化工储罐区池火灾多米诺效应风险评估

化工储罐区储罐数量较多且集中,一旦发生事故很可能诱发多米诺效应造成灾难性的后果。在分析池火灾多米诺效应作用模式的基础上,建立了池火灾多米诺效应风险评估模型,并对某化工储罐区进行了实例计算,分析了单一储罐池火灾事故引发其他储罐池火灾的风险。分析结果表明,池火灾是诱发化工储罐多米诺事故的重要因素,且会造成风险的显著增加,但并非所有的池火灾事故都会诱发多米诺效应。此外,将多米诺效应评价方法应用于化工储罐池火灾事故风险评估中可有效地预测次生事故的发生概率和后果,从而提出针对性措施。     

石化企业多米诺效应引起的环境风险分析

探讨了石化企业可能发生的连锁事故多米诺效应,给出了环境风险多米诺效应的定义,并指出引发多米诺效应的事故类型、发生机理,对某石化企业原油储罐区进行了多米诺效应分析,得出多米诺效应发生情况下事故后果较单一初始事件影响更大.通过实例分析,为某石化公司新建储罐的合理布局提供了参考.     

LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故后果模拟方法研究

系统分析了LPG的火灾爆炸危险性,总结了LPG储罐泄漏后可能发生的事故类型,比较了LPG储罐池火、沸腾液体扩展蒸气爆炸和蒸气云爆炸事故后果模拟方法,提出了预防LPG储罐区火灾爆炸事故的技术措施.     

化工园区储罐多米诺效应的脆弱性评估

为减少化工园储罐区多米诺效应发生概率,找出最容易发生多米诺效应、且对事故影响最大的储罐,评估各储罐的脆弱性等级。首先基于不同领域脆弱性的内涵和多米诺效应的特点,提出多米诺效应情况下储罐脆弱性的定义;然后利用熵权物元可拓模型和风险矩阵法的客观性,并结合复杂网络模型和逼近理想排序法(TOPSIS)模型评估事故网络节点重要度,从初始事故的可能性与传播影响力2个方面,构建多米诺效应下储罐脆弱性分级评估模型;最后应用该模型评估某化工园储罐区各罐体脆弱性等级,并将结果与贝叶斯方法的评估结果对比。结果表明:该模型考虑了储罐自身属性及影响扩展范围,得到的脆弱性分级结果更准确。     

储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析方法

石化工业储罐区储存大量易燃物质,储罐发生火灾可能对邻近储罐造成影响,引发严重的多米诺事故。火灾发生后的应急响应会对事故发展造成影响,并影响多米诺效应的发生概率。结合Probit分析方法和我国火灾应急响应统计数据,建立了储罐区火灾引发多米诺效应的概率分析模型,并以汽油储罐火灾为例,分析了多米诺效应的概率。     

重大危险源多米诺效应的后果分析

一个危险源发生事故时可能会引起其它危险源也相继发生事故,这种现象被称为多米诺效应或连锁效应.许多化工厂的重大事故都伴随有多米效应发生.多米诺效应是造成重大事故损失加剧、灾难升级的一个重要原因,而目前对重大危险源多米诺效应监管要求和技术研究还是非常欠缺的.本文针对火灾、爆炸冲击波以及碎片撞击所引发重大危险源相关学者的研究成果,给出了热辐射、超压以及碎片引发多米诺效应的阈值.工以液化石油气蒸气云爆炸的多米诺效应进行实例应用.该方法可以很好地用于重大危险源的安全评价或他土使用使用规划中.     

基于多米诺效应的油品储罐区个人风险研究

介绍了多米诺效应的基本原理和多米诺事故发生的概率分析方法。提出在一定条件下进行储罐区风险评价时,多米诺效应对个人风险值的影响不容忽视,并给出了考虑多米诺效应的个人风险计算方法。最后利用开发的个人风险计算软件通过分析计算,给出了某储罐区的个人风险等值线分布图。结果表明,该罐区正北方向相邻的一劳动密集型工厂需搬迁,或采取相应安全保护措施降低风险。该方法考虑了多米诺效应对装置事故发生概率的影响,能提高个人风险计算结果的真实性与准确性。     

基于图模型的储罐区火灾事故多米诺效应评定

为量化原油储罐区域火灾事故中由多米诺效应引发的事故风险,基于图模型提出一种同时考虑初级火灾事故及其扩展概率的多米诺效应评定算法。首先,采用事故树计算储罐的年度初级火灾事故起数的期望值;其次,以产生初级火灾事故的储罐为节点,以火灾扩展方向为边构建图模型;然后,基于图模型构建各个节点发生事故的贝叶斯网络;最后,借助贝叶斯网络计算各节点在多米诺效应下发生事故起数的总期望值,并将提出的算法应用到某储罐区火灾事故多米诺效应的评定中。结果表明:相对于仅考虑单一储罐,考虑周围储罐发生事故的多米诺效应后,部分储罐的事故起数的总期望值有明显提高;在事故风险评定中不应忽视多米诺效应这一因素。     

事故树分析法在LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故中的应用

LPG(液化石油气)属于危险化学品之一,LPG储罐发生火灾爆炸的机率大,造成的损失比较严重,故对其火灾爆炸事故进行研究具有重要意义。LPG储罐爆炸根据其发生机理分为化学爆炸(燃爆)和物理爆炸两种模式。本文通过对LPG储罐燃爆﹑物理爆炸两类事故进行系统分析,建立了以LPG储罐燃爆、物理爆炸为顶事件的事故树。通过对其事故树的定性分析,得到了影响顶事件的各个最小割(径)集。通过计算底事件的结构重要度,确定了影响LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故的主要因素,并提出了相应的改进措施,进而提高LPG储罐的安全性和运行可靠性。     

油气储罐区多米诺事故耦合效应风险分析

为研究油气储罐区多米诺事故中耦合效应对事故扩展的影响,通过借鉴不同领域耦合效应的定义及内涵,提出多米诺事故中耦合效应的定义,并构建多灾种多因素耦合情景及耦合效应影响因素图;针对某一罐区,运用贝叶斯网络模型分析发生池火灾时热辐射的耦合效应,借助Netica软件探讨某储罐发生池火灾时事故的最大可能传播路径。结果表明:储罐受到多热辐射的共同影响即多热辐射场耦合作用时,多米诺事故发生概率明显增大;当储罐V11发生池火灾时,为预防多米诺事故的发生,需要重点对储罐V21采取保护措施。     

Study of the situation deduction of a domino accident caused by overpressure in LPG storage tank area

The production and storage of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is gradually becoming larger and more intensive, which greatly increases the risk of the domino effect of an explosion accident in a storage tank area while improving production and management efficiency. This paper describes the construction of the domino effect scene of an explosion accident in an LPG storage tank area, the analysis of the characteristics of the LPG tank explosion shock wave and the target storage tank failure, and the creation of an ANSYS numerical model to derive the development trend and expansion law of the domino accident in the LPG storage tank area. The research showed that: 400 m³ tank T1 explosion shock waves spread to T2, T4, T5, T3, and T6, and the tank overpressures of 303 kPa, 303 kPa, 172 kPa, 81 kPa, and 61 kPa respectively. The critical values of the target storage tank failure overpressure-range threshold were 70 kPa and 60 m. After the explosion of the initial unit T1 tank, at 38 ms, the T2 and T4 storage tanks failed and exploded; at 56 ms, the T5 storage tank exploded for the third time; at 82 ms, the T3 storage tank exploded for the fourth time; and at 102 ms, the T6 storage tank exploded for the fifth time. With the increase of explosion sources, the failure overpressure of the target storage tank increased, and the interval between explosions continuously shortened, which reflected the expansion effect of the domino accident. The domino accident situation deduction in the LPG storage tank area provided a scientific basis for the safety layout, accident prevention and control, emergency rescue, and management of a chemical industry park.     

Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires

Fire accidents of chemical installations may cause domino effects in atmospheric tank farms, where a large amount of hazardous substances are stored or processed. Pool fire is a major form of fire accidents, and the thermal radiation from pool fire is the primary hazard of domino accidents. The coupling of multiple pool fires is a realistic and important accident phenomenon that enhances the propagation of domino accidents. However, previous research has mostly focused on the escalation of domino accidents induced by a single pool fire. To overcome the drawback, in this study, the failure of a storage tank under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires was studied in view of spatial and temporal synergistic process. The historical accident statistics indicated that the accident scenario of two-pool fires accounted for 30.6% in pool fires. The domino accident scenario involving three tanks is analyzed, and the typical layout of tanks is isosceles right triangle based on Chinese standard “GB50341-2014”. The thermal response and damage of a target tank heated by pool fires were numerically investigated. The volume of 500 m³, 3000 m³, 5000 m³ and 10000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature was obtained by FDS, and then was input onto the finite element model. The temperature field and stress field of target tanks were simulated by ABAQUS. The results showed that the temperature rise rate of the target tanks under multiple pool fires was higher than that under a single pool fire. The failure time of the tank under the coupling effect of multiple fires was lower than that under the superposition of multiple fires without the first stage. The stress and yield strength were compared to judge the failure of the target tank. The model of failure time for the tank under the coupling effect of pool fires was established. Through the verification, the deviation of this model is 4.02%, which is better than the deviation of 15.76% with Cozzani's model.     

DomPrevPlanning: User-friendly software for planning domino effects prevention

Chains of accidents, in literature generally referred to as domino effects, knock-on effects, cascade effects or escalation effects occur very infrequently but with disastrous consequences. There exist very few software packages to study such domino accidents in complex industrial areas and to forecast potential catastrophes caused by secondary order (involving a sequence of three installations submitted to two consecutive accidents), tertiary order or even higher order accidents. Moreover, available domino software focuses on risk assessment and on consequence assessment. None of these toolkits specifically addresses the prioritization of installation sequences in an industrial area in order to facilitate objective prevention decisions about domino effects. This paper describes the application of a new computer-automated tool designed to support decision-making on preventive and protective measures to alleviate domino effects in a complex surrounding of chemical installations. Using a holistic approach and thus looking at the entire industrial area as a whole, all sequences of three installations in the area are ranked according to their danger contribution to domino effects. An example of a cluster of chemical plants demonstrates the level of qualitative and quantitative input data required. The example is also used to explain the toolkit results, as well as the surplus value and the benefits for company safety managers and regulators.     

The significance of domino effect in chemical accidents

A historical survey was performed on 330 accidents involving domino effect, occurred in process/storage plants and in the transportation of hazardous materials; only accidents occurred after 1st-January-1961 have been considered. The main features – geographical location, type of accident, materials involved, origin and causes, consequences, domino sequences – were analyzed, with special consideration to the situation in the developing countries and compared to those from other previous surveys. Among the involved substances, LPG was the most frequent one, followed by liquid hydrocarbons. Process plants (38.5% of cases) and storage areas (33%) were the most common settings; 10.6% of past domino accidents occurred in transfer operations. The ratio between “two-step” and “three-step” domino accidents was found to be 6. A specific analysis of the accidents (84) occurred in the 21st century was performed, comparing them with the total set of accidents. Finally, a set of specific recommendations inferred from the results is provided.     

危险品区多米诺效应的风险分析

根据多米诺效应的特点,提出了一种针对危险品区域的多米诺效应的风险分析方法.通过多米诺效应事故场景的辨识、设备的概率损坏模型和多米诺分析技术,分析区域内所有危险设备的多米诺效应风险指数和设备在多米诺事故链中的传播作用,定量分析多米诺事故后果.通过该方法可以得到区域内设备的多米诺效应风险指数和多米诺事故的后果风险.通过该方法可建立起区域的安全防范措施,从而有效预防潜在的多米诺效应,降低事故风险.     

我国城市重大危险源管理探讨

目前我国城市安全问题严重,城市重大危险源的管理工作还比较落后,在认识到这些客观问题的基础上,探讨我国城市重大危险源管理问题和方法,以期预防和减少重大事故的发生,保障企业生产安全稳定地进行.     

某储罐区火灾多米诺效应场景推演

化工园区中危险源众多,一旦发生事故很容易在整个园区内蔓延和发展.针对化工园区内储罐密集,容易引发连锁反应导致事故扩大的特点,利用FDS软件对储罐火灾场景进行数值模拟,根据储罐所受热辐射确定化工园区内储罐火灾最可能的事故发生序列,并引入基于设备失效前时间的机械设备故障概率模型对罐区内单个储罐的火灾风险进行研究,得到储罐区...     

危险工业设施周边土地利用规划研究

由于工业设施的存在,其周边区域常常受到潜在工业事故的威胁,为了减小这种风险,必须对这些区域进行合理的土地利用规划。借鉴欧洲研究者的研究方法,利用基于后果的风险评价方法确定不同破坏分区的边界,并将不同土地利用类型的脆弱等级引入土地利用规划,结合二者的结果,依据决策矩阵得到规划决策意见。通过将上述方法应用在某拟建的LPG中转站周边区域,以丙烷泄漏引起的沸腾液体蒸气爆炸为例,将风险分析和决策结果显示在地理信息系统上。案例分析表明该设施对周边区域影响较大,需要对其进行重新选址。