The World Bank and Petroleum Development in the Third World

The issues that arise between state sovereignty over natural resources and the desire of the State to finance the development of its petroleum resources from external sources are briefly examined. The problem is particularly acute for the least developed countries. It is suggested that financing obtained from international agencies such as the World Bank, may provide a means for such countries to maintain full sovereignty over their petroleum resources and at the same time obtain needed financing. To this end the petroleum lending activities of the World Bank are examined both in terms of policy and in terms of the financial resources available. A special lending facility to help underwrite financial risk of petroleum exploration in the least developed countries is proposed.     

Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy

Soviet Natural Resources in the World Economy Editors : Robert F. Jensen, Theodore Shabad and Arthur W. Wright     

中国石油污染源在线监测系统发展的探究

文章结合中国石油污染源在线监测系统的开发情况,对中国石油污染源在线监测系统基本情况、存在问题、系统功能的提升进行了探究。得出:智能环境在线监控系统除实现对环境污染物排放的实时监测,还将对未来污染物排放浓度有一定的预测性,提供符合决策支持的参考信息。为顺应时代发展,亟需利用数据挖掘技术和大数据理论实现异常数据的判别和超标数据的预测,以满足国家对在线监测工作日益严格的考核要求。     

Microcomputers in the Third World: Recommendations for Use in Water Resources

The paper provides an introduction for professionals in the water resources field who are considering the use of a microcomputer in their work. The types of hardware and software available are discussed, as well as the factors which should be considered in choosing an appropriate system. Two microcomputer systems are suggested, an 'ideal' and a 'minimum', along with some indicative prices.     

The Role of Metallic Mineral Resources for Countries of the Third World

Metallic and other mineral resources can contribute powerfully to development. They have to be surveyed and assessed in a systematic way to provide the basis for decisions. Development is seen as a complex network of interrelating factors, which at best can cross-fertilize each other but more often tend to slow down one another. Economics, and especially the availability and cost of energy, are crucial for developing mineral resources.
Les ressources métalliques et autres ressources minières peuvent contribuer d'une manière significative au développement d'un pays. On doit procéder à leur inventaire et leur évaluation d'une façon systématique afin qu'elles fournissent une base sur laquelle peuvent être fondées des décisions. Le développement est perçu comme un réseau complexe de facteurs interdépendants qui au mieux peuvent se renforcer mais qui, le plus souvent, tendent à se ralentir. En particulier, la disponibilitè et le coût de l'énergie représentent des facteurs décisifs dans le développement des ressources minières.
Los recursos minerales metélicos y no metálicos constituyen un factor que pueden tener una gran contribución al desarrollo económico. Este desarrollo es el resultado de un sistema complejo de factores interrelacionados que en el mejor de los casos pueden influir positivamente los unos en los otros pero que a menudo tienden a anularse mutuamente. El costo y disponibilidad de la energía es importante para el desarrollo de recursos naturales. Es también importante la sistemática exploración y evaluación de estos recursos     

Trials and Tribulations of Third World Petroleum Development: Lessons and Advice for Prospective Producers

This paper presents a variety of lessons for governments of developing countries about how to begin to operate as new oil producers in the world petroleum market. Lessons, drawn from the recent experiences of currently producing LDCs, are identified for each stage of the industry from exploration and development through procurement and supply to refining and marketing.     

Modeled Sources,Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States1

Anning, David W., 2011. Modeled Sources, Transport, and Accumulation of Dissolved Solids in Water Resources of the Southwestern United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1087‐1109. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00579.x Abstract: Information on important source areas for dissolved solids in streams of the southwestern United States, the relative share of deliveries of dissolved solids to streams from natural and human sources, and the potential for salt accumulation in soil or groundwater was developed using a SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes model. Predicted area‐normalized reach‐catchment delivery rates of dissolved solids to streams ranged from <10 (kg/year)/km² for catchments with little or no natural or human‐related solute sources in them to 563,000 (kg/year)/km² for catchments that were almost entirely cultivated land. For the region as a whole, geologic units contributed 44% of the dissolved‐solids deliveries to streams and the remaining 56% of the deliveries came from the release of solutes through irrigation of cultivated and pasture lands, which comprise only 2.5% of the land area. Dissolved‐solids accumulation is manifested as precipitated salts in the soil or underlying sediments, and (or) dissolved salts in soil‐pore or sediment‐pore water, or groundwater, and therefore represents a potential for aquifer contamination. Accumulation rates were <10,000 (kg/year)/km² for many hydrologic accounting units (large river basins), but were more than 40,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Middle Gila, Lower Gila‐Agua Fria, Lower Gila, Lower Bear, Great Salt Lake accounting units, and 247,000 (kg/year)/km² for the Salton Sea accounting unit.     

申遗成功后登封文化旅游资源产业化开发研究

当今文化消费成为时尚,文化旅游成为旅游业发展的新趋势,而文化旅游资源的产业化开发是文化旅游发展的基础工程。2010年8月河南登封天地之中古建筑群申报世界文化遗产成功,在此背景下登封文化旅游资源的产业化开发与保护问题引起人们的关注。国内外实践证明,积极科学的产业化开发是保护的保证,基于此登封文化旅游资源的产业化开发成为重要的研究课题。分析了登封文化旅游资源开发的优势,对制约登封文化旅游资源产业化的主要因素进行了探讨,提出了登封文化旅游资源产业化开发的构想。     

“Guardianship” and the “Rural Workshop”—The First Quarter-century of U.K. Experience in Nature Conservation

In the U.K., the Countryside Act of 1968 represented the first “updating” of the pioneering National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act of 1949. Through the archival material that survives for the Ministry of Agriculture and Nature Conservancy, the paper commemorates that first quarter-century of post-war adjustment to the needs of farming and wildlife conservation. It does so through a case study of the documented discussion, both inter-agency and within separate counsels, of whether agricultural improvement grants should be paid for land scheduled as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs). The post-war assumptions of both parties were shattered by clashes over the SSSIs of Cavenham Heath (Suffolk) and Waddingham Common (Lincolnshire). Characterized as a “cold” war, there was a point beyond which antipathy served no one's interests. Fully aware of the options available to policy-makers, both parties recognized the Countryside Bill as an opportunity to obtain greater protection for SSSIs without prejudicing the larger notions of guardianship of the rural resource and the importance that continued to be given to the countryside as the farmer's “workshop”.     

武陵源世界自然遗产地生态旅游资源评价研究

生态旅游资源评价是生态旅游开发的首要问题。根据武陵源世界自然遗产地生态旅游资源分布情况,构建了包括资源价值、景点模式与旅游条件在内的3个评价综合层、10个项目层和11个因子层所组成的评价体系,并采用层次分析法对武陵源生态旅游资源进行了重新审视。评价结果显示,武陵源生态旅游资源的等级为世界级,具备发展生态旅游的优异条件。     

Surface‐Water Nutrient Conditions and Sources in the United States Pacific Northwest1

Wise, Daniel R. and Henry M. Johnson, 2011. Surface‐Water Nutrient Conditions and Sources in the United States Pacific Northwest. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1110‐1135. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00580.x Abstract: The SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model was used to perform an assessment of surface‐water nutrient conditions and to identify important nutrient sources in watersheds of the Pacific Northwest region of the United States (U.S.) for the year 2002. Our models included variables representing nutrient sources as well as landscape characteristics that affect nutrient delivery to streams. Annual nutrient yields were higher in watersheds on the wetter, west side of the Cascade Range compared to watersheds on the drier, east side. High nutrient enrichment (relative to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended nutrient criteria) was estimated in watersheds throughout the region. Forest land was generally the largest source of total nitrogen stream load and geologic material was generally the largest source of total phosphorus stream load generated within the 12,039 modeled watersheds. These results reflected the prevalence of these two natural sources and the low input from other nutrient sources across the region. However, the combined input from agriculture, point sources, and developed land, rather than natural nutrient sources, was responsible for most of the nutrient load discharged from many of the largest watersheds. Our results provided an understanding of the regional patterns in surface‐water nutrient conditions and should be useful to environmental managers in future water‐quality planning efforts.     

Groundwaters at Risk: Wetland Loss Changes Sources,Lengthens Pathways,and Decelerates Rejuvenation of Groundwater Resources

Wetland loss alters the hydrology of wetlandscapes in poorly understood ways. To quantify the effects of wetland loss on subsurface hydrology, a physically based hydrologic model that simulates the timing and pathways of subsurface hydrologic connections was coupled with wetland inventories over a 50‐year period during which substantial wetland loss occurred. The model revealed, based on vertical variations in saturated hydraulic conductivities, wetland loss of different degrees led to a contraction of catchment contributing areas to local surface waters but an expansion of contributing areas to the regional surface water body. This shift in groundwater contributing areas reflected (1) a decrease in baseflow contribution to the local surface water bodies, and (2) an increase in the transit time and length of subsurface hydrologic connections with an associated increase in the magnitude and age of baseflow discharging to the regional surface water body. The model also showed regions with thick permeable aquifers were particularly sensitive to the loss of wetlands. Our ability to predict these changes in hydrology of the watershed provides important support for designing science‐based policies to promote sustainable water resource management.     

Large Biases in Regression‐Based Constituent Flux Estimates: Causes and Diagnostic Tools

It has been documented in the literature that, in some cases, widely used regression‐based models can produce severely biased estimates of long‐term mean river fluxes of various constituents. These models, estimated using sample values of concentration, discharge, and date, are used to compute estimated fluxes for a multiyear period at a daily time step. This study compares results of the LOADEST seven‐parameter model, LOADEST five‐parameter model, and the Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) model using subsampling of six very large datasets to better understand this bias problem. This analysis considers sample datasets for dissolved nitrate and total phosphorus. The results show that LOADEST‐7 and LOADEST‐5, although they often produce very nearly unbiased results, can produce highly biased results. This study identifies three conditions that can give rise to these severe biases: (1) lack of fit of the log of concentration vs. log discharge relationship, (2) substantial differences in the shape of this relationship across seasons, and (3) severely heteroscedastic residuals. The WRTDS model is more resistant to the bias problem than the LOADEST models but is not immune to them. Understanding the causes of the bias problem is crucial to selecting an appropriate method for flux computations. Diagnostic tools for identifying the potential for bias problems are introduced, and strategies for resolving bias problems are described.     

Water Consumption in the Production of Ethanol and Petroleum Gasoline

We assessed current water consumption during liquid fuel production, evaluating major steps of fuel lifecycle for five fuel pathways: bioethanol from corn, bioethanol from cellulosic feedstocks, gasoline from U.S. conventional crude obtained from onshore wells, gasoline from Saudi Arabian crude, and gasoline from Canadian oil sands. Our analysis revealed that the amount of irrigation water used to grow biofuel feedstocks varies significantly from one region to another and that water consumption for biofuel production varies with processing technology. In oil exploration and production, water consumption depends on the source and location of crude, the recovery technology, and the amount of produced water re-injected for oil recovery. Our results also indicate that crop irrigation is the most important factor determining water consumption in the production of corn ethanol. Nearly 70% of U.S. corn used for ethanol is produced in regions where 10–17 liters of water are consumed to produce one liter of ethanol. Ethanol production plants are less water intensive and there is a downward trend in water consumption. Water requirements for switchgrass ethanol production vary from 1.9 to 9.8 liters for each liter of ethanol produced. We found that water is consumed at a rate of 2.8–6.6 liters for each liter of gasoline produced for more than 90% of crude oil obtained from conventional onshore sources in the U.S. and more than half of crude oil imported from Saudi Arabia. For more than 55% of crude oil from Canadian oil sands, about 5.2 liters of water are consumed for each liter of gasoline produced. Our analysis highlighted the vital importance of water management during the feedstock production and conversion stage of the fuel lifecycle.     

钻井固化物中石油类测定方法

为了寻找钻井固化物中石油类含量测定的最佳萃取条件,使用四氯化碳振荡萃取,利用红外测油仪进行比色的方法,通过对样品含水量、样品颗粒大小、萃取时间和萃取温度等因素进行实验验证。确定了最佳的萃取条件:含水量为3.90%,经过简单处理不需要过筛,室温下水平振荡30min。测定样品的相对标准偏差为0.10%~9.40%,加标回收率为82.2%~108.0%,检出限为0.014mg/g。     

Petroleum Company Operations and Agreements in the Developing Countries

Book revewed in this article:
Petroleum Company Operations & Agreements in Developing Countries Author : Raymond F. Mikesell