Study on Residential Water Use in North China:Analysis of Nationwide Statistical Data and Case Study of Taiyuan City

Residential water use is gradually becoming the focus in China‘s municipal water supply planning and management in recent years. Little is known, however, about the residential water use in modem China due to the transition of economy and enhancement of management on water conservation. In order to better understand the characteristics of residential water use in North China, a model for identifying the determinants of residential water use was established and analyzed by using panel data and cross-section data methodologies. Then Taiyuan city, the capital city of Shanxi Province in Northern China was selected as a case study. Both the analyses and field investigation indicate that the relatively slow increase of residential water use in recent years may result from the implementation of strict laws and regulations on water conservation. And through the investigation,first-hand information about water consumption pattern, water reuse/conservation, people‘s attitude toward water quantity and quality, etc. have been obtained.     

Comprehensive Appraisal of Provincial Low Carbon Development： A Case Study of China

In this research,the Factor Analysis model of measuring provincial low carbon development in China has been constructed.Based on data from 30 provinces,an empirical study was developed to measure comprehensive low carbon development using the Factor Analysis model(Principal Components method and Normalized Varimax Rotation).The results reveal that the provincial marks of low carbon development are generally low and only nine provinces have high marks(more than 0.80).The results also show significant regional disparity.The provincial marks of the eastern region are higher than both the middle and western provinces of mainland China.All of the provinces with high marks(more than 0.90) are located in the eastern region,and those with the lowest marks(0.60) are located in the middle region.Furthermore,regional disparity in low carbon development follows the same pattern as economic development in China.Finally,some suggestions for decision-makers are presented.     

Study on Community Diversity of Coastal Shelter Forest in Jiaonan

Evaluating the biodiversity of previous and current species in a forest community is an important task. Some methodological researches and effective applications have been carried out widely in the temperate upland zone. However, they lack related researches in coastal shelter forests. This paper attempts to analyze them for Jiaonan coastal forest communities from the following three aspects, the relationship between plant biodiversity structure and its environment, the nexus between biodivers…     

Research on Indicator System of Regional Eco-efficiency:A Case Study of Chengyang District

Eco-efficiency is a valuable tool for managing and solving issues involving resource consumption and pollution emission in current production processes. Despite the popularity of the term “eeo-efficiency“ in business, limited attention has been paid to measuring and reporting regional eco-efficiency for local government policy makers. Based on the concept and method of eco-efficiency, an indicator system of regional eco-efficiency is established in this study. The indicator system comprises 22 indicators, which are divided in to three categories including socio-economic development, resources consumption,environmental pressure. As a promising statistical technique,principle component analysis is used to set the weight of indicators which attempts to calculate the eco-efficiency indices of Qingdao‘s Chengyang District. The results show that the eco-efficiency of Chengyang District has clearly improved 35.1% with small fluctuation from 1995 to 2003. Socio-economic development index and resources consumption index also represent obvious increasing trends. The correlation coefficient between soci-economic development index and resources consumption index is 0.979, which means the social progress and economic growth of Chengyang District depend on an extravagant consumption of resources. The environmental pressure index increased slowly before 1997 and declined gradually after 1997, due to more attention being paid to environmental protection by local government in recent years. Chengyang District still keeps the traditional economic development mode with a high consumption and high production, so the emphases of future development should put on improving the improving the efficient use of natural resources and promoting environmental management sustainability. The results show that the indicators system of regional eco-efficiency is a promising method to quantitatively evaluate resources and environmental efficiency and provide an effective decision-making support for local governments.     

The Impact of Changes of Property Rights on Farmland Use： An Empirical Study of China during Transition

In China, farmland property rights characterized by the household-responsibility system （HRS） have been improved since the reform and opening-up. The rights of use, transfer and gain become more stable, authorized and complete. This paper firstly analyzes the impact on farmland productivity, which comes from the improvement of farmland property rights. Then, an economet-ric model is built to test the above analysis. It concludes that changes of property rights will affect farmland performance in China. In the end, some policy implications are explored for fur-ther reforms.     

Strategy and Mechanism Study for Promotion of Circular Economy in China

1 BACKGROUND OF THE TASK FORCE OF CIRCULAR ECONOMYIn responding to the call from the Chinese government to take the circular economy approach for new industrialization and sustainable development, the Task Force on Circular Economy & Cleaner Production (CETF) of the 3rd phase     

Study on the Comprehensive Tourism Development Pattern in Periphery Minority Area： A Case Study of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of Gansu Province, China

The paper took the human-land relations as a basic point, and the theories of tourism industry system and sustainable development as the guidance, with Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture （Gannan） as the case study area. From microcosmic and macroscopic viewpoints, the author carded out function orientation and evaluation to the tourism industry development, and research on the comprehensive tourism industry development pattern of Gannan. Results show that the fragile ecological environment and the traditional economic growth pattern have restricted regional sustainable development, and made Gannan to become a representative of the periphery minority areas in Northwest China. Tourism development of Gannan is at the primary phase, with the characteristics of short industry chain and low economic efficiency. It is an inevitable choice to transform the way of regional economic growth and the development pattern of tourism industry from the traditional pattern to the pattern of sustainable development. Simultaneously, Gannan＇s natural, national and religious culture makes Gannan a broad prospect on the comprehensive tourism development. Gannan should choose the comprehensive tourism industry as its scientific pattern to realize sustainable development, promote harmonious social, economic and ecological development, alleviate the human-land contradictory, and realize dual goals in terms of ecology construction and economical development. For Gannan and the similar areas in China, studies on the sustainable development pattern of tourism have extremely important strategic sense with respect to tourism development and the sustainable development of regional economy.     

Progress in Enclave Tourism Study of Overseas： A Literature Review

In response to the ＂isolated island＂ phenomenon emerging from the development of tourist resorts in China, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism overseas, which has similar features to the resort ＂island＂. Based on the literatures related to enclave tourism from Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism from the following aspects： definition discussion, theories used, causation of enclaves, characteristics and impacts of enclave tourism. The understanding of the overseas researches on enclave tourism would provide instructions for the study on the problems of Chinese resorts, such as enclavity and ＂island effects＂, and suggest measures for the sustainable development of resorts in China. This paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 briefly introduces the development of enclave tourism in developing countries and the outline of enclave tourism study. Section 2 elaborates on the contents of enclave tourism research and gives deep insights into the study on concepts, characteristics, causations and effects respectively, which is the key part of this paper; Section 3 concludes the review and proposes suggestions for the enclave tourism study in China.     

Strategic Study on Integration of Port and City Development in Rizhao

agglomeration of the Yangtze Delta （UAYD）, one of the most developed regions of China, has witnessed an increasing prevalence in building ecological cities when the ecological cities are pursued by many modern cities, and great achievements have been made in this regard. It is inevitable, however, that certain problems exist during the construction of ecological city, which include but not limited to non-harmonious development of urban complex ecosystem, and the difficulty in quantifying eco-city construction or incomplete quantification in assessing the con- structiori of present and future eco-city. Based on the analysis on social-economic conditions and regional conditions of the UAYD, this paper attempts to set up an index system of eco-cities combining with local characteristics, and to adopt the indices of eco-city, urban harmony, and eco-city colligate to evaluate the ecological level, urban harmonious development and eco-city construction of cities within the UAYD. Results indicate that among 15 cities in UAYD, Suzhou City ranks the highest in terms of eco-city construction, whereas Nantong ranks relatively lower; sustainable eco-city construction is possible only when cities are developed in every respect of harmony.     

The Sustainable Development of ICTs in China： An Empirical Study of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

The wide application of new information and communication technologies （ICTs） has been argued to be critical to business success of small and medium-sized enterprises （SMEs）, especially to those in the developing countries. Drawing upon existing literature, this article will examine the determinants of ICTs application in SMEs in China based on data collected from interviews with top managers and/or owners of 70 SMEs. We identify 20 factors affecting ICTs application in SMEs in China and divide them into four broad categories, namely pressures, firm specific factors, technical factors and local milieu. We also pay special attention to the Chinese business environment affecting ICTs application. Our analysis shows that local ICT infrastructure, external pressures from competitors and ICT knowledge of employees are the determinants of Internet application by SMEs, while product characteristics and market target are important factors of e-commerce adoption.     

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth:A Case Study for Jinan Municipality,China

China is experiencing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization at the cost of agricultural land and environment,particularly in the costal areas. This study takes Jinan as a case presenting a time-series analysis of urban land expansion from 313 to 2003. The results show that the urban expansion of Jinan city mainly took place in the last 100 years, especially after the economic reform in 1978. Social development and economic growth,urban population growth and migration policies were factors driving the urban land expansion. Urban sprawl resulted in a disappearance of wetlands and a great loss of agricultural land, and over-pumping of ground water that led to disappearance of the city‘s feature,namely “the city of springs“.     

城市边界土地增值收益之经济学分析——兼论土地征收中的农民利益保护

经济发展使得城市增长具有必然性。而城市增长又会带来城市内外特定区位土地价格的增加。城市边界区土地价格具有自身的特点。从动态的城市地价模型分析来看．其增值不仅来自于外部性作用，还得益于城市的扩张。城市的扩张有两种方式：一是由于城市化和收入的增加导致城市地租曲线整体向外平移；二是即使人口保持不变，但由于交通的改善使得城市地租曲线逆时针旋转。不能以农业地价来定量边界区土地价格。因为该区土地增值不仅仅来自于外部性，农民具有参与增值分割的权利。应该重新建立土地征收补偿的价格体系．保护农民的合法权利。     

A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Urban Growth: A Case Study for Jinan Municipality,China

Abstract

China is experiencing a process of rapid industrialization and urbanization at the cost of agricultural land and environment, particularly in the costal areas. This study takes Jinan as a case presenting a time-series analysis of urban land expansion from 313 to 2003. The results show that the urban expansion of Jinan city mainly took place in the last 100 years, especially after the economic reform in 1978. Social development and economic growth, urban population growth and migration policies were factors driving the urban land expansion. Urban sprawl resulted in a disappearance of wetlands and a great loss of agricultural land, and over-pumping of ground water that led to disappearance of the city's feature, namely “the city of springs”.     

中国城市建设用地扩张与经济增长重心迁移与脱钩关系研究

协调经济增长与土地资源利用关系是经济发展提质增速及可持续城市建设的关键，为探索城市建设用地扩张与经济增长的时空演变特征及其耦合趋势，运用重心模型、Tapio弹性指数对建设用地扩张与经济增长的空间耦合关系与脱钩状态进行测度，并构建计量模型，检验了经济、社会、政策等因素对城市扩张的影响。结果表明：（1）中国经济与建设用地规模保持双增长态势，中西部地区近年来建设用地扩张更加明显，经济和建设用地重心均呈现西南方向迁移，但空间耦合性逐渐减弱；（2）中国经济与建设用地脱钩关系不断恶化，脱钩状态分布格局变化明显，东部地区脱钩状况逐渐改善；（3）社会经济因素是城市扩张的关键推动力，政策、产业集聚等也在一定程度上促进城市扩张。未来要重点加强对中西部地区城市土地扩张的管控，对于东部地区而言，则要在经济转型的过程中寻求产业转型与土地利用转型的契合点，追求城市的精明增长。     

三峡库区重庆段城市空间扩展及形态时空演变研究

由于时代的局限性以及地理单元的独特性,以往城市空间结构理论的研究热点多集中于经济较为发达的东部地区或特大型城市,对于欠发达西部地区的中小城市关注不够。基于RS与GIS技术,通过1995年、2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年5期TM遥感影像提取城市建成区数据,利用城市空间扩展强度和速度指数、紧凑度、分形维数及形状指数对三峡库区重庆段20 a间城市空间扩展及形态演变定量分析。得出以下结论及建议:(1)随着时间增长,城市空间扩展强度及速度总体呈上升趋势,紧凑度持续降低,城市建成区面积逐年递增,城市扩展极不稳定;(2)城市空间形态受重大事件影响易发生"突变",随着时间的沉淀,空间形态再发生"整合";(3)1997年重庆直辖以来,前10 a的移民安置工程为城市形态的"突变"提供了良好契机。2007年之后,在经济发展作为城市空间扩展的核心动力支撑下,研究区城市扩展主流模式侧重于沿一到两个方向扩展,形成"一心两辅"的发展态势;(4)在未来城市发展规划中,应坚持可持续发展理念、合理规划用地布局,优化产业结构,加强环境保护,避免"边发展、边污染"的被动局面,同时结合自身交通运输条件的优势,在各个方向上形成依附在中心城镇周围的腹地并作为未来扩展的基础,构建副中心城市,将城市形态有序沿城市发展中心蔓延,形成"一核多翼"的发展态势。     

都市扩张与土地资源利用集约化：关于上海市城市发展模式的研究

随着我国经济的持续高速增长,人口向城市,尤其是大城市集中的趋势越来越明显,城市规模正在迅速膨胀。具体说来,主要体现在以下三个方面－城市占地面积的扩张;城市人口的膨胀;城市经济实力的增长。     

长三角地区城市土地开发强度特征及影响因素分析

合理控制土地开发强度是提高土地利用效率和改善环境质量的重要手段。以建设用地面积占该区域土地总面积的比例为土地开发强度的表征指标,运用GIS软件和经济计量模型,探讨了1996~2008年长三角地区城市土地开发强度的特征及其影响因素。结果表明：长三角城市土地开发强度总体上呈增长趋势,城市间土地开发强度差异明显,并且具有空间集聚特征,形成了以上海、杭州为中心的高强度地区,这与目前长三角经济增长极相吻合。同时,经济增长、城镇化、产业结构与城市土地开发强度之间显著正相关,行政区划调整与城市土地开发强度在短期内表现为负相关关系,土地管理政策的影响尚不显著。今后,只有转变经济发展方式,严格执行土地管理政策和城市规划,合理推动城镇化和城市产业布局,才能使城市土地开发强度保持在合理水平。将为长三角地区城市土地可持续利用提供参考,对控制城市建设用地规模和发展方向,也有一定的理论和现实指导意义     

土地城镇化与人口城镇化的非协调性和互动关系

土地城镇化与人口城镇化失调是我国目前城镇化进程中的一个突出问题。但对各地区土地城镇化与人口城镇化的非协调性进行全面系统分析的研究相对较少。此外,鲜有研究对土地城镇化与人口城镇化之间的互动关系进行实证检验。本研究利用我国2005—2013年间的省级面板数据考察各省级行政区土地城镇化与人口城镇化的非协调性,并通过构建和估计面板向量自回归模型探究土地城镇化与人口城镇化之间的互动关系。研究发现,土地城镇化与人口城镇化的非协调性存在着显著的时空差异。在样本期的后半段(2009—2013年),多个省级行政区人口城镇化滞后于土地城镇化的程度有所加深。根据全样本期内土地城镇化与人口城镇化非协调性的严重程度,可将各省级行政区划分为5个等级。城镇常住人口变化对建成区面积变化具有显著的正向影响;建成区面积变化对城镇常住人口变化的影响方向虽然为正,但该影响不具有统计显著性。从而表明人口城镇化对土地城镇化起到了推动作用,但土地城镇化却未能有效地带动和促进人口城镇化。此外,第二、三产业增加值变化对城镇常住人口变化具有显著的正向影响。研究从改革新增建设用地指标分配方式、抑制城市空间粗放扩张及推动户籍制度改革和基本公共服务均等化等方面提出了促进土地城镇化和人口城镇化协调发展的政策建议。     

土地开发对城市经济增长的作用机制和传导路径——基于结构方程模型的实证检验

已有文献对土地开发、土地收入与城市经济增长间的关系进行了大量探讨,但未能揭示土地开发对城市经济增长的作用机制和传导路径,尤其是没有区分土地开发对城市经济增长的直接和间接影响,直接影响主要是土地开发收入用于城市基础设施建设带来的投资效应,间接影响包括土地开发收入通过改善城市基础设施和公共服务、增强对产业和人口的吸引力对城市经济增长的促进作用。本文构建了反映土地收入对城市经济增长的作用机制和传导路径的结构方程模型,利用285个城市2000—2010年以及2011—2013年的差分数据进行了实证检验。结果表明:土地开发收入显著促进了城市经济增长。2000—2010年间,土地出让收入每增长1个标准单位,城区GDP将增长3.09标准单位,其中土地开发收入的直接影响为0.35标准单位,间接影响为2.74标准单位。土地开发通过改善城市基础设施和公共服务、增强对产业集聚和常住人口吸引力的间接效应远大于用于城市基础设施建设投资的直接效应,在间接效应中,吸引产业集聚的影响大于吸引常住人口的影响。不同类型城市土地开发收入对城市GDP的直接影响和间接影响的程度不同。     

基于圈层建设用地密度分析的中国主要城市扩张的时空特征

基于圈层建设用地密度分析,提出了城市扩张核心度指数;通过计算城市扩张核心度指数和城市扩张强度指数,分析了1990~2010年中国27个主要城市距城市中心不同距离区域的城市扩张的时空模式。研究发现:(1)1990~2010年,大部分城市核心度指数不断降低,城市空间结构变化与国家区域政策密不可分,呈现明显的区域特征。1990~2000年东部沿海地区城市核心度值减少幅度较大,2000~2010年则是东北部和中西部城市降低明显。总体上看,西部和东北部城市的核心度指数要高于东部和中部的城市,结构更加紧凑。(2)城市扩张最活跃的地方总是出现在核心区边界附近,并不断向外推移。(3)城市的形态与城市的发展阶段密切相关。1990~2000年,一线城市扩张的强度和范围远大于其他城市;2000~2010年,二三线城市的扩张强度和范围明显增加。经济比较发达的城市,建设用地的扩张逐渐由单中心扩展向多中心协同发展转变,而经济相对落后西部城市和东北部城市,城市结构比较紧凑,保持着单中心的城市形态。