大有作为的"绿色化工"--未来的可再生柴油

20世纪可谓“石油世纪”，石油在社会发展中的作用和战略价值日益重要，其消费迅猛增长，其开采如同对大自然的掠夺。结果是：21世纪的前50年，人类已步入石油短缺和枯竭的时期。找寻代替石油的新型能源已成为当前重大而迫切的战略问题。其解决的主要途径和方法尚待探讨和研究，但“绿色化工”——可再生生物柴油是最有潜力的途径和方法之一。     

正确面对比能源枯竭更可怕的水危机

目前,全世界面临能源危机的挑战。一路看涨居高不下的石油、天然气价格正预示着地球上这种宝贵资源逐年减少,其枯竭的一天终将会来临。针对石油、天然气以及煤炭等矿物能源即将枯竭的严峻局面,世界各国尤其是西方发达国家未雨绸缪,早在上世纪末已纷纷建立石油储备。其实,石油储     

采煤诱发的自然灾害及其防治对策

从保护矿区水资源与生态环境的角度出发，对由采煤诱发的地面裂陷、水资源枯竭、水环境污染、干旱、水土流失等灾害性的矿区生态环境问题进行了较为全面、系统的论述，并就各种灾害的防治提出了综合的建设性措施．     

人类活动对气候的四种负效应

二 氧化碳增多形成温室效应 由于工厂、交通运输以及家庭等大鼍燃烧煤、石油等化工燃料，再加上滥伐森林，使大气中的二氧化碳浓度逐年增加。二氧化碳能够透过太阳短波辐射，使到达地表温度增加；同时它又能吸收地面长波辐射后使气温升高，再以逆辐射形式射向地面，如同温室玻璃一样，起保温作用，温事效应的产生，使全球气温逐渐升高，两极冰川部分融化，     

新时期我国农业灾害统计的改进

农业灾害统计是认识和分析农业灾害问题的主要环节，做好这一工作对于实现我国农业可持续发展具有重要意义。文章在分析我国农业灾害统计存在问题的基础上，指出在新时期为推进我国农业灾害统计工作，必须大力加强农业灾害统计指标体系的构建和统计规范性的建立，改进传统的农业灾害统计方法、流程，并完善农业灾害统计管理等工作。     

“暖冬”对农业生产及农业灾害的影响

本文分析了江苏省近几十年来、特别是８０年代以来冬季气温的变化特征，根据农业灾害发生的条件，讨论了“暖冬”对农业生产及农业灾害的影响，为农业生产部门和防灾抗灾部门决策提供科学依据．     

上海城市发展与其海域赤潮的关系分析

近年来，我国沿海地区赤潮爆发频率明显增加，规模不断扩大，对沿海经济的危害程度日益加重。赤潮是自然环境和人类活动共同作用的结果，如何科学地分析沿海城市的经济发展与赤潮灾害的关系已成为迫切需要解决的问题。本文将1978～2004年上海城市发展的相关指标与其海域赤潮发生频率及累计影响面积进行对比分析，结果表明：27年间上海海域出现了2次赤潮高峰期；赤潮灾害规模与上海城市的经济发展、人口增长、沿岸养殖业及农业、陆源排泄物等有密切关系；随着经济的快速发展，上海海域的赤潮频率及影响面积也在不断增加。     

采煤发的自然灾害及其防治对策

从保护矿区水资源与生态环境的角度出发,对由采煤诱发的地面裂隙,水资源枯竭、水环境污染、干旱、水上流失等灾害性的矿区生态环境问题进行了较为全面、系统的论述, 各种灾害的防治提出了综合的建设性措施。     

吉林西部农业旱灾变化趋势及其成因分析

利用吉林西部近50年的农业成灾面积统计资料和气象资料，提示了西部的农业旱灾整体呈波动上升的变化趋势。特别是进入20世纪80年代以后，在全球温暖化的大环境背景下．旱灾已成为当地农业可待续发展的最主要的障碍因素，并引起一系列的生态环境问题。影响农业的旱灾既有自然因素又有人为因素。针对吉林西部的旱灾，提出了一系列减灾对策。     

台风作用下大型煤气柜动态响应的实测研究

煤气柜是一种重要的工业构筑物,可以存储几十万立方的煤气,其抗风性能直接关系到企业生产、居民生活和社会的安定。因此,开展煤气柜抗风研究有重要的工程意义。在台风"丹娜丝"影响我国期间,对某地一座30万m3的大型煤气柜进行了风致响应的现场实测研究,取得了风场以及结构响应的实测数据,讨论分析了该大型煤气柜各个主要部位的加速度响应,获得了煤气柜加速度响应沿柜体分布情况。所得实测分析结果具有较好的科学价值以及工程实用价值,可以为同类结构的抗风设计及相关研究提供参考。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.