深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsis isabellina)华2-1产油发酵培养条件优化

为开发微生物油脂资源,从富含油脂的土样中分离获得一株产油脂微生物——深黄伞形霉(Umbelopsisisabellina)华2-1,油脂含量达48.60%.采用单因素和正交实验方法,对深黄伞形霉华2-1的发酵培养条件进行优化研究.优化的培养条件为:葡萄糖100 g/L,酵母粉3 g/L,接种量为20%,初始pH值为5.0～6.0,MgSO4.7H2O和KH2PO4的添加浓度分别为0.5 g/L和2 g/L,培养温度为31℃,最佳发酵培养时间为168 h.华2-1在优化发酵条件下可获得菌体生物量、油脂产量和油脂含量分别为45.86 g/L、24.47 g/L和59.53%,较优化前分别提高了21.48%、33.42%和22.49%.因此,深黄伞形霉华2-1作为微生物油脂生产的新资源具有广阔的应用前景.     

耐碱性木聚糖酶产生菌的筛选及发酵条件研究

利用刚果红透明圈法,从造纸厂碱性土壤中筛选到一株木聚糖酶生产菌株X24-14,经培养特性研究及16S rDNA序列分析,初步认为该菌属于纤维菌属(Cellulosimicrobium).经发酵条件优化,该菌在麸皮60 g/L,蛋白胨10 g/L,K2HPO4 7.0 g/L, pH 8.5,接种量为5%, 37 ℃, 200 r/min的条件下发酵培养108 h,可达到最大活力,为2 204 u/mL. 该酶最适反应温度为60 ℃;具有较宽的pH作用范围,在pH 4.2～9.4范围内能保持较高的酶活力,在pH 9.4条件下,仍具有80%的酶活力; pH稳定性较好,在4 ℃、pH 11.0的条件下处理24 h仍能保持75%的酶活力.图3表1参12     

杀藻菌株Deinococcus sp.Y35的培养基优化及其杀藻菌剂的制备

塔玛亚历山大藻是一种有毒甲藻,常引发赤潮,严重威胁海洋生态的稳定和人类的健康,细菌Deinococcus sp.Y35表现出对塔玛亚历山大藻的杀藻能力,为促进菌株生长、提高杀藻效果并方便保存,对菌株Y35培养条件进行优化,并制备杀藻菌剂.分别确定菌株Y35生长所需的最适氮源、碳源、无机盐,并确定其最适添加量,在优化的基础上完成冻干菌剂的制备和最适冻干保护剂的选择.菌株Y35生长的最适培养基成分是1.0%胰蛋白胨和0.5%酵母粉.在优化的培养基基础上对菌株Y35进行发酵,培养至对数期后进行冷冻干燥,制备杀藻菌剂.菌株Y35需要添加1.0 g/L的蔗糖作为冻干保护剂.杀藻菌剂的杀藻添加量为2.0 mg/m L.本研究可为下一步将细菌应用于赤潮治理奠定基础.     

产油脂微藻的分离鉴定及培养条件优化

为促进自养高产油微藻的工业化应用,从青海多种生境中分离到34株产油微藻,以筛选获得产油脂最高的青3-2-2株为出发株,18S rRNA分析表明其与栅列藻属(Scenedesmus sp.)同源性达到99%以上,确定该株属于栅列藻属.研究氮源、培养时间、培养温度、初始pH值等培养条件对微藻生物量及油脂含量的影响,优化培养条件为:硝酸钠为氮源,以10%(V/V)接种量接种于普通SE培养基,培养温度为25℃,初始pH 7.0,培养周期为20 d,可以获得较高的油脂产率,比优化前的产率增加了近70%.     

一株高产灵菌红素粘质沙雷氏菌的分离鉴定及发酵条件优化

天然色素化合物灵菌红素具有抑制细菌、真菌、疟疾、藻类和肿瘤细胞等多种生物学活性;微生物发酵是生产灵菌红素的主要方法.从自然界植物根际土壤中分离得到一株产红色色素的菌株JWR.经形态和16S rDNA测序鉴定,菌株JWR为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens);用酸性甲醇溶液对发酵液萃取得到灵菌红素的粗提物,利用FT-IR和HPLC鉴定产物,证明该菌株所产红色色素为灵菌红素.通过单因素以及正交优化法对发酵培养基组分和发酵条件进行优化,确定发酵培养基配方为橄榄油1.5 mL/L、牛肉膏0.5 g/L、硫酸镁0.25 g/L,发酵条件为接种量2.5%(V/V)、温度28℃、转速220 r/min.优化后灵菌红素产量提高到6.011 g/L,相比优化前提高了2.845倍.本研究分离粘质沙雷氏菌并优化发酵条件,提高了灵菌红素产量,可为其工业化生产奠定基础.     

米曲霉产氨基酰化酶条件及部分酶学性质研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了米曲霉液态发酵产氨基酰化酶的最佳发酵条件.优化发酵培养基组成(ρ/gL-1):葡萄糖40,蔗糖10,可溶性淀粉20,蛋白胨2.5,马铃薯液1000mL,pH自然.培养基装量50mL/250mL三角瓶,接种量4%.培养温度30℃,转速100r/min,发酵时间42h.每50mL培养物的总酶活由优化前的2627u提高到7338u,是优化前的2.79倍.研究了米曲霉氨基酰化酶的部分酶学性质.该酶催化反应的最适pH为7.0,最适温度为40℃,低浓度的Co2 (5×10-4mol/L)对酶活激活作用显著.图5表2参8     

一株杀扑磷高效降解菌的分离、鉴定及降解条件的响应面法优化

有机磷杀虫剂杀扑磷对防治蚧壳虫有特效,常用于柑橘类果树防治但其残留有毒有害,自然界降解速度比较缓慢.本研究分离并分类鉴定了能高效降解杀扑磷的菌株,进一步采用Box-Benhnken法设计3因素3水平的响应面试验优化降解条件.结果显示,从富集培养基中分离到了一株杀扑磷高效降解细菌MS1-2,经鉴定为膝形假单胞菌(Pseudomonas geniculata);单因素选择温度、NaCl浓度和pH,通过检测杀扑磷残留量对杀扑磷降解条件进行响应面优化,转速设置为100 r/min,接种量为0.4%时,温度和Na Cl浓度为主要影响因素,pH为次要因素,最佳降解条件为温度29.74℃,pH 6.48,Na Cl浓度0.63%.在此条件下培养24 h,杀扑磷从100 mg/L降解到57.73 mg/L,降解率为42.27%,比优化前提高了6个百分点.因此菌株MS1-2能有效降解杀扑磷,优化降解条件后降解率有所提高.     

卵孢菌素产生菌株角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20发酵培养条件优化

卵孢菌素(Oosporein)是具有广谱抗菌活性的二联苯醌类化合物;角毛壳菌(Chaetomium cupreum)CH21-20为本实验室通过遗传改良获得的卵孢菌素高产菌株.利用该菌株进行发酵条件研究,获得其最适发酵条件为接种量(体积分数)3%、初始p H 7.0、装液量60 mL/250 mL、摇床转速180 r/min、培养温度24℃.培养基碳氮源和无机盐筛选结果表明,15.0 g/L蔗糖、5.0 g/L蛋白粉及0.5 g/L氯化钠能显著提高卵孢菌素产量.以卵孢菌素为响应值,对蔗糖、蛋白粉、氯化钠进行三因素三水平的Box-Behnken实验设计及响应面法优化研究,得到蔗糖、蛋白粉及氯化钠的最佳配比分别为15.63 g/L、5.22 g/L、0.53 g/L,预测在此发酵条件下卵孢菌素最高产量可达2 547μg/mL,实验验证得到卵孢菌素产量为2 478μg/mL,与预测值接近;发酵条件优化后,卵孢菌素产量提高了56.14%.本研究获得了卵孢菌素稳定高产的摇瓶发酵技术参数.     

丙酮丁醇梭菌Clostridium acetobutylicum CICC 8012发酵鲜芭蕉芋生产丁醇

以非粮作物鲜芭蕉芋为原料,利用丙酮丁醇梭菌CICC 8012发酵生产丁醇.采用中心组合实验设计(CCD),选取初始糖浓度、接种量、中性红、乙酸铵为主要影响因素,对发酵条件进行优化,建立以丁醇产量为响应值的数学模型.对模型求解得到:初始糖浓度62.25 g/L,接种量为10.81%,中性红为0.81 g/L,乙酸铵为0.574 g/L时,最终的丁醇产量为12.83 g/L.验证实验结果表明,在优化条件下丁醇发酵产量达到12.73 g/L,证明了模型可靠有效.     

棒状链霉菌突变株CCRC11518-Ⅲ50克拉维酸发酵条件的研究

通过单因子和多因子摇瓶正交优化试验,确定了克拉维酸产生菌棒状链霉菌突变株Streptomyces clavuligerusCCRC11518-Ⅲ50的三角瓶发酵条件.发酵培养基组成(ρ/g L-1):甘油30,大豆蛋白胨60,麦芽浸膏7.5,K2HPO4·3H2O 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,FeSO4-7H2O 1.0;培养基初始pH 6.5;接种量15％;培养基装量20 mL/250 mL三角瓶;培养温度25℃;发酵时间72 h.克拉维酸效价由优化前的834.8 μg mL-1提高到1 082.615 μg mL-1,提高了29.7％.还在1 600 mL发酵罐中进行了初步放大试验.当接种量15％,通气量1:0.5,转速450 r min-1,25℃发酵60h克拉维酸效价达到高峰1 025 μg mL-1.图12表1参12     

《生态毒理学报》主编简介

<正>王子健,男,1953年10月出生,博士,研究员,博士生导师．1976年中国科技大学毕业后到中科院生态环境研究中心工作．1983-1985年在瑞士留学,从事水质污染化学规律研究;1987年在日本从事生物样品生理活性物质分析方法研究． 1992-2000年担任中科院生态环境研究中心环境水化学国家重点实验室副主任、主任,兼环境模拟与污染控制国家重点联合实验室学术委员会委员,国家863计划污染控制技术主题专家组副组长,国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部第二届咨询专家委员会委员,国际环境地球化学与健康学会亚太分会理事,全球环境基金专家库成员等．同时担任环境科学学报(副主编)、过程工程学报、环境化学、湿地研究、地球与环境、美国Environmental Science and Health(A)等杂志的编委．王子健领导的研究小组主要研究天然水体和水处理过程中的水质转化、相关毒性和毒理变化以及健康和生态风险．内容包括发展新的环境监测技术,离体和活体生物毒性测试方法,污染物水体多介质过程,水质安全性评价以及水污染的健康和生态风险的指标和方法．在开发新型生物模拟采样技术和生物毒性测试方法体系、生活饮用水和再生水的安全性评价、持久性有毒污染物污染及其生态与健康影响等方面取得了丰硕的成果,相当一部分成果得到推广应用．     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

1株微小杆菌对4种蓝藻的生长影响

利用过滤的天然珍珠养殖水参照BG11配制加富培养液,将1株能促进鱼害微囊藻生长的微小杆菌属菌株(Exiguobacterium sp.013,简写为E.sp.013)进行纯化扩大培养后与铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、水华微囊藻(Microcystis flosaquae)、平裂藻(Merismopedia sp.)和惠氏微囊藻(Microcystis wesenbergii)按一定菌、藻密度比例同时接种后进行为期24 d的培养试验,利用特定生长率和细胞密度等指标观察并检验E.sp.013菌株对4种蓝藻生长的影响,同时检测培养液中优势菌群的数量变化趋势.结果表明:E.sp.013菌对铜绿微囊藻、水华微囊藻和惠氏微囊藻具有显著促生长和延长稳定生长期作用,对平裂藻不具有显著促生长作用,但对延长其稳定生长期具有显著效果;试验培养过程中E.sp.013菌落数量占所有菌落总数的比例始终高于46％,处于绝对优势地位,表明E.sp.013菌具有调控其他菌群的能力.     

南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

接种污泥源对厌氧氨氧化启动效能的影响

厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,ANAMMOX)菌生长缓慢是影响其实际应用的主要问题之一,选取合适的接种污泥十分重要.本研究采用好氧污泥、厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧消化污泥3种接种污泥,分别经过61、70和85 d的运行均实现了厌氧氨氧化过程,氨氮去除率分别为82%、92%和91%,总氮去除率达76%、82%和80%.分别接种3种污泥源的厌氧序批式反应器(ASBR)R1、R2、1t3出水pH值最终稳定在8.4、8.5、8.5.好氧污泥呈絮状,但沉降性比接种前好,厌氧颗粒污泥解体后最终形成粒径集中在0.5～1.0 mm的污泥,厌氧消化污泥则呈沙化状态,有细小颗粒出现.根据厌氧氨氧化细胞产率系数及NH4+-N、NO2--N去除量和NO3--N生成量之间的计量学关系,估算出厌氧氨氧化菌产率系数(以1 mol NH4+产生的CH2O0.5N0.15量计)分别为0.080、0.105和0.114 mol·mol-1,说明反应器内厌氧氨氧化菌有不同程度的衰减.总体而言,厌氧颗粒污泥是富集厌氧氨氧化菌的最适污泥源.