环境暑焦点

由于气候的变化,一些重要地区的世界最重要的大宗生产的粮食作物可能会减产三分之一.在最近在摩洛哥马拉喀什举行的一轮气候变化商谈中,KlausTopfer（联合国环境署执行主任）强调了近来有关全球变暖对农业的影响的研究的重要性. 全球人口增长固然使增加产量变得空前紧迫,而国际大米研究协会（IRRI）的研究者们引用证据说明与温室气体排放有关的气温升高会削弱作物开花和结籽的能力.在热带地区气温每升高1℃,大米、玉米和小麦等粮食作物的产量就会下降10％.政府间气候变化专家小组（IPPC）估计到2001年全球热带地区的平均气温将升高3℃.IRRI的科学家们说他们的初步概算显示到2050年热带地区的产量将减少30％.     

热带亚热带土壤氮素反硝化研究进展

热带亚热带独特的土壤性质可能使得反硝化机理有别于温带土壤.文章综述了热带亚热带地区土壤氮素生物反硝化的研究进展,试图更好地了解该地区土壤反硝化在全球氮（N）循环以及在全球环境变化和生态系统响应互作中的角色.热带亚热带土壤反硝化强度普遍较温带地区弱,且随着土地利用方式和耕作管理措施的不同而呈现较大的时空变异性.影响土壤水分状况和土壤碳（C）、N 转化特性和速率的因素即为区域和农田尺度上的反硝化影响因素.湿润型热带亚热带土壤由于含有丰富的氧化物而致使土壤氧化还原势较高,这也是导致该地区土壤反硝化势较温带地区较低的关键土壤因素之-.然而土壤pH 值不是该地区土壤反硝化势较低的主要限制因素.有机C 矿化过程较土壤全氮含量和土壤C/N 比在决定湿润型亚热带土壤反硝化势方面更为重要.愈来愈多的证据表明热带亚热带土壤反硝化的生态环境效应不同于温带地区,热带亚热带地区土壤反硝化对全球变暖的贡献应综合考虑其对其它温室气体（如CH4,CO2）排放和氮沉降的影响.热带亚热带土壤生态系统具有-些防止土壤氮素反硝化损失的机制和保氮策略.然而,热带亚热带生态系统对全球变化的响应机制及其生物地球化学调控机制仍然不清楚,这些研究对于反硝化和其它同时发生的氮转化过程模型的精确构建至关重要.     

海南岛尖峰岭林区近50年的热量因子变化特征

全球气候变暖已得到充分证实。区域气候条件的变化必然影响该区域植物的生理活动,进而影响该区域植被的结构和功能。尖峰岭热带森林作为中国典型的热带森林生态系统之一,其长期的气候变化特征在评价森林对全球气候变化的响应与反馈中具有重要意义。采用国家野外科学观测研究站尖峰气象观测场1957─2005年的地面常规气象观测资料,选用气候趋势系数和气候倾向率定量分析了尖峰岭林区热量条件的变化特征,讨论热量条件的变化对主要热带森林植物的影响。结果表明,尖峰岭林区50年的多年平均气温和平均地温分别为24.7和29.0℃。50年来,林区热因子(平均温度和极端温度)均呈上升趋势,其中平均气温、平均最高地温、平均最低地温、极端最高气温、极端最低气温、极端最高地温升高趋势都显著(P0.05),每10年分别增加0.17、0.29、0.35、0.30、0.53、1.93℃,尖峰岭热带林区气候变暖来自于最低气温和最高地温升高的贡献。1、2、8、10和11月的平均气温升高趋势显著(P0.05),每10年分别增加0.27、0.28、0.14、0.12、0.24℃;1、2、3月的平均地温升高趋势显著(P0.05),每10年分别增加0.47、0.82、4.56℃,旱季对年平均气温和地温的增温贡献值大于雨季。尖峰岭地处热带北缘,其有效积温远低于赤道地区,因此,变暖的气候条件将通过改变尖峰岭热带森林植物的物候期而影响其生长与繁殖。     

近50年来长江-黄河源区气候及水文环境变化趋势分析

对长江、黄河源区12个台站近50年来的温度、降水资料分析表明，近50年来长江源区平均升温0．61℃，黄河源区平均升温0．88℃；长江一黄河源区降水量在经过上世纪80年代高峰期后90年代呈现明显下降趋势，东部地区降水量减幅大于西部地区；在总体气候向暖干变化的同时，区域内春末夏初和冬季部分月份近50年来气候朝暖湿化方向发展。径流量在上世纪90年代呈现出较强的枯水期，然而由于气候变暖加剧了冰雪的消融，以冰雪融水补给为主的河流在温度升高的气候背景下径流量出现了较大幅度的增长。伴随着温度的升高和降水量的波动变化，近50年来区域内呈现出冰川、冻土加速消融，湖泊、沼泽疏干退化加剧的趋势。     

四川不同海拔豆地生态及大豆生长发育变化研究

对φ（Ｎ）３２°１４′～３２°５６′,λ（Ｅ）１０４°３６′～１０４°５１′范围内海拔（ｈａｌｔ）４００ ～１ ４００ ｍ 豆地小气候观测结果表明：ｈａｌｔ每升高１００ ｍ ,平均气温递减０．７２ ℃;年降雨量递增６３．０ ｍｍ（４００～６００ ｍ） ～１０６．８ ｍｍ（８００ ～１ ４００ ｍ）;相对湿度递增１％ ;日照时数呈抛物线上升变化． ｈａｌｔ４００ ｍ 日均温稳定通过１２．０ ℃的初期为３ 月中旬,ｈａｌｔ每升高１００ ｍ ,该时间延迟５～７ ｄ． 不同ｈａｌｔ＞１２℃的有效积温分别为３６２１．２ ℃（４００ ｍ）;３ ２４５ ．０ ℃（６００ ｍ）;３ １４９．９ ℃（８００ ｍ） ;２ ８０４ ．８ ℃（１ ０００ ｍ） ;２０８２．１ ℃（１２００ ｍ）;１ ９５０．１ ℃（１ ４００ ｍ） ． 在相对较高的海拔,存在明显的逆温和南北坡效应,相应存在大豆局部高产区． 不同海拔豆地生态及大豆生长发育变化研究结果可为四川不同海拔区大豆品种合理布局和应用高产优质栽培技术提供了理论依据．     

喜马拉雅东部雅鲁藏布江大峡湾河谷地区种子植物区系的性质和近缘关系

中国西藏墨脱雅鲁藏布江大峡湾河谷地区（海拔2500m以下热带亚热带山地）属东喜马拉雅山地的一部分，在区系亲缘上属印度东北部阿萨姆喀西山和那加山以及尼泊尔等东喜马拉雅地区区系的一部分；其热带成分与我国云南南部的西双版纳也有较为密切的联系，这是第三纪以来印度－马来成分沿中南半岛迁移和交流的结果．也与同二者在地理上密切相连有关.在植物区系区划上，本地区山地基带植被是一种由热带植被向亚热带植被水平过渡的具有浓郁亚热带特色的半常绿雨林，但其典型的印度－马来成分仍然有限，而泛北极的中国－喜马拉雅成分占优势，并拥有东亚或中国－喜马拉雅的特征科属；因此墨脱雅鲁藏布江大峡湾地区应归入泛北极植物区中的东喜马拉雅植物地区     

拟柱孢藻毒素生态毒性的研究进展和展望

随着全球变暖的加剧,拉氏拟柱胞藻（Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii）表现出从热带和亚热带地区向温带地区迁移和扩张的趋势。拟柱孢藻过度繁殖引发的主要生态环境问题是其有毒次级代谢产物—拟柱孢藻毒素（Cylindrospermopsin,CYN）的大量产生。这种蓝藻毒素水溶性很高,可长时间停留在水体中,对动植物和人类健康造成威胁。近年来,国际上对CYN的研究越来越多,研究范围也日趋广泛,而国内的相关研究却很少。本文根据现有的研究结果,介绍了CYN的分子结构和理化特性;总结了CYN可能对水生生物、土壤作物和人类健康造成的影响和危害,并对相应的致毒机理进行了归纳总结;最后对未来的研究内容和方向进行了展望。     

德夯风景区植物区系的研究——Ⅱ.植物区系地理成分及其起源分析

对德夯地区514个野生种子植物属统计分析,结果表明:1.该区植物区系主要由中、小型属组成,属内种数贫乏,少型属与单型属占有一定比例;2.含我国15种地理成分的14种,其中以北温带分布,泛热带分布,热带亚洲分布,东亚一北美分布及东亚分布5种成分为代表,尤其后四者最为重要;3.起源复杂,有自古南大陆和古北大陆南部起源后向北迁移而来的热带成分,也有我国亚热带本地起源的亚热带成分。这里的热带性质与温带性质并不明显,而亚热带性质十分突出,表明该地区属典型的亚热带植物区系。     

中国不同气候类型森林土壤微生物群落结构及其影响因素

森林土壤微生物决定了森林生态系统的能量流动和物质循环,研究其群落结构和影响因素对于维持生态系统稳定性和应对全球气候变化具有重要意义。磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）因其仅在活体微生物中存在的特性,可以作为生物标志物直观反映土壤中不同种类微生物群落的生物量和群落结构。以土壤微生物为对象,采用PLFA方法,分析了中国全部6种气候类型中天然森林土壤中微生物的群落结构、生物量和理化性质,并采用相关分析和冗余分析方法分析了影响微生物群落结构的主要因素。结果表明,6种气候类型中,土壤容重、土壤pH、土壤凋落物碳质量分数、土壤有机碳质量分数、土壤总氮质量分数、土壤碳氮比和土壤总磷质量分数存在显著差异。真菌群落生物量在6种气候类型中存在显著差异,随气候类型从寒带-温带-热带变化中呈现先升后降的趋势。暖温带土壤真菌与细菌比值最高（0.7）,显著高于亚热带、热带土壤（0.4-0.5）。热带土壤和高原土壤的革兰氏阳性与阴性菌比显著高于其他气候类型（1.3-1.5）,亚热带土壤最低（0.7）。气候（年均温、年降水量）和土壤理化性质（土壤pH、土壤容重、土壤总氮质量分数和土壤有机碳质量分数）与PLFAs质量分数所代表的...     

南亚热带丘陵土壤水分循环及其有效性的研究──Ⅲ.降雨入渗与地表径流

南亚热带高温多雨,年降雨量大而分布不均,台风雨季节降雨强度大,全年降雨多集中在4～9月,占全年的80％以上,因而大大地增加了降雨所引起的地表径流,径流也主要集中在多雨季节,特别是在5～8月,占全年降雨径流量的90％左右,形成了南亚热带坡地独特的地表径流特征．南亚热带的降雨入渗对表土层的影响较大,在暴雨过程中,0～30cm土层水分易产生饱和,因而易产生地表径流,从而减少水分入渗．这对作物生长产生不利的影响．     

Understanding Recent Climate Change

Abstract:  The Earth's atmosphere has a natural greenhouse effect, without which the global mean surface temperature would be about 33 °C lower and life would not be possible. Human activities have increased atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases in trace amounts. This has enhanced the greenhouse effect, resulting in surface warming. Were it not for the partly offsetting effects of increased aerosol concentrations, the increase in global mean surface temperature over the past 100 years would be larger than observed. Continued surface warming through the 21st century is inevitable and will likely have widespread ecological impacts. The magnitude and rate of warming for the global average will be largely dictated by the strength and direction of climate feedbacks, thermal inertia of the oceans, the rate of greenhouse gas emissions, and aerosol concentrations. Because of regional expressions of climate feedbacks, changes in atmospheric circulation, and a suite of other factors, the magnitude and rate of warming and changes in other key climate elements, such as precipitation, will not be uniform across the planet. For example, due to loss of its floating sea-ice cover, the Arctic will warm the most .     

Influence of Tibetan Plateau on vegetation distributions in East Asia: a modeling perspective

Understanding the current distribution of vegetation and its interaction with climate regularity and surface irregularity is important for predicting its future change. In comparison with other regions of the world, the vegetation distribution in East Asia is unique, such as the location of desert belt, subtropical evergreen forests and deciduous broadleaved forest; but the underlying causes are still not clear. While some researchers have proposed on the effect of monsoons as causal mechanisms, others have suggested that the direct cause might be the rising of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the relative importance of these two mechanisms remains unknown, and cannot be directly tested at large spatial and temporal scales. Here we construct the possible vegetation distribution in this area (15°N–60°N, 60°E–150°E) with assumption that there were no TP (e.g., its elevation were 1000 m and roughly equal to its surroundings), using a General Circulation Model and the Holdridge Life Zones System. Our simulations demonstrated that TP affected the vegetation distribution and patterns in East Asia significantly. Without TP the area of warm temperate forest and subtropical forest would increase, but desert area would decrease. The effects of TP should be considered when studying vegetation dynamics in East Asia under climate change. The results are also useful for explaining the plant biogeography in this region.     

Scenarios of major terrestrial ecosystems in China

The spatial pattern and mean-center shift of major terrestrial ecosystems, termed Holdridge Life Zones (HLZ), during the periods from 1961 to 1990 (T1), from 2010 to 2039 (T2), from 2040 to 2069 (T3) and from 2070 to 2099 (T4) were analyzed by combining the zonal patterns of climatic change in China and the climatic change scenarios of HadCM2 and HadCM3. The results showed that nival area would decrease rapidly with temperature increase in the future. HadCM2 and HadCM3 predicted that the nival areas might disappear in 552 years and 204 years, respectively. Using both HadCM2 and HadCM3, the five HLZ types with the largest areal extent are nival zone, cool temperate moist forest, warm temperate moist forest, subtropical moist forest and boreal wet forest, which collectively account for more than 50% of China's land mass. Among these five HLZ types, nival zone, warm temperate moist forest and boreal wet forest would decrease continuously, whereas subtropical moist forest and cool temperate forest would increase continuously during the four periods. HLZ diversity and patch connectivity would increase continuously in the 21st century. The shift distances of mean centers of HLZ types simulated using HadCM3 were markedly greater than those simulated using HadCM2, in general. The results from both HadCM2 and HadCM3 showed that boreal wet forest, subtropical moist forest, tropical dry forest, warm temperate moist forest and subtropical wet forest had bigger shift ranges, indicating that these HLZ types are more sensitive to the climatic change scenarios of HadCM2 and HadCM3.     

Spatial and temporal variation in growth rates and maturity in the Indo-Pacific squid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sepioteuthis lessoniana</Emphasis> (Cephalopoda: Loliginidae)

Age, growth and maturity parameters are described for the Indo-Pacific squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana both temporally and spatially (equatorial, tropical and subtropical). Tropical squid that grew through periods of warming water temperatures grew 9% faster than squid that grew through periods of cool water temperatures. The tropical spring-hatched and equatorial squid had similar growth rates (3.24, 3.18 g/day) and these were significantly faster than the tropical summer/autumn hatched squid (2.89 g/day). The oldest squid aged was 224 days, but the majority of individuals were <200 days. Subtropical squid were larger, older and matured later than equatorial and tropical spring-hatched squid. The mean weight of subtropical squid aged between 100 and 150 days was >400 g, 85% greater than tropical and equatorial squid. Geographical differences revealed that subtropical mature winter females and males had mean ages >150 days, respectively 17% and 23% older than their tropical mature winter counterparts. Temporal differences in age at maturity were also evident with tropical winter females and males having a mean age of ~140 days, respectively 41% and 25% older than their summer counterparts. Cooler subtropical and winter tropical squid had the heaviest gonads (>15 g ovaries, >1.5 g testes) compared to summer tropical and equatorial squid. However, relative gonad investment (GSI) values of the cooler squid were significantly lower with cool subtropical and winter tropical females having GSI values <3, which was about half the value of the warmer water females. This study revealed considerable plasticity in the size-at-age of this species. The tropical population had growth parameters that fluctuated between an equatorial strategy (fast growth, small body size, and small gonads) and a subtropical strategy (large body size, slower growth, and large gonads) depending on season.     

中国东部南北样带中南段典型植被类型NDVI变化分析

以IGBP第15条国际标准样带——中国东部南北样带中南段的植被为主要研究对象，对该区域应用NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)数据进行植被类型划分，共划分为三大类35小类．在此基础上，选择6种不同气候区域典型的森林植被类型，对其NDVI变化进行分析，从而得出：NDVI随着纬度的降低变化逐渐减小；通过研究经向年内：NDVI变化，发现4月份研究区域南北：NDVI指数变化最明显；分析NDVI均值变化可知，从暖温带到北亚热带植被指数NDVI形成明显的阶跃，从而判定植被指数NDVI对短期气候变化具有明显的指示性，并发现通过植被指数NDVI的季节变化曲线，可以较为准确地判定森林、草原、农作物等大类型，图4表1参15。     

Coral Bleaching and Global Climate Change: Scientific Findings and Policy Recommendations

Abstract: In 1998, tropical sea surface temperatures were the highest on record, topping off a 50-year trend for some tropical oceans. In the same year, coral reefs around the world suffered the most extensive and severe bleaching ( loss of symbiotic algae) and subsequent mortality on record. These events may not be attributable to local stressors or natural variability alone but were likely induced by an underlying global phenomenon. It is probable that anthropogenic global warming has contributed to the extensive coral bleaching that has occurred simultaneously throughout the reef regions of the world. The geographic extent, increasing frequency, and regional severity of mass bleaching events are an apparent result of a steadily rising baseline of marine temperatures, combined with regionally specific El Niño and La Niña events. The repercussions of the 1998 mass bleaching and mortality events will be far-reaching. Human populations dependent on reef services face losses of marine biodiversity, fisheries, and shoreline protection. Coral bleaching events may become more frequent and severe as the climate continues to warm, exposing coral reefs to an increasingly hostile environment. This global threat to corals compounds the effects of more localized anthropogenic factors that already place reefs at risk. Significant attention needs to be given to the monitoring of coral reef ecosystems, research on the projected and realized effects of global climate change, and measures to curtail greenhouse gas emissions. Even those reefs with well-enforced legal protection as marine sanctuaries, or those managed for sustainable use, are threatened by global climate change.     

Thermal tolerance of early development in tropical and temperate sea urchins: inferences for the tropicalization of eastern Australia

The thermal envelope of development to the larval stage of two echinoids from eastern Australia was characterized to determine whether they fill their potential latitudinal ranges as indicated by tolerance limits. The tropical sand dollar, Arachnoides placenta, a species that is not known to have shifted its range, was investigated in Townsville, northern Australia (19°20′S, 146°77′E), during its autumn spawning season (May 2012). The subtropical/temperate sea urchin, Centrostephanus rodgersii, a species that has undergone poleward range expansion, was investigated in Sydney, southern Australia (33°58′S, 151°14′E), during its winter spawning season (August 2012). The thermal tolerance of development was determined in embryos and larvae reared at twelve temperatures. For A. placenta, the ambient water temperature near Townsville and experimental control were 24 °C and treatments ranged from 14 to 37 °C. For C. rodgersii, ambient Sydney water temperature and experimental control were 17 °C, and the treatment range was 9–31 °C. A. placenta had a broader developmental thermal envelope (14 °C range 17–31 °C) than C. rodgersii (9 °C range 13–22 °C). Both species developed successfully at temperatures well below ambient, suggesting that cooler water is not a barrier to poleward migration for either species. Both species presently live near the upper thermal limits for larval development, and future ocean warming could lead to contractions of their northern range limits. This study provides insights into the factors influencing the realized and potential distribution of planktonic life stages and changes to adult distribution in response to global change.     

Tropical amphibians in shifting thermal landscapes under land‐use and climate change

Land‐cover and climate change are both expected to alter species distributions and contribute to future biodiversity loss. However, the combined effects of land‐cover and climate change on assemblages, especially at the landscape scale, remain understudied. Lowland tropical amphibians may be particularly susceptible to changes in land cover and climate warming because many species have narrow thermal safety margins resulting from air and body temperatures that are close to their critical thermal maxima (CT_max). We examined how changing thermal landscapes may alter the area of thermally suitable habitat (TSH) for tropical amphibians. We measured microclimates in 6 land‐cover types and CT_max of 16 frog species in lowland northeastern Costa Rica. We used a biophysical model to estimate core body temperatures of frogs exposed to habitat‐specific microclimates while accounting for evaporative cooling and behavior. Thermally suitable habitat area was estimated as the portion of the landscape where species CT_max exceeded their habitat‐specific maximum body temperatures. We projected changes in TSH area 80 years into the future as a function of land‐cover change only, climate change only, and combinations of land‐cover and climate‐change scenarios representing low and moderate rates of change. Projected decreases in TSH area ranged from 16% under low emissions and reduced forest loss to 30% under moderate emissions and business‐as‐usual land‐cover change. Under a moderate emissions scenario (A1B), climate change alone contributed to 1.7‐ to 4.5‐fold greater losses in TSH area than land‐cover change only, suggesting that future decreases in TSH from climate change may outpace structural habitat loss. Forest‐restricted species had lower mean CT_max than species that occurred in altered habitats, indicating that thermal tolerances will likely shape assemblages in changing thermal landscapes. In the face of ongoing land‐cover and climate change, it will be critical to consider changing thermal landscapes in strategies to conserve ectotherm species.     

湿地碳汇功能探讨:以泥炭地和芦苇湿地为例

大量研究表明湿地是地球表层系统中的重要碳汇,对于吸收大气中的温室气体,减缓全球气候变暖有重要作用.由于近几十年来全球气候变暖和人类活动的影响,湿地碳汇功能不断减弱.文章以泥炭地和芦苇Phragmites australis湿地为例来分析湿地的碳汇功能发现:农业排水、土地利用方式的改变、大气中CO2体积分数升高、全球气候变化等人为和自然因素影响了泥炭地的碳汇功能,泥炭地的碳蓄积能力下降,逐渐由"碳汇"转变为"碳源";尽管芦苇湿地是CH4的重要来源,但其对CO2具有较强的碳汇作用,综合来看芦苇湿地的仍是温室气体的净汇;人工芦苇湿地污水净化系统的温室气体排放量高于天然芦苇湿地.分析表明,研究泥炭地和芦苇湿地在全球气候变化下的响应及反馈机制,确定合理的湿地开发模式将是未来湿地碳汇研究的主要方向.     

Pelagic biogeography of the South Atlantic Ocean

The biogeography of the South Atlantic was investigated using presence/absence data for euphausiids. Records were taken from recent and historic, as well as published and unpublished data sets. The resulting biogeography is the most complete to date and can be usefully compared with the biogeochemical provinces for the region. A total of six biogeographic provinces were identified from similarity analyses of the 246 five-degree grid squares. These correspond to Antarctic, sub-Antarctic, cold temperate, warm temperate (subtropical) and tropical waters, as well as the Agulhas Current. Congruence with the biogeochemistry of the region is good in the south and emphasises the important determinate role of temperature. However, the biogeography fails to identify coastal and tropical biogeochemical provinces. This can be attributed to the fact that while adjoining areas may share many species in common, their assemblages differ in their quantitative composition. This serves to emphasise differences in provincial functioning. Received: 28 May 1997 / Accepted: 15 July 1997