重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响

研究了华北平原某铅冶炼厂附近农田33个土壤样品中重金属积累对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,样品中Pb和Cd全量的平均值分别为144和5.59mg·kg-1,DTPA态Pb和Cd含量平均值分别为54.1和0.964mg·kg-1,均超过了未污染农田潮土的正常范围,而Cu、Ni和Zn的有效性和全量与未污染土壤接近;土壤过氧化氢酶活性与DTPA态Pb和Cd含量、全Pb含量均呈显著的负线性关系(P<0.01);与磷酸酶和脲酶相比,土壤脱氢酶活性更易受到土壤中Pb和Cd积累的影响;随DTPA-Ni含量增加,土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性增加(P<0.1);土壤脲酶活性与重金属全量或有效态重金属含量无显著相关性(P>0.1)。以上结果说明,利用土壤过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性能够表征基本性质较为一致的土壤中重金属污染程度;与重金属全量相比,有效态重金属对土壤酶活性影响更大。     

低浓度Pb^2＋对Cd^2＋污染下冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤水解酶活性及与根微域土壤生化特征关系的影响

采用盆栽试验法探讨了Cd^2＋、低于国家“土壤环境质量标准”规定的II类土壤环境基准值300mg-kg^-1干土时的Pb^2＋与Cd^2＋复合处理对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性及与根微域土壤微生物数量和生化特征关系的影响特征。结果表明：（1）Cd^2＋对冬小麦幼苗根微域土壤转化酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性表现为显著抑制效应;而低浓度Pb^2＋主要表现为协同Cd抖污染抑制根微域土壤水解酶活性效应;（2）Cd^2＋处理下,磷酸酶活性与微域土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关;转化酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量呈显著负相关,与有机质呈显著正相关;脲酶活性与细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及微生物量碳表现为极显著正相关;（3）Pb^2＋／cd^2＋处理下,碱性磷酸酶活性与微生物量碳表现为显著正相关;转化酶活性与全氮含量表现为显著负相关,与有机质含量呈极显著正相关;脲酶活性与全氮呈极显著正相关,与有机质为极显著负相关,总体来讲,Cd^2＋／Pb2＋与Cd^2＋处理之间酶活性与生化特征的关系存在明显差异;同时Pb^2＋／Cd^2＋处理下磷酸酶、转化酶和脲酶活性与土壤微生物数量之间的相关性特点与Cd^2＋处理下也明显不同。     

太白贝母种植年限对土壤重金属含量及酶活性的影响

通过实地调查与采集重庆市巫溪县8份不同生长年限太白贝母根际区土壤,研究太白贝母根际区土壤酶活性、重金属含量的变化规律,揭示生长年限对其根际土壤中酶活性及重金属含量的影响情况.结果表明,不同生长年限太白贝母根际土壤酶活性、重金属元素含量具有显著性差异(P0.05),呈现出不同的变化规律并具有一定的相关性.整体上,太白贝母栽培品根际土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶随着生长年限的增加呈先下降后上升的趋势,磷酸酶、蔗糖酶随着生长年限的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,野生品根际土壤酶活性与其变化趋势不一致.随着生长年限的增加,太白贝母栽培品根际土壤Cd、Hg、Pb、Zn和Ni含量先升高后下降,As和Cu含量变化不大.野生品根际土壤重金属含量与其变化规律一致.Cd、Hg、As、Cu、Ni含量均远低于国家农用地土壤风险筛选值,Pb含量除S7(中贝)外均低于国家农用地土壤风险筛选值,Zn含量均远高于国家农用地土壤风险筛选值,土壤污染属轻度污染,应采取安全措施,以保证太白贝母的入药安全性.相关分析得知,根际土壤酶活性与重金属含量之间存在相关关系,既存在协同作用,又具有拮抗作用.     

蜈蚣草生长对其根际铜尾矿土壤酶活性的影响

通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了蜈蚣草(Pteris vittata)生长对其根际铜尾矿土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,蜈蚣草根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性均随着植物的生长而呈现不同程度的升高,其中过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性均与植物生长时间之间呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶活性在植物生长旺盛期达到峰值,分别为对照组的3.59和2.58倍,随后逐渐下降;而磷酸酶活性却随着植物的生长而显著降低。过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性与蜈蚣草地下部分干质量的相关性大于其地上部分,且5种土壤酶活性与土壤有机质含量之间相关显著。蜈蚣草生长可有效改善根际铜尾矿的基质环境和根际土壤肥力水平,因此,在铜尾矿废弃地恢复实践中具有较大的应用潜力。     

落叶松混交林根际与非根际土壤养分、微生物和酶活性特征

近年来,落叶松(Larix gmelinii)纯林导致地力衰退和生产力下降现象引起了林业工作者广泛关注.为了揭示其地力变化的内在机理,对落叶松纯林、落叶松-水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)混交林和落叶松-蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)混交林中根际土与非根际土的pH值、土壤养分、土壤微生物和土壤酶活性进行了对比分析.结果表明:(1)与纯林相比,混交林能提高根际土与非根际土的pH值,增加土壤有机质、全N、速效N、全P、速效P的含量,尤其能明显增加N素含量;能使土壤微生物总量、细菌和放线菌的数量有所增加,而真菌数量却有所减少;能提高过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、多酚氧化酶和蔗糖酶的活性.(2)与非根际土比较,除混交林中根际土的速效P外,其它养分含量与土壤生物活性均增加.(3)落叶松-水曲柳混交林能显著提高土壤养分和土壤生物活性.这从一个侧面反映了混交能改善落叶松林地和根际土壤环境,为有效防止落叶松林地土壤退化提供了理论依据.     

六氯苯胁迫下2种湿地植物根际土壤微生物数量与酶活性变化

为揭示人工湿地植物根际效应对氯苯类化合物生物降解的影响,选取典型湿地植物芦苇(Phragmites australis)和香蒲(Typha angustifolia),模拟室外人工湿地微宇宙系统,研究六氯苯(hexachlorobenzene,HCB)胁迫下根际土壤中微生物数量和酶活性变化。结果显示:芦苇和香蒲表现出明显的根际效应,根际土壤微生物(细菌、真菌、放线菌)数量以及土壤脱氢酶(DEH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均表现为根际土大于非根际土,且香蒲组土壤微生物数量和酶活性均显著高于芦苇组(P0.05);芦苇和香蒲组土壤中HCB含量与微生物数量和3种酶活性呈负相关,香蒲组土壤中HCB含量与DEH活性和PPO活性呈显著负相关(P0.05)。研究表明随着芦苇和香蒲根际土壤微生物数量与酶活性的增加,2种植物的根际效应增强,进而促进湿地系统对HCB的去除。     

磷对铝胁迫下荞麦根际土壤铝形态和酶活性的影响

采用土培法,以耐铝性明显差异的两个荞麦Fagopyrum esculentum基因型“江西养麦”(耐性)和“内蒙荞麦”(敏感)为材料,研究铝胁迫下磷对荞麦生长和根际土壤铝形态、土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明,0.4 g·kg~(-1)铝配施0.2 g·kg~(-1)磷的内蒙和江西荞麦根系生物量分别比不施磷组增加了67.9%和21.2%,磷能显著缓解铝对荞麦根系生长的抑制,提高根系生物量和根冠比.磷铝互作下根际土壤的交换态铝含量显著降低,毒性较小的吸附态羟基铝和络合态铝含量显著增加.根际土壤酶活性变化复杂,过氧化氢酶活性与磷质量分数呈正相关,w_p=0.2 g·kg~(-1)对铝胁迫下荞麦根际土壤转化酶活性最有利.说明施磷降低铝胁迫根际土壤的交换态铝含量,提高土壤过氧化氢酶活性,减缓铝毒对植株生长的抑制作用.     

毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤酶活性的演变研究

研究了毛乌素沙地东南缘沙漠化过程中土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性的响应过程,并对其与土壤养分的相关关系进行分析。结果表明,随沙漠化程度的加剧,土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性均降低,随土层深度的增加,土壤脲酶活性呈降低趋势,土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶并未表现出规律性变化,沙漠化过程破坏了土壤酶的活性,三种酶活性能较为敏感地反映土壤环境的变化;相关性分析结果显示,土壤三种酶活性之间存在着极显著正相关性．且三种酶活性与土壤有机质和全氮含量之间同样存在极显著正相关性,表明三种酶在相互作用过程存在共生关系,且能够作为衡量土壤肥力的重要指标。土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性变化可作为衡量沙漠化环境变化的重要指示性指标,并可为进一步揭示沙漠化的生物学规律提供依据。     

太阳辐射减弱麦田根际土壤酶与有效微量元素的相关性分析

由于大气气溶胶浓度增加地表太阳辐射减弱地球变暗。采用遮光网模拟太阳辐射减弱,设置60%、40%、20%、15%、0%的遮光递度,大田种植冬小麦,测定了冬小麦拔节期、孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期根际土壤过氧化氢酶、转化酶、脲酶的活性以及根际土壤Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn等有效微量元素的含量。采用相关性分析、通径分析和主成分分析等方法分析了太阳辐射减弱后土壤酶活性和土壤有效微量元素的相关性。结果显示,太阳辐射减弱,降低了小麦根际有效Fe、Zn和Mn的含量以及脲酶活性。有效Cu元素除了孕穗期有所增加外其它时期也均为降低。过氧化氢酶和转化酶的活性的变化没有明显规律性。太阳辐射减弱使得土壤过氧化氢酶活性与有效Fe、Zn极显著的正相关,脲酶与Zn也达显著水平。Zn和Fe对土壤酶的直接通径系数和间接通径系数都较大。太阳辐射减弱改变了土壤酶和微量元素在土壤肥力中的权重,最大肥力权重脲酶被过氧化氢酶所取代。结果表明,太阳辐射减弱影响了土壤根际有效微量元素含量和土壤酶的活性,提高了土壤酶和微量元素之间的相关性,反映土壤肥力微小变化的敏感土壤质量指标有一定的变化,脲酶的肥力权重降低,过氧化氢酶的肥力权重增加。     

沼液对甘蓝连作土壤生物学性质的影响

以施用化肥225 kg/hm2为对照,设置两种不同的沼液用量(以纯氮计):沼液I(168 kg/hm2)和沼液II(225 kg/hm2),通过连续3 a的甘蓝种植试验,研究沼液对甘蓝连作土壤微生物区系、土壤酶活性以及土壤养分与土壤酶活性之间的相关性.结果表明:1)施用沼液显著改善了连作土壤的微生物区系,溶磷细菌、解钾细菌、氨化细菌、固氮菌和放线菌的数量显著增加;同时抑制了真菌的富集.两种不同用量的沼液处理较化肥处理的土壤细菌/真菌(B/F)值分别提高了142.7%和202.3%.2)在225 kg/hm2等氮水平下,施用沼液显著提高了土壤的蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和蛋白酶活性,较之化肥处理分别提高了63.96%、137.61%和139.66%;同时显著降低了土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性.3)土壤养分与土壤酶活性相关性分析表明,有机质含量与土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和蛋白酶活性呈显著正相关,与过氧化氢酶活性呈显著负相关,而与多酚氧化酶活性无明显相关性;磷酸酶活性与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关;蛋白酶活性与土壤碱解氮、全氮含量呈显著正相关.表4参24     

Applications of chitosan in food,pharmaceuticals, medicine,cosmetics, agriculture,textiles, pulp and paper,biotechnology, and environmental chemistry

Environmental Chemistry Letters - Chitosan is a biopolymer obtained from chitin, one of the most abundant and renewable materials on Earth. Chitin is a primary component of cell walls in fungi, the...     

Fragmentation of Phragmites Habitats, Minimum Viable Population Size, Habitat Suitability, and Local Extinction of Moths, Midges, Flies, Aphids, and Birds

Results from populations of insects and birds inhabiting Phragmites habitats were used to analyze effects of fragmentation. Flush-crash cycles of the stem-boring moth Archanara geminipuncta (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) showed regionally concurrent, local extinctions despite an originally enormous population size (more than 180,000 adults), emphasizing the importance of metapopulation dynamics. Further, A. geminipuncta could be considered a keystone species, since shoot damage facilitated more than twenty species of herbivores, saprovores (of the caterpillars' feces), and their parasitoids. The gall midge Lasioptera arundinis could survive only in side shoots induced by shoot damage of A. geminipuncta .
Small Phragmites stands had thinner shoots (due to a water or nutrient deficiency) and shoots with more leaves (due to a better light supply) than large stands, thereby influencing species-specific demands for habitat suitability and nutritiousness of reed tissue. In other words significance of habitat fragmentation could not be assessed by area alone. For example, two chloropid flies depending on thin, yellowish shoots survived only in small habitats or in the unmown edges of large habitats.
Local persistence of Phragmites herbivores depended on much larger population sizes than could be expected from a population size sufficient to maintain genetic variation. At least 11,000 adults of the gall midge Giraudiella inclusa (or more than 84,000 galls) were necessary to avoid local extinction.
With regard to conservation management of reed habitats, nature reserves should consist of old and unmown reeds, have fewer disturbed (particularly, fewer mown) habitat edges, measure more than two hectares (priority should go to the largest remaining fragments), and be surrounded by nearby reed habitats providing reservoir populations and diverse shoot types.     

Metal passivity as mechanism of metal carcinogenesis: Chromium,nickel, iron,copper, cobalt,platinum, molybdenum

For the transition metals chromium, nickel, iron, copper, cobalt, platinum, and molybdenum, mechanisms of stable bonding in biochemistry (emphasis on carcinogenic mechanisms), chemistry, industrial chemistry, as well as epidemiological, occupational, orthopedic (implant devices) effects related to carcinogenesis, were reviewed. Hypothetically, the propensity to stable bonding (inertness), which ensures the metals’ performance capacity for consumers and industrial application, relates to their carcinogenicity. For chromium, a relationship between industrial/chemical and biological reactivity was noted for the tendency of Cr(III) ions to cause hydrolysis previous to stable bonding, as occurs during anodic passivation, leather tanning, and as indicated in biochemical studies pertaining to a mechanism of DNA condensation, which was suggested as a carcinogenic mechanism. The involvement of metal hydrolysis in both anodic passivation and biochemistry was noted also for nickel, iron, and platinum; the DNA interaction of platinum (cis-platin) is known to depend on hydrolysis. For nickel, issues of potential (V) were found important in both passivation and carcinogenicity. Comparably, the passivity behavior of cobalt and copper was found atypical, and their carcinogenicity yet unclear. Molybdenum, contained in passivated metallic implants, may relate to implant-associated carcinogenesis. Occupational carcinogenic effects were indicated for chromium, nickel, iron, and cobalt as caused by both reactive and passivated metal species. Exposure to acids and chronic respiratory irritation/infection/inflammation in workers were important cofactors in metal carcinogenesis. For wood and leather workers exposed to dust, the assumed presence in dust of metal particles abraded from alloys (sawing or cutting blades) may be a carcinogenic exposure hazard.     

Lead,cadmium, copper,zinc, iron,and calcium in human hair as a function of gender,age, smoking,and hair dyeing

Hair samples were collected randomly from 110 subjects (55 male and 55 female) ranging in age from (<15–60) years. Each subject was asked to complete a personal questionnaire describing his/her sex, age, general health, smoking, use of hair dyes, occupational area, and living habits. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Ca in human hair samples were evaluated using atomic absorption spectrometry. Results indicated that concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn in the hair of smokers were higher than those in the hair of non-smokers, whereas, Fe and Ca concentrations in hair of smokers were lower than those in hair of non-smokers. Moreover, the concentrations of these elements are higher in dyed hair compared with undyed hair.     

Concentrations of V,Cr, Mn,Fe, Ni,Co, Cu,Zn, As and Cd in mesopelagic crustaceans from the North East Atlantic Ocean

Specimens of oceanic decapods, mysids and euphausiids, collected from the North East Atlantic Ocean during July 1985, were analysed for V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Zn, As and Cd. Measurement of the metals was carried out using two techniques: inductively-coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and atomic absorption (AAS). With the exception of the iron data, good agreement was observed between the data from the two techniques. Baseline-metal data are presented for the species measured, along with any effects of animal size on metal concentration. The data presented for oceanic animals from different trophic levels are important in studies of metal fluxes and for the assessment of markers within the food web in the oceans.     

Fractionation of trace metals (Mn,Zn, Cu,Pb) in Red Sea sediments,Gulf of Aden,Yemen

A sequential extraction technique was applied to estimate the chemical association of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in five chemical phases (exchangeable, carbonate, Fe–Mn oxides, organic matter and residual) in sediments of the Gulf of Aden, Yemen. The results indicated that a higher level of Mn was associated with the residual fraction (natural sources) than the non-residual fraction (anthropogenic sources). Zn fractionations revealed that it was associated more with Fe–Mn oxides and organic fractions than exchangeable and carbonate fractions. Most of the Cu was present in the residual form (60–72%) except for in the main port area (zone III), where it was associated with the organic phase (77% of the total Cu content, the organic matter content was 5%). Similarly, most Pb was bound in the residual fraction (56–71%) except the main port area where ～ 62% of the total Pb was bound in non-residual fractions. It was also found that the Pb concentration in the exchangeable fraction was very high compared with other metals. The risk assessment code for the metals showed a low risk for Zn and Cu, but low to medium risk for Mn. Fractionation of Pb showed medium risk at most of the regions except at the eastern area, which revealed a high risk for the aquatic environment.     

Research progress on distribution,sources, identification,toxicity, and biodegradation of microplastics in the ocean,freshwater, and soil environment

• Microplastics are widely found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. • Cleaning products and discarded plastic waste are primary sources of microplastics. • Microplastics have apparent toxic effects on the growth of fish and soil plants. • Multiple strains of biodegradable microplastics have been isolated. Microplastics (MPs) are distributed in the oceans, freshwater, and soil environment and have become major pollutants. MPs are generally referred to as plastic particles less than 5 mm in diameter. They consist of primary microplastics synthesized in microscopic size manufactured production and secondary microplastics generated by physical and environmental degradation. Plastic particles are long-lived pollutants that are highly resistant to environmental degradation. In this review, the distribution and possible sources of MPs in aquatic and terrestrial environments are described. Moreover, the adverse effects of MPs on natural creatures due to ingestion have been discussed. We also have summarized identification methods based on MPs particle size and chemical bond. To control the pollution of MPs, the biodegradation of MPs under the action of different microbes has also been reviewed in this work. This review will contribute to a better understanding of MPs pollution in the environment, as well as their identification, toxicity, and biodegradation in the ocean, freshwater, and soil, and the assessment and control of microplastics exposure.