西部大开发中关于农业资源环境保护的思考

世纪之交 ,我国开始实施了西部大开发战略 ,其中资源环境保护问题对农业及农村经济发展起着基础作用 ,与大开发中的若干战略举措的顺利实施及效果息息相关 ,直接影响着可持续发展、粮食安全、农民收入、退耕还林、结构调整等问题 ,对其进行认真思考 ,明晰其相互之间的关系 ,使之相互促进 ,对于推动西部大开发无疑具有十分重要的意义。1　农业资源环境保护与可持续发展可持续发展的目的是实现人口、资源、环境、社会、经济之间的内在统一和协调。资源环境是可持续农业发展的基础 ,它在农业生产系统流程中属于输入要素 ,为农业发展提供物质能…     

安庆市生态经济与可持续发展战略初步研究

发展经济和保护生态环境,是长江沿岸地区可持续发展的两大战略任务,在实地调研的基础上,以可持续发展为宗旨,分析了安庆市社会经济发展中存在的主要问题,对区域可持续发展水平进行了综合评价,认为安庆区域可持续发展的整体水平低于全国和安徽省,对安庆市未来经济增长趋势以及差距进行了趋势拟合,结果显示在目前国家和区域的增长方式下,安庆市将继续处于经济低谷地位,应用系统的观点,对安庆市生态经济系统中主要矛盾的形成机理进行了分析,认为围湖造田,工业化和城市化,区域发展机制与生态环境恶化有直接的关系,评价了安庆发展生态经济的优势条件,在此基础上,提出了7年方面的发展战略,以实现生态经济和区域可持续发展,具体包括：生态与社会经济协调发展战略,资源保护战略,生态建设战略,消除贫困战略,解决“三农”问题战略,基础设施建设战略和旅游发展战略。     

21世纪前期湖南可持续发展的工业化对策研究

湖南是我国中部农业精华地带的组成部分，长期以来，由于受资源禀赋、地理区位、国家政策导向和原有基础等多重影响，形成了传统农业发达而工业发展相对滞后的区域经济。21世纪前期，为实现经济总量的快速增长和区域经济质量的提升，追赶上东部经济发达地区，湖南提出了工业化带动的区域经济战略。由于现阶段国内外经济环境已经发生了较大的变化，加之在科技发展、资源结构和区域经济实力等方面存在与东部沿海发达地区较大的差异，湖南的工业化必须在对原有传统工业化战略有所扬弃的基础上，形成具有自身特色的可持续发展的工业化战略。战略的基本点表现为：(1)将优势传统农业产业进行工业化改造，实现高新技术与传统产业的结合；(2)打破城乡户籍隔离体制，依托城镇化的率先突破，带动工业化发展；(3)高度警觉工业化可能产生的负效应，分类推进，实现不同地区可持续发展的工业化战略。     

我国农业可持续发展战略及选择

我国农业可持续发展战略及选择冯保初（山东大学学报编辑部）一、农业可持续发展面临的严峻形势农业是国民经济的基础。我国的国民经济能否持续、稳定、高速发展，农业是关键。当今世界由于经济增长和人口剧增，掠夺性的资源开发和利用，带来了森林面积减少，水土流失、土...     

科技促进宁夏可持续发展的现状分析

科技是推动宁夏进一步深化改革与发展、实施西部大开发战略、促进经济持续增长、优化产业结构、提升产业竞争实力、缓解发展过程中的资源环境约束力、实现可持续发展的核心力量.科技在促进宁夏实现可持续发展方面取得显著的成就与经验,但是在支Ё撑全区社会经济发展、改善环境以及区域科技创新能力建设方面仍存在急需解决的问题:①科技资源布局不合理;②产业工艺落后,能耗偏高:③特色优势产业发展后劲严重不足,成果转化率低;④区域科技创新能力弱.文章最后结合宁夏自然环境条件、社会经济发展状况、文化特点提出了其未来科技发展的战略思路及重点.     

上海海洋经济发展战略

在沿海各国和地区都高度重视发展海洋经济的背景下,研究上海海洋经济发展战略,对进一步推进上海海洋经济发展,建设“海洋强市”具有重要的意义。开发海洋、发展海洋经济是提升上海国际竞争力,促进社会经济可持续发展,更好地服务于长江三角洲、长江流域乃至全国以及保障城市、国家安全的战略需要。目前,上海海洋经济的发展面临着一系列问题、困难和瓶颈制约,主要表现为：海洋产业结构有待优化提升;海陆互动机制有待进一步完善;河口岛屿资源开发利用程度严重不足;海洋生态环境保护与可持续发展形势依然严峻;海洋科技自主创新能力不强,科技资源亟需开发与整合。因此,从转变思想,树立海洋兴市的战略意识;整体规划,重点布局;产业升级,结构优化;海洋经济发展重在创新;大力发展岛屿经济;注重海洋生态保护与可持续发展7方面,提出了上海发展海洋经济的战略和重点。     

东中西部区域农业差异及其特征分析

我国东中西部区域农业发展水平的差异较大，认识这种差异的特征对于制定区域农业协调发展的战略决策具有重要意义。本文选择有关区域经济、社会、资源与环境方面的17项指标，采用主成分分析方法，对我国区域农业发展差异的现状进行了分析。结果表明，目前，东中西部农业发展的整体差异仍然很大，主要表现为人均农业产值和人均乡镇企业产值差异较大。而且，从1980～1995年农民人均纯收入的吉尼系数一直呈现增大趋势，说明区域差异呈持续扩大的态势。到1998年人均农业产值的吉尼系数高达0．43，已经高于国际警戒水平。对近10年东中西部乡镇企业产值变化的分析说明，自从实施西部开发战略以来，东中西部乡镇企业产值的比值已经由16：5．6：1．0变为4．5：2．1：1．0。显然西部开发促进了西部农业经济的发展，缩小了区域农业发展水平的差异。     

欢迎订阅《长江流域资源与环境》期刊

<正>《长江流域资源与环境》期刊由中国科学院资源环境科学与技术局和中国科学院武汉文献情报中心联合主办,是我国唯一一份专门研究长江流域各种资源的开发利用保护与生态环境建设以及社会经济可持续发展的综合性学术刊物。期刊立足于长江流域,面向国内外,围绕流域资源与生态环境重大问题,报道最新的科学研究成果及工作经验,介绍国内外江河流域开发整治和环境保护的最新成就。主要栏目有:区域可持续发展;自然资源;农业发展;生态环境;自然灾害;学术讨论·决策建议;动态信息等。     

南京都市农业发展与资源环境承载力协调性研究

探讨都市农业发展与资源环境承载力之间相互作用规律,对推进都市农业发展、解决城市发展中的资源环境问题和促进区域可持续发展都具有重要意义。在科学构建都市农业发展与资源环境承载力评价指标体系基础上,借助耦合度模型,以南京市为例,对两者耦合协调关系进行实证研究。结果表明:2000~2015年南京市都市农业发展与资源环境承载力总体均呈上升态势,两者呈正相关,资源环境承载力每提高1%,南京都市农业发展水平相应增加0.746%;两者耦合协调度在2000~2007年处于失调阶段,2008~2015年转变为协调阶段,2015年协调度为0.673,处于初级协调,目前耦合协调度处于资源环境承载力滞后型。南京市应该立足资源环境基础,科学规划都市农业发展格局;转变资源开发与环境保护模式,确保都市农业可持续发展;加大政策扶持力度,促进都市农业发展与资源环境承载力协同优化。     

黄土高原半干旱区雨水利用与可持续农业发展研究

黄土高原半干旱区是一个特定的生态类型和重要的农业区域 ,严重的水土流失和频繁的干旱是该区农业可持续发展的主要制约因素。本文在分析雨水利用可行性的基础上 ,提出了农业发展的有效模式———集水型生态农业 ,它不仅适应于当地的雨水等自然资源条件 ,更适应生产力发展水平 ,易于在农户水平上推广 ,并且具有显著的经济、生态和社会效益 ,是实现该区农业可持续发展的战略性举措 ,同时也为“退耕还林 (草 )”开发战略的实施提供了一个思路     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Quantifying the transfer of radionuclides to food products from domestic farm animals

Databases have been compiled to derive parameter values relevant to the transfer of radionuclides from feedstuffs to domestic animal products to provide a revision to the IAEA Handbook on transfer parameters TRS 364. Significant new data inputs have been incorporated into the databases from an extensive review of Russian language information and inclusion of data published since the early 1990s. Fractional gastrointestinal absorption in adult ruminants presented in the revised handbook are generally similar to those recommended for adult humans by the ICRP. Transfer coefficient values are presented in the handbook for a range of radionuclides to farm animal products. For most animal products, transfer coefficient values for elements additional to those in TRS 364 are provided although many data gaps remain. Transfer coefficients generally vary between species with larger species having lower values than smaller species. It has been suggested that the difference is partly due to the inclusion of dietary dry matter intake in the estimation of transfer coefficient and that whilst dietary intake increases with size nutrient concentrations do not. An alternative approach to quantifying transfer by using concentration ratios (CR), which do not consider dietary intake, has been evaluated. CR values compiled for the handbook vary considerably less between species than transfer coefficient values. The advantage of the CR approach is that values derived for one species could be applied to species for which there are no data. However, transfer coefficients will continue to be used as few studies currently report CR values or give data from which they can be estimated.     

A Dynamic model of Cs accumulation by fish of different age classes

A dynamic model of radionuclide accumulation in fish is developed. In the model, the fish population is represented by a set of discrete age classes. Each age class is characterized by a specific growth rate, diet and activity of metabolic processes. The model describes all known types of size effect in the contamination of fish with radiocaesium. The detailed dynamics of ¹³⁷Cs accumulation by fish are demonstrated using the results of the model's application to ichtiofauna in a water body which has a high level of contamination with radiocaesium — namely, the cooling pond of the Chernobyl NPP.     

Greenwashed sports and environmental activism: Formula 1 and FIFA†

ABSTRACT

Formula 1 motor sport and the Men's World Cup of association football, two major sporting events on our calendars, are indirectly and directly responsible for environmental despoliation. They serve as advertisements for heavy industry, are designed for elite as much as mass consumption, and provide sponsors with dubious social licenses to operate. This occurs through the very mechanisms of the events themselves (engines in Formula 1, tourism in the World Cup) as well as their promotional externalities. I look at greenwashing claims made about these two sporting events and examine counter-discourses, then investigate economic and ecological citizenship. I suggest that a progressive agenda can be forwarded if Greenpeace, which runs campaigns related to these sports, works with its fellow elites, in the case of Formula 1, and with fans in the case of football. Doing so may be more effective than business-as-usual direct action.     

江苏海洋开发的资源环境条件评述

江苏海洋的区位优越，海域广阔，环境条件总体有利，海洋资源种类多，数量大，具有综合开发功能，而且资源和环境的区域组合良好，有利于海洋产业的集约经营和协调发展，但也存在不少限制因素，如深水区离岸较远，海底矿产勘探程度低，自然灾害较多等。应根据实际情况确定本省海洋的开发战略。