N and P dynamics in the litter layer and soil of Mexican semi-arid forests, state of Morelos

In central Mexico, it is common for farmers to retain useful trees in abandoned lands after maize cultivation, creating a park-like landscape of scattered trees for extensive livestock grazing, among other land uses (mature forests, secondary forests, and livestock grazing in secondary forests). Among these trees Acacia cochliancantha and Ipomoea arborescens are the most common species associated with this land use in the region. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of both tree species on soil N and P recycling. To this end, we measured N and P concentrations in leaves of both species; and the seasonal N and P (total and dissolved) content in the litter, and total N and P, inorganic N, and bicarbonate-extractable-P concentrations, and the N transformations in the soil, in samples collected under crown of Acacia and Ipomoea and in open areas. Trees of different species varied in their capacity to cycle N. The leaves of Acacia were richer in N than those of Ipomoea (29.7 and 25.0 mg N g⁻¹, respectively), and nutrient resorption was higher in leguminous trees than in Ipomoea (by 20% in the case of N, and 35% in the case of P). Acacia trees had higher effects on soils than Ipomoea trees, like consistent increases of N concentrations (by 30% in the case of total N, and by 50% in the case of inorganic N) and transformations (N mineralization and nitrification in rainy season increases by a factor of 20 and 36, respectively). On the other hand, Ipomoea produced senescent leaves and accumulated forest litter with less P concentration (0.8 and 0.7 mg P g⁻¹, respectively) in relation to Acacia (senescent leaves: 1.3 mg P g⁻¹; litter: 1.1 mg P g⁻¹), reflecting the lower availability of the nutrient in the soil. The total litter N and P pools decreased in the rainy season under crown of both species, as the dissolved P pool did. The total soil N and P concentrations did not change with sampling season. However, potential N transformations and bicarbonate P under both species were higher in dry season than in rainy season samples. Comparison with other land uses in the region suggests that the Acacia–Ipomoea system cycles low quantity of nutrients, but there are no notable differences in the availability of P in the soils. These results demonstrate that scattered trees improve the N and P cycling following the discontinuation of agricultural practices, and the effects will vary depending on the tree species.     

长白山红松和臭冷杉树轮密度变化特征及其气候响应

本研究建立了长白山红松和臭冷杉的全轮、早晚材密度年表,并分析了2个树种的树轮密度变化特征及其与平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温和降水量的相关关系。结果表明：两树种树轮密度变化具有一致性。红松树轮密度对气候变化更加敏感,而臭冷杉树轮密度变化相对稳定。两树种树轮密度年表与平均气温和平均最低气温整体呈显著正相关,而与平均最高气温和降水量的相关性相对较弱。其中,生长季早期（4—5月）的平均最低气温可能是影响树轮密度变化的主要因素。响应面分析结果表明：随着生长季早期的平均最低气温上升,两树种早材密度与平均最低气温呈现先减弱后增强的响应趋势,而与生长季早期的降水呈现先增强后减弱的响应趋势。滑动相关分析显示：随着气候变暖,两树种树轮密度年表均对生长季晚期（9—10月）平均气温和生长季早晚期平均最低气温的正响应显著增强,而对生长季晚期平均最高气温的正相关减小,与降水的响应相对稳定。臭冷杉的树轮密度年表对上年12月平均最高气温和当年4月平均最低气温的响应出现显著的正负转换现象。     

Phytoremediation potential of charophytes: Bioaccumulation and toxicity studies of cadmium, lead and zinc

The ability for usage of common freshwater charophytes,Chara aculeolata and Nitella opaca in removal of cadmium (Cd),lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) from wastewater was examined.C.aculeolata and N.opaca were exposed to various concentrations of Cd (0.25 and 0.5 mg/L),Pb (5 and 10 mg/L) and Zn (5 and 10 mg/L) solutions under hydroponic conditions for 6 days.C.aculeolata was more tolerant of Cd and Pb than N.opaca.The relative growth rate of N.opaca was drastically reduced at high concentrations of Cd and Pb although both were tolerant of Zn.Both macroalgae showed a reduction in chloroplast,chlorophyll and carotenoid content after Cd and Pb exposure,while Zn exposure had little effects.The bioaccumulation of both Cd and Pb was higher in N.opaca (1544.3 μg/g at 0.5 mg/L Cd,21657.0 μg/g at 10 mg/L Pb) whereas higher Zn accumulation was observed in C.aculeolata (6703.5 μg/g at 10 mg/L Zn).In addition,high bioconcentration factor values (> 1000) for Cd and Pb were observed in both species.C.aculeolata showed higher percentage of Cd and Pb removal (> 95%) than N.opaca and seemed to be a better choice for Cd and Pb removal from wastewater due to its tolerance to these metals.     

北京地区SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5变化特征的城郊对比分析

2006-01-01～2006-12-31在北京上甸子区域大气本底站和城区宝联环境观测站连续观测了SO2、NOx、O3和PM2.5的浓度,分析了北京城区和郊区的季节变化及日变化的差异,并结合风向讨论了城区污染对于大气本底的影响.结果表明,①NOx、SO2浓度在采暖季城郊差异最大,城区是本底的4～6倍,城郊O3有一致的浓度变化.本底站PM2.5在4、5月达到100μg/m3以上,是年平均的2～3倍;②NOx和SO2的日变化在城区表现为双峰型,在09:00前后和22:00前后形成高值,郊区表现为单峰型,在22:00前后出现高值.郊区O3的日变化峰值滞后于城区大约2 h.PM2.5日变化规律表现得较不规则;③西南风条件下本底各污染物浓度明显受城区输送影响而升高,东北风条件下干洁气团的影响比较明显.     

纳米TiO2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响

为了探讨纳米材料对植物的生理效应,以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)作为受试生物,研究了纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中的富集、转运及对其生长和生理的影响.本研究将拟南芥分别暴露于浓度为0、0.05、0.1、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg·L-1的纳米TiO_2中,通过ICP-MS测定纳米TiO_2在根和叶中的生物积累量,并采用TEM技术观察纳米TiO_2转运至叶片后对叶绿体结构的影响.在处理0、7和14 d后,测定拟南芥生物量、根系活力、叶片相对电导率和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、活性氧自由基(ROS)等生长生理指标的变化.结果显示:拟南芥能吸收纳米TiO_2并向地上部转运,但转运系数较低;TEM切片观察到纳米TiO_2能进入拟南芥体内并造成叶绿体内囊体中质体小球数目增多、体积变大.与对照组相比,幼苗地上部生物量、叶片相对电导率、叶肉原生质体活力呈下降的趋势,地下部生物量及根系活力呈上升趋势;纳米TiO_2还可引起叶片及根部活性氧(ROS)含量的变化,进而导致MDA、SOD、GSH等抗氧化体系酶活性的应激变化,同时与根部相比,叶片引起的毒性效应更强.说明纳米TiO_2在拟南芥中富集并转运至地上部后,对拟南芥叶片的生长具有显著的抑制作用,诱导其产生氧化应激.同时,一定浓度的纳米TiO_2胁迫下,拟南芥根部与叶片对纳米TiO_2的响应不同,敏感度存在差异,叶生长受到抑制的同时却对根有促进作用.     

降解芘的分枝杆菌M11的分离鉴定和降解特性

从多环芳烃污染的土壤中分离到1株能高效降解四环芳烃芘的放线菌M11,经形态观察、生理生化和16S rDNA鉴定,属于分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium sp.).菌株M11能以菲、蒽、荧蒽和芘为唯一碳源生长,在含芘50、100和200 mg/L的无机盐液体培养基中培养16 d降解率分别达到76.9%、91.8%和79.23%.菌株M11对芘的降解具有较广泛的pH范围,在芘浓度100 mg/L,pH为5～9的液体条件下,均可生长.根据已报道的芘降解菌的双加氧酶同源序列设计引物,PCR扩增出编码双加氧酶大亚基和小亚基的基因片段,序列分析表明与已知降解芘的分枝杆菌的双加氧酶基因具有高度同源性.     

芦苇抑藻化感物质的分离及其抑制蛋白核小球藻效果研究

采用乙醇提取、溶剂萃取法从芦苇中分离出2组能抑制蛋白核小球藻生长的化感物质. 该2组化感物质对蛋白核小球藻的半效应浓度(EC₅₀)分别为0.68mg/L和2.65mg/L. 将前者用碱性氧化铝层析柱分离得到一组抑藻活性更强的化感物质和一组能够促进蛋白核小球藻生长的化感物质: 前者对蛋白核小球藻的EC₅₀为0.50mg/L, 是目前报道的抑藻能力最强的化感物质; 后者在浓度为0.63mg/L时能显著促进蛋白核小球藻的生长. 芦苇化感物质可以用来控制淡水中有害藻类.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对诸葛菜生理指标和氮磷钙吸收的影响

为了探究AM（Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi,丛枝菌根）真菌对于喀斯特地区石漠化治理的应用,以石灰土为培养基质模拟喀斯特高钙环境,选用4种球囊霉属的AM真菌（BEG-141、BEG-167、BEG-168、BEG-193）作为供试菌种接种喀斯特适生植物——诸葛菜（Orychophragmus violaceus）进行模拟研究.选取诸葛菜的全株生物量、净光合速率值、水分利用率为生理指标同时以氮磷钙为代表元素,通过对比接种和非接种试验,研究AM真菌对宿主植物生理状态的影响.结果表明:接种AM真菌对喀斯特适生植物诸葛菜的生长有显著的促进作用,对全株生物量的促进效应达到了3~5倍;对净光合速率值比较分析,接种组显著高于对照组,与对照组相比接种组净光合速率提高了2~3倍,其中BEG-167接种组的净光合速率〔33.14 μmol/（m2·s）〕最大;从水分利用率来看,只有BEG-168和BEG-141的水分利用率显著高于对照组,分别为对照组的1.8和1.4倍;所有接种组地下部的TP含量都显著高于对照组,提高了9.71%~34.39%,只有BEG-193接种组的地上部分TP含量显著高于对照组,整体而言,接种促进了诸葛菜地下部分对TP的吸收;接种组地上部TN含量均显著低于对照组,而地下部的TN吸收提高了38.07%~138.04%,均显著高于对照组;此外,接种后诸葛菜地上部TCa（总钙）含量降低了7.61%~55.58%,接种减少了TCa向其地上部的运输,从而减少TCa过量对植物体的伤害.研究显示,AM真菌对诸葛菜的促进效应很可能是通过提高植株净光合速率、水分利用率、TP和TN的吸收,抑制钙向植物体地上部转移等途径实现的.      

1株耐油甲醛降解菌的分离鉴定及降解特性

烹饪油烟的健康危害一直以来受到广泛关注.以甲醛为代表的醛类污染物是烹饪油烟排放的主要污染物之一.微生物法降解甲醛具有工艺简单、成本低及无污染等优点.本研究从烹饪油烟冷凝液中分离筛选出1株具有甲醛降解能力的菌株XF-1,经序列鉴定结合菌落形态特征及生理生化试验,该菌株被鉴定为解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens sp.).该菌株具有能耐受高油环境的性能,最大耐受浓度为900 g·L^-1.在甲醛浓度为100 mg·L^-1的培养基中,菌株XF-1在34 h内的甲醛降解率为95.80%;当甲醛初始浓度<300 mg·L^-1时,菌株XF-1能够在120 h以内完全降解溶液中的甲醛;甲醛浓度为800mg·L^-1时,在96 h,菌株XF-1的降解率达到73.01%,并可耐受1.5 g·L^-1浓度的甲醛.通过单因素(p H、接种量、甲醛浓度和温度)试验,得到该菌株最佳生长温度为30℃、最佳生长pH为6左右,最佳接种量为10%.利用GC-TOF-MS进一步分...     

镉对蓖麻耐性生理及营养元素吸收转运的影响

通过营养液栽培实验,研究了不同浓度Cd(0、25、50、100、200μmol·L-1)处理对能源植物蓖麻生长、生理特性、Cd积累以及营养元素吸收的影响.结果表明,200μmol·L-1的Cd处理使叶片、茎部鲜重和植株总鲜重分别下降了63.68%、55.21%和52.69%,根系鲜重则无显著变化;叶片过氧化氢和丙二醛含量分别提高了3.81和2.22倍,产生了明显的氧化胁迫作用;酸溶性巯基、还原型谷胱甘肽和植物络合素含量分别提高了1.73、12.63和1.62倍,GSH对于蓖麻Cd胁迫具有显著的缓解作用.根系Cd积累量和植株总积累量分别增加了3.15和2.41倍,蓖麻主要将Cd富集在其根系,有助于减轻Cd对地上部的毒害.Cd抑制蓖麻植株K和Ca的吸收,促进根系和茎部P吸收,高浓度Cd抑制P向叶片的转运;植株Zn和Cu含量、根系和茎部Mg含量表现为低促高抑,植株Mn含量及根系Fe含量表现为低抑高促.可见,Cd处理对不同营养元素的吸收有着不同的影响,应根据Cd胁迫条件下不同营养元素吸收特性来合理调控其供应.     

Identification of rice cultivars with low brown rice mixed cadmium and lead contents and their interactions with the micronutrients iron, zinc, nickel and manganese

Paddy fields in mining areas are usually co-contaminated by a cocktail of mixed toxic heavy metals (e.g., Cd and Pb in Pb/Zn mines). However, previous studies on rice cultivars screened for effective metal exclusion have mostly focused on individual metals, and have been conducted under pot-trial or hydroponic solution conditions. This study identified rice cultivars with both low Cd and Pb accumulation under Cd-and Pb-contaminated field conditions, and the interactions of the toxic elements Cd and Pb with the micronutrient elements Fe, Zn, Mn and Ni were also studied. Among 32 rice cultivars tested, there were significant differences in Cd (0.06-0.59 mg/kg) and Pb (0.25-3.15 mg/kg) levels in their brown rice, and similar results were also found for the micronutrient elements. Significant decreases in concentrations of Fe and Mn were detected with increasing Cd concentrations and a significant elevation in Fe, Mn and Ni with increasing Pb concentrations. A similar result was also shown by Cd and Ni. Three cultivars were identified with a combination of low brown rice Cd and Pb, high micronutrient and grain yield (Wufengyou 2168, Tianyou 196 and Guinongzhan). Present results suggest that it is possible to breed rice cultivars with low mixed toxic element (Cd, Pb) and high micronutrient contents along with high grain yields, thus ensuring food safety and quality.     

罗红霉素对大型溞生殖生长及抗氧化系统的影响

罗红霉素(ROX)在水环境中广泛赋存,并产生一定的生态毒理效应.为了进一步认知ROX对水生生物的负面影响,以大型潘为模式生物研究了ROX在生殖、生长及抗氧化系统方面的急慢性毒理效应.结果 发现ROX对大型潘的急性毒性等级为Ⅲ级(48h-LC50为60.26 mg· L-,96h-LC50为39.81 mg·L-1).0...     

Present status and changes of the phytoplankton community after invasion of Neosalanx taihuensis since 1982 in a deep oligotrophic plateau lake, Lake Fuxian in the subtropical China

Phytoplankton assemblages in the subtrophical oligotrophic Lake Fuxian, the second deepest lake in China, were investigated monthly from September 2002 to August 2003. A total of 113 species belonging to seven phyla were identified, among them, a filamentous green alga, Mougeotia sp., dominated almost throughout the study period and comprised most of the total phytoplankton biomass.Mougeotia sp. has made a substantial development during the past decades: it was absent in 1957, only occasionally present in 1983,increased substantially in 1993, and became predominant in 2002--2003. It is likely that natural invasion of the Taihu Lake noodlefish (Neosalanx taihuensis) has led to a change of dominant herbivorous zooplankton from small to large calanoid, which has increased grazing pressure on small edible algae, and thus has indirectly favored the development of the inedible filamentous Mougeotia sp.     

被动采样监测珠江三角洲NOx、SO2和O3的空间分布特征

为获得珠江三角洲区域污染特征,采用被动扩散采样技术,在珠江三角洲200 km×200 km网格区域内测量11月两周暴露的NO2、SO2和O3浓度水平,采用克里格空间插值法(Kriging)获取NOx、SO2和O3的空间分布特征,并与源清单和已有模型结果比对.采用反向轨迹方法模拟了O3的输送途径.结果表明,采样期间珠江三...     

不同碳源模式下酵母菌PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的应用研究

针对首次分离得到的一株具有同步脱氮除磷新功能的热带假丝酵母（Candida tropicalis） PNY2013,通过生理及动力学特征,连续流运行操作及其在含糖类工业废水中的应用3个环节,探讨了不同碳源模式下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的特性.结果表明：PNY2013以葡萄糖、乙醇及乙酸为唯一碳源时均生长良好,其最大比增长速率μ_max分别为0.1327、0.1252及0.1115 h^-1,其同步脱氮除磷率分别可达100%、80%、100%（NH₄⁺-N）及93%、95%、98%（PO₄^3--P）.3种碳源下PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的最佳条件基本接近为：温度30℃,pH=8.0,溶解氧0~2 mg·L^-1,C/N=200∶5左右.PNY2013同步脱氮除磷的长期连续运行条件下的实验进一步表明,以葡萄糖为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达400及80 mg·L^-1时,两者去除率均接近100%.与这种超强能力相比,以乙醇及乙酸为碳源条件下,进水NH₄⁺-N及PO₄^3--P浓度分别达100及20 mg·L^-1时,两者的去除率也可达60%~80%（NH₄⁺-N）及40%（PO₄^3--P）,显示出相当的同步脱氮除磷能力.在以模拟制糖废水、淀粉加工废水、啤酒废水、味精废水这4种典型含糖工业废水为碳源条件下,除淀粉加工废水外PNY2013均能有效去除COD、NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P,其中,制糖、啤酒、制药废水中的COD去除率分别可达40%、89%、96%,NH₄⁺-N去除率分别为85%、94%、76%,PO₄^3--P去除率均为90%.即使在40000 mg·L^-1（制糖）及12500 mg·L^-1（啤酒）的高COD条件下,PNY2013也均具有稳定的NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P去除效果,显示出良好的同步脱氮除磷应用前景.     

倭肯河着生硅藻群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了合理的评价倭肯河水生态健康状况,2018年8月（丰水期）,调查了19个点位的着生藻类群落结构和水环境特征.使用Mcnaughton优势度分析、聚类分析和生态型分析3种方法研究了倭肯河着生藻类群落结构和清洁度,使用Spearman相关分析、除趋势对应分析和典范对应分析等方法研究了倭肯河着生硅藻群落和环境因子的响应关系.结果表明：倭肯河共鉴定出着生硅藻89种,物种丰富,不同采样点位之间生物多样性差异较大,Nitzschia palea等富营养指示种是倭肯河的优势种.聚类分析结果表明,倭肯河采样点位可分为3组,从组1到组3,优势种清洁度逐渐下降,低度需氧型、中腐-高度腐生型和极度富营养型硅藻比例逐渐上升.影响倭肯河着生硅藻群落结构的主要水环境因子为TN、DO和pH,其中DO和TN是组3着生硅藻群落的主要影响因子,pH是组2着生硅藻群落的主要影响因子.由此可见,除河流源头区域外,倭肯河水生态环境质量状况较差,着生硅藻群落可以有效的指示倭肯河水体营养状况和腐生状况.     

全氟烷基物质在胶州湾海水、沉积物及生物中污染特征

为探明胶州湾全氟烷基物质(perfluorinated alkyl substances,PFASs)的污染水平及特征,本研究于2018年4月在胶州湾近岸海域采集了海水、沉积物及菲律宾蛤仔样品,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定35种PFASs的含量.结果表明,海水中检出12种PFASs,PFASs总质量浓度(ΣPFASs)范围为21. 1～38. 0 ng·L-1,沉积物中检出10种PFASs,ΣPFASs含量(以干重计)范围为0. 459～1. 20μg·kg-1,菲律宾蛤仔中检出19种PFASs,ΣPFASs含量(以干重计)范围为15. 5～27. 5μg·kg-1;与国内外报道的其他地区相比,胶州湾ΣPFASs污染处于中等或偏高水平.全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)是胶州湾PFASs的首要污染因子,6∶2全氟辛烷二磷酸酯(6∶2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester,6∶2 di PAP)是海水及沉积物中检出的主要前驱物,全氟辛烷磺酰胺(perfluorooctanesulfonamide,PFOSA)是菲律宾蛤仔中检出的主要前驱物.此外,PFASs的沉积物-海水分配系数(Kd)、有机碳归一化分配系数(KOC)及生物累积因子(bioaccumulation factors,BAF)随碳链的增加而增加,而生物-沉积物累积因子(bioaccumulation factors between organism and sediment,BSAF)随碳链(C8～C13)的增加呈现下降趋势.     

高产铁载体菌Burkholderia vietnamiensis YQ9促生特性研究及其对重金属胁迫条件下种子萌发的影响

本研究以Burkholderia vietnamiensis YQ9为供试菌株,明确其产铁载体能力,研究其产吲哚乙酸（Indole acetic acid,IAA）、溶磷解钾和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸（1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate,ACC）脱氨酶活性等促生特性.发现B.vietnamiensis YQ9铁载体活性单位（Siderophore unit,SU）高达96.6%,兼具分泌IAA、溶磷,以及产ACC脱氨酶能力.YQ9的IAA产量为6.93 mg·L^-1;在含有磷酸三钙的培养基中培养后,其上清液中的可溶性磷含量为104.06 mg·L^-1;ACC脱氨酶活性为8.71μmol·h^-1·mg^-1.此外,在含不溶性重金属的培养基中接种YQ9,上清液中Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cd²⁺含量显著提升,与对照相比分别增加了69.89%、83.80%和51.59%.通过研究重金属胁迫下不同处理对黑麦草和甜高粱种...     

Identification of causative compounds and microorganisms for musty odor occurrence in the Huangpu River, China

There are regular problems of musty odor in the Huangpu River,a major source of drinking water for Shanghai,China.In this study,the musty odor and its main causative compounds in the Huangpu River source water were confirmed through a yearly investigation using flavor profile analysis combined with HSPME-GC-MS analysis.The investigation showed that 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) with a concentration level between 28.6 and 71.0 ng/L was responsible for the musty odor in summer from July to September.Microscopic observation confirmed with the cloning results showed that Phormidium spp.,which accounted for 80%-95% of the algal cell density,was the microorganisms responsible for the production of 2-MIB and the estimated 2-MIB yield was 0.022 pg/cell.Results from a wide-area sampling campaign in the Huangpu River watershed showed that,other than the large tributaries receiving water from Tai Lake,several small creeks close to the intake may have contributed most of the 2-MIB and the Phormidium spp.to the Huangpu River source water.This study provides methodology for the investigation of odor causing compounds and microorganisms in river-type source water,and the result will be useful for water quality control in both source water and drinking water.     

九龙江的碳酸盐体系、CO2分压及其调控

于2011年枯水期和丰水期调查了九龙江的溶解氧、pH、溶解无机碳(DIC)和总碱度(TAlk),并计算水体CO2分压(pCO2)。九龙江溶解氧饱和度平均为67±18%(枯水期)和57±12%(丰水期),最低只有10%(枯水期)和35%(丰水期);pH为7.08±0.12(枯水期)和7.22±0.11(丰水期),最低只有6.88(枯水期)和6.98(丰水期);DIC为1027±620μmol/kg(枯水期)和820±340μmol/kg(丰水期);TAlk在枯水期为885±570μmol/kg,比相应DIC低140±70μmol/kg。水体TAlk受控于流域地质背景和化学风化的影响,而DIC既包含流域风化过程的产物HCO3-,也包含水柱呼吸过程和沉积物中其他生物地球化学过程释放的游离CO2。九龙江pCO2高达3470±1640μatm(枯水期)和3590±1410μatm(丰水期),超过大气平衡水平8.9~9.2倍。过饱和CO2与表观耗氧量的耦合分析表明,水柱呼吸作用只能说明九龙江高pCO2的66%~94%。