal juice and bile. The solids were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with hexane, the hexane extract analyzed for PCDD/F. Additionally, the PCDD/F-content of the red slag was determined. Extraction efficiency was tested with three different digestive juice model mixtures and also tap water for comparision. The percentage of PCDD/F transferred from the red slag sample into the digestive juice mixture was defined as absorption availability. In our experiments, a maximum absorption availability of 2 % was found.     

Impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification in a bench-scale drinking water distribution system

Nitrification occurs in chloraminated drinking water systems and is affected by water quality parameters. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of total organic carbon and chlorine to ammonia ratio on nitrification potential in a simulated drinking water distribution system as during chloramination. The occurrence of nitrification and activity of nitrifying bacteria was primarily monitored using four rotating annular bioreactors (RAB) with different chlorine to ammonia ratios and total organic carbon (TOC) levels. The results indicated that nitrification occurred despite at a low influent concentration of ammonia, and a high concentration of nitrite nitrogen was detected in the effluent. The study illustrated that reactors 1(R1) and 3 (R3), with higher TOC levels, produced more nitrite nitrogen, which was consistent with the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) counts, and was linked to a relatively more rapid decay of chloramines in comparison to their counterparts (R2 and R4). The AOB and HPC counts were correlated during the biofilm formation with the establishment of nitrification. Biofilm AOB abundance was also higher in the high TOC reactors compared with the low TOC reactors. The chlorine to ammonia ratio did not have a significant impact on the occurrence of nitrification. Bulk water with a high TOC level supported the occurrence of nitrification, and AOB development occurred at all examined chlorine to ammonia dose ratios (3:1 or 5:1).     

Revealing the factors affecting occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries

The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in water and sediments of Lake Baikal and its tributaries were measured. It was found that according to existing water and sediment quality standards limiting permissible PAH concentrations, both surface waters and sediments in Lake Baikal watershed can be considered as unpolluted with PAHs compounds. Nevertheless, the spatial distribution of PAH concentrations in lake water indicates the existence of some point PAH sources in and around the lake. These sources were natural oil seeps and communal facilities such as residential coal-fired and oil-fired boilers. It was observed that concentrations of PAHs in both water and sediments are controlled by organic matter content and organic matter mineralisation degree, as indicated by PAH-to-carbon and nitrogen-to-carbon ratios respectively. It was found that PAH/TOC and PAH/TC ratios characterise PAH loading on water and sediments respectively, whereas DIN/TOC and TN/TC ratios characterise self-purification of water and sediments respectively. It was proved that PAH/TOC and DIN/TOC ratios can be used as tracers to evaluate the PAH contributions from tributaries to Lake Baikal.     

水体和甘蓝及土壤中毒死蜱残留检测方法

研究运用不同的样品前处理方式,在装配火焰光度检测器的气相色谱(GC-FPD)上检测,建立了有机磷杀虫剂毒死蜱在水样、土壤和甘蓝中的残留测定方法.研究表明,不同样品中的毒死蜱残留采用本文中介绍的前处理方法是可行的,用石油醚盐析提取和净化水样中毒死蜱,采用丙酮振荡提取甘蓝中毒死蜱,选用索氏提取法提取土壤中毒死蜱,并经液液分配净化后,采用OV-101大口径毛细管柱(30 m×0.53 mm×1.0μm),在装配火焰光度检测器(FPD和磷滤光片)的气相色谱上测定.该分析方法下,毒死蜱的保留时间为1.74 min,线性范围在1.0×10-11—1.0×10-8g之间,其线性相关系数为0.9998,最小检出量为2.0×10-12g.在设定的较低添加浓度的条件下,毒死蜱在水样、土壤与甘蓝上的添加回收率为80%—120%,变异系数均小于5%.该分析方法灵敏、准确、操作简便,适合水样、甘蓝和土壤中低浓度毒死蜱的残留检测.     

The Analysis of Tecnazene (2,3,5,6-Tetrachloronitro-benzene) and its Metabolites in Water and Fish

A method for the analysis of Tecnazene (2,3,5,6-tetrachloronitrobenzene) and its major metabolites (2,3,5,6-tetrachloroaniline and 2,3,5,6-tetrachlorothioanisole) is presented. This rapid analytical technique was developed to measure these compounds in samples of water and fish produced during the course of toxicological investigations. Water samples were extracted into hexane and analysed by high resolution capillary gas chromatography using flame ionisation detection (HRGC-FID). Fish samples were extracted into hexane, cleaned up on a short alumina micro-column and also analysed by HRGC-FID.     

高锰酸钾预氧化后地表水中三氯甲烷生成量的预测模型研究

在饮用水处理中,适当地采用高锰钾预氧化可以降低水中的三氯甲烷生成量。本文研究了影响三氯甲烷生成量的因素,如反应时间,反应温度等,并以这些影响因素为参数通过一元线性回归等数学方法,建立了各影响因素下三氯甲烷生成量折了模型和综合预测模型。     

东江流域农村土壤中多环芳烃的分布特征及其健康风险评估

为了解东江流域农村土壤多环芳烃的分布特征与人类健康风险,采集了30个不同土地利用类型农村表层土壤样品,进行采用索氏抽提法,硅胶/氧化铝（2：1）层析柱分离纯化,最后加内标经气相色谱-质谱仪定量解析的方法测定16种多环芳烃的含量。同时,测定了土壤中不同形态有机质包括总有机碳（TOC）、非水解性有机碳（NHC）、黑碳（BC）以及无定形有机碳（AOC）的含量。结果表明,土壤多环芳烃质量分数在24-238μg·kg-1之间,平均质量分数为107±60μg·kg-1。在16种多环芳烃中,萘、菲、荧蒽和苯并（b）荧蒽的含量最高,占总多环芳烃含量的比重依次为16%、20%、10%和10%。土壤中多环芳烃含量与TOC、NHC以及BC均具有极显著的线性关系（p〈0.01）,三者斜率的大小顺序为BC〉NHC〉TOC（p〈0.01）,表明土壤有机碳中的非水解性有机碳和黑碳在控制土壤中多环芳烃的分布、积累中发挥着重要的作用。土壤中多环芳烃含量与AOC的相关性不显著（p=0.29）。另外,健康风险评价表明儿童暴露的增量终身致癌风险（ILCRs）在可接受的安全范围内（ILCRs 〈10-6）,而成人暴露的增量终身致癌风险则相对较高（10-6皮肤接触〉呼吸;而成人则为：皮肤接触〉误食土壤〉呼吸。