水环境承载力约束下区域城镇化发展合理速度分析

城镇化发展在促进区域社会经济快速发展的同时也导致水环境问题日益严峻。基于区域水环境承载力探讨了城镇化发展合理速度的计量方法:①构建城镇化进程中水环境承载力评价系统,分析城镇化子系统及水环境承载力子系统的基本要素,建立评价指标体系;基于评价指标,利用向量模法测算水环境承载力综合评价值。②构建水环境承载力约束下的区域城镇化发展合理速度分析模型。③根据不同城镇化发展速度、政府不同管制力度设置9种组合情境,在对相关评价指标进行预测的基础上,分别测算不同情境下的水环境承载力综合评价值;通过“阈值”门槛筛选出合理情境,确定区域城镇化发展速度的合理范围。以经济实力强、城镇化水平高、水环境压力大、制度相对健全的江苏省作为研究区域进行实证分析,测算了2006—2017年江苏省水环境承载力综合评价值,以及2030年9种组合情境下的江苏省水环境承载力综合评价值。获得如下研究结论:①2006—2017年间江苏省水环境承载力虽呈现一定的波动,但2013年以后随着政府管制力度的加强,总体上呈现良好的上升态势,但水环境承载力下滑的压力已开始显现。②2030年9种组合情境中,只有“中/强”“低/强”“低/保持”满足水环境承载力阈值标准。结果表明:到2030年,政府对水环境管制力度“强”的情形下,江苏省城镇化发展可以维持1.0%~1.2%的年增长率;政府对水环境管制力度“保持”的情形下,江苏省城镇化发展只能维持1.0%的年增长率,并据此提出了政策建议。     

Recent changes in flood preparedness of private households and businesses in Germany

Using the focusing event framework, a comprehensive analysis of private households’ and businesses’ preparedness was undertaken in the aftermath of the 2002 and 2006 flood events on the Elbe River in Germany. In August 2002, preparedness of households (n = 235) and businesses (n = 103) was low: 30% of the households and 54% of the businesses took no precautionary measures before the flood event. Many undertaken emergency measures were ineffective, since only 26% of all households knew how to react when the flood warning came, and only 9% of businesses had an emergency plan in place. Due to this extreme flood, double-loop learning occurred in many households and businesses, so that many did implement precautionary measures. The distribution of adopted precautionary measures for households fits well to Preisendörfer’s low-cost hypothesis, but does not apply for businesses. Only 10% of the households (n = 112), but still 29% of the businesses (n = 41) were unprepared before the flood in 2006. Significant improvement in flood preparedness activities is still necessary. Particularly for businesses, regulatory programs and programs encouraging proactive behaviour should be implemented. The focusing event framework proofed to be a useful tool for a differentiated analysis of the responses to and learning due to a disaster also in the commercial and private sector.     

Statistical modelling of district-level residential electricity use in NSW, Australia

Electricity network investment and asset management require accurate estimation of future demand in energy consumption within specified service areas. For this purpose, simple models are typically developed to predict future trends in electricity consumption using various methods and assumptions. This paper presents a statistical model to predict electricity consumption in the residential sector at the Census Collection District (CCD) level over the state of New South Wales, Australia, based on spatial building and household characteristics. Residential household demographic and building data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and actual electricity consumption data from electricity companies are merged for 74 % of the 12,000 CCDs in the state. Eighty percent of the merged dataset is randomly set aside to establish the model using regression analysis, and the remaining 20 % is used to independently test the accuracy of model prediction against actual consumption. In 90 % of the cases, the predicted consumption is shown to be within 5 kWh per dwelling per day from actual values, with an overall state accuracy of ?1.15 %. Given a future scenario with a shift in climate zone and a growth in population, the model is used to identify the geographical or service areas that are most likely to have increased electricity consumption. Such geographical representation can be of great benefit when assessing alternatives to the centralised generation of energy; having such a model gives a quantifiable method to selecting the ‘most’ appropriate system when a review or upgrade of the network infrastructure is required.     

人地挂钩视角下人口与土地城镇化协调发展关系研究——以长江经济带上游地区为例

人地挂钩制度是促进城乡之间劳动力与土地要素优化配置的重要创新,对于解决人口城镇化与土地城镇化发展失衡问题有重要作用。研究从中国特殊体制制度框架下人口城镇化与土地城镇化的关系出发,基于"人地挂钩"的城镇化协调发展模式,构建指标体系,运用弹性系数法和重心移动模型,对2009～2016年长江经济带上游地区人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)长江经济带上游地区人口城镇化与土地城镇化发展成效显著,空间"抱团"特征逐步显化;(2)研究区西部人口城镇化发展更快,东部则相反,黔中城市群为人口城镇化与土地城镇化发展热点,但土地城镇化发展更快,有城镇化发展失衡倾向;(3)研究区人口城镇化与土地城镇化基本处于协调发展状态,末期与初期相比,二者协调关系提升明显。据此建议,长江经济带上游地区西部,要继续有序推进人口城镇化,严格控制土地城镇化;地区东部尤其是黔中城市群,要杜绝"大开发",注重产业培养,提升城市魅力,以提高人口城镇化水平,最终实现地区人口城镇化与土地城镇化协调发展。     

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shan-dong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

丘陵山区都市边缘农村居民点土地利用空间特征分析——以重庆两江新区为例

分析丘陵山区都市边缘的农村居民点土地利用空间特征,对于科学认识自然条件与社会经济发展交错影响下的新型农村人地关系具有重要意义。以重庆市两江新区为例,从居民点用地规模特征、居民点空间分异特征、居民点分形特征以及居民点空间格局四方面对农村居民点土地利用空间特征进行了分析。结果表明:两江新区农村居民点用地规模表现出明显的地域差异,在区域内部,受高程、坡度、地质灾害分布、水系、城镇和交通的影响,农村居民点用地表现出较强的空间分异特征,其中有相当一部分居民点的交通及基础设施条件亟待改善;两江新区内农村居民点分形维数介于1.12~1.53之间,由西南向东北方向逐步增大,围绕城市呈现"扇形圈层结构"特征,距离城镇越远农村居民点斑块结构越复杂;从居民点空间格局来看,两江新区镇域尺度上的农村居民点呈现出集聚、均匀与随机3种分布状态,图斑尺度的居民点受地形约束总体上呈条带状分布,在此基础上城镇发展的极化作用吸引农村居民点向城镇集中,形成若干聚集区。研究结果可为丘陵地区开展土地整治及模式探讨、土地利用规划筹提供参考。     

Flood risk,climate change and settlement development: a micro-scale assessment of Austrian municipalities

This paper analyses the influence of climate change and land development on future flood risk for selected Austrian flood-prone municipalities. As part of an anticipatory micro-scale risk assessment we simulated four different inundation scenarios for current and future 100- and 300-year floods (which included a climate change allowance), developed scenarios of future settlement growth in floodplains and evaluated changes in flood damage potentials and flood risk until the year 2030. Findings show that both climate change and settlement development significantly increase future levels of flood risk. However, the respective impacts vary strongly across the different cases. The analysis indicates that local conditions, such as the topography of the floodplain, the spatial allocation of vulnerable land uses or the type of land development (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial) in the floodplain are the key determinants of the respective effects of climate change and land development on future levels of flood risk. The case study analysis highlights the general need for a more comprehensive consideration of the local determinants of flood risk in order to increase the effectiveness of an adaptive management of flood risk dynamics.     

Mutual Conversion of Land Use between Urban and Rural Area in the Process of Urbanization: A Case Study of Shandong Province

Abstract

Urbanization is one of the driving forces for the land use change in type and structure, and its prominent effect is to convert rural land to urban land. This paper takes Shandong Province as an example to analyze the current situation of the mutual conversion between the urban and rural areas from the aspects of the structure of land use, the decreasing tendency of the cultivated land, the changes of land use in urban and rural residential areas. It points out that cultivated land is converted to residential area land, industrial and/or mining area land. The relationship between the urban area land and the cultivated land is more direct; meanwhile, the changes of rural residential area lag behind obviously. The decrease of the cultivated land and the decline of soil quality will be the two difficult problems in the process of urbanization.     

Exploring the effects of population growth on future land use change in the Las Vegas Wash watershed: an integrated approach of geospatial modeling and analytics

The Las Vegas Valley metropolitan area is one of the fastest growing areas in the southwestern United States. The rapid urbanization has presented many environmental challenges. For instance, as population growth and urbanization continue, the supply of sufficient clean water will become a concern. In addition, the area is also experiencing the longest drought in history, and the volume of water storage in Lake Mead, the main fresh water supply for the entire region, has been reduced greatly. The water quality in the main stem of the Las Vegas Wash (LVW) and Lake Mead may also be significantly affected. In order to develop effective sustainable management plans, the very first step is to predict the plausible future urbanization and land use patterns. This paper presents an approach to predict the future land use pattern at the LVW watershed using a Markov cellular automata model. The multi-criteria evaluation was used to couple population density as a variable depicting the driving force of urbanization in the model. Moreover, landscape metrics were used to analyze land use changes in order to better understand the dynamics of urban development in the LVW watershed. The predicted future land use maps for the years 2030 and 2050 show substantial urban development in the area, much of which are located in areas sensitive to source water protections. The results of the analysis provide valuable information for local planners and policy makers, assisting their efforts in constructing alternative sustainable urban development schemes and environmental management strategies.     

Comparative analysis of land use and lake water quality in rural and urban zones of south Chennai, India

Chennai city, the capital of Tamil Nadu state in South India, has been experiencing rapid expansion since the last two decades, resulting in major changes in land use and degradation of wetlands. Small lakes in the peri-urban areas face severe strain on their environment due to transition of rural to urban conditions, leaving at stake their aquatic health and intended uses. This paper studies the role of urbanization and land use changes in the water quality of peri-urban (Rajakilpakkam) and rural (Vengaivasal) lakes. Water samples were collected and analysed for temperature, total dissolved solids, major ions, nutrients and biological oxygen demand as per standard methods. The temperature, pH and biological oxygen demand did not differ between lakes, while total dissolved solids (p = 0.008), alkalinity (p = 0.000), total hardness (p = 0.001) and phosphate (p = 0.000) were significantly higher in Rajakilpakkam. Seasonal and spatial variations in water quality between the lakes showed the direct impact of rapid and uncontrolled growth of built-up areas in the catchment area, in enhancing waste water inflows with inorganic salts and nutrients in Rajakilpakkam lake compared with Vengaivasal lake. Urbanization of the catchment and encroachments in Rajakilpakkam lake tends to reduce the social interdependence of lake and community and promote disuse, leading to decline in water quality. The impending environmental costs caused by urbanization to these lakes will only be tackled, if the main issues of domestic and industrial discharges and encroachments are addressed properly.     

鄱阳湖流域城市洪涝灾害风险及土地类型调整策略研究 ——以景德镇市为例

在全球气候变化和人类活动影响下，流域内城市洪涝灾害发生的频率、强度及其造成的损失日益加剧，更好的揭示洪涝灾害风险的时空演变规律对不同流域下城市防灾减灾具有重要意义。基于流域城市洪涝灾害风险的形成过程，从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体、防灾减灾能力4个方面选取指标，构建了基于格网的流域城市小尺度洪涝灾害风险评价模型，并以景德镇市城区为例，将空间风险定量计算，分析了城市洪涝风险的时空分异特征，最后提出土地利用类型的调整策略。结果表明:从空间上，城区洪涝灾害风险极大值与极小值差值存在较大的差异，呈现由昌江、南河、西河等河流为中心向四周逐渐减小的方向性变化，不同区域的风险波动性幅度不同，社会经济发展水平较高的珠山区昌江沿岸区域为景德镇城区的洪涝灾害高风险区，西部、西南部山区以及东部乡镇由于地势较高，风险水平较低。从时间上，景德镇市城区的洪涝灾害风险最大值呈下降趋势，南部洪涝灾害风险整体变小，但风险集中程度不断加剧，城区西部风险值有小幅度的上升；针对不同的区域特征，通过两种方案对城区内洪涝灾害易涝典型地区进行土地利用类型调整，两个区域风险分别从0.606与0.610降低到0.561与0.571。     

长江中游城市群土地利用转型和城镇化之间的空间关系

城市群正成为中国新型城镇化主体形态,城市群集聚区的快速城镇化对土地利用转型产生了前所未有的影响。但是不清楚的土地利用转型特征和城镇化之间的空间关系,会影响土地利用政策制定和城镇化的健康发展。该文借助1995～2015年间5期土地利用现状遥感监测数据,在5和10 km格网尺度上,从土地利用综合动态度、土地利用程度和土地利用多样性等3方面测度了长江中游城市群土地利用转型水平。借助普通最小二乘法（OLS）、空间滞后模型（SLM）、空间误差模型（SEM）和加入空间滞后项的空间误差模型（SEMLD）探测了土地利用转型和城镇化之间的空间和非空间关系。研究结果显示：（1）1995～2015年间长江中游城市群土地利用发生了深刻转型,耕地面积净减少 6 153.80 km²,建设用地面积净增加 6 205.25 km²;（2）地级市以及周边格网和主要的交通道路沿线格网土地利转型速度、土地利用程度变化和土地利用多样性变化显著高于其他地区;（3）不同格网尺度城镇化和土地利用转型之间具有显著的正向空间自相关关系;（4）回归结果显示,SEMLD模型可以更好地解释土地利用转型与城镇化之间的空间关系,在不同尺度回归分析中发现土地利用转型水平对城镇化具有显著的空间依赖性。未来的土地利用管理以及城镇化发展中需要考虑二者之间的显著的空间依赖性。     

Protein futures for Western Europe: potential land use and climate impacts in 2050

Multiple production and demand side measures are needed to improve food system sustainability. This study quantified the theoretical minimum agricultural land requirements to supply Western Europe with food in 2050 from its own land base, together with GHG emissions arising. Assuming that crop yield gaps in agriculture are closed, livestock production efficiencies increased and waste at all stages reduced, a range of food consumption scenarios were modelled each based on different ‘protein futures’. The scenarios were as follows: intensive and efficient livestock production using today’s species mix; intensive efficient poultry–dairy production; intensive efficient aquaculture–dairy; artificial meat and dairy; livestock on ‘ecological leftovers’ (livestock reared only on land unsuited to cropping, agricultural residues and food waste, with consumption capped at that level of availability); and a ‘plant-based eating’ scenario. For each scenario, ‘projected diet’ and ‘healthy diet’ variants were modelled. Finally, we quantified the theoretical maximum carbon sequestration potential from afforestation of spared agricultural land. Results indicate that land use could be cut by 14–86 % and GHG emissions reduced by up to approximately 90 %. The yearly carbon storage potential arising from spared agricultural land ranged from 90 to 700 Mt CO₂ in 2050. The artificial meat and plant-based scenarios achieved the greatest land use and GHG reductions and the greatest carbon sequestration potential. The ‘ecological leftover’ scenario required the least cropland as compared with the other meat-containing scenarios, but all available pasture was used, and GHG emissions were higher if meat consumption was not capped at healthy levels.     

南昌市中心城区城市建设用地集约利用特征及空间相关性分析

城市化进程不可避免的要占用大量土地资源,当前城市土地集约利用已经成为地理学、土地科学等相关学科研究的热点问题。为了从中观尺度科学分析城市土地集约利用空间分布规律和趋势,以南昌市中心城区为研究对象,在城市建设用地集约利用评价的基础上,运用全域Moran's I和局域Moran's I系数分析建设用地集约度的空间自相关格局(依赖性),揭示建设用地利用集约度的空间局部聚集和局部异常特征。结果表明:建设用地利用集约度全域空间相关性和局域空间相关性指标均显著,从城市边缘到中心区(或副中心)呈现递增的空间形态,其中居住功能区集约度空间相关性最高,教育功能区则最低;各功能区都存在正局域相关,空间分布呈现典型的空间聚集现象。对于高值聚类区应以结构挖潜为主,通过旧城改造和用地置换优化用地布局,低值和高低值聚类区应以管理潜力挖潜为主,通过规划管理和政策引导提高集约度,达到经济社会生态效益相统一的目标,可为南昌市城市建设用地集约利用提供必要的支撑和依据。     

平原集水区城镇化对暴雨洪水影响研究 ——以常州市双桥浜为例

城镇化下土地利用变化影响了流域洪水过程，并可能导致设计洪水发生变化。为进一步辅助城镇化流域防洪设计研究，以常州市双桥浜集水区为例，针对城镇化地区管网资料不全、区域管网河（渠）道排水过程复杂的问题，利用城市河道、道路、集水井等的汇水路径对高度城镇化小区进行子汇水区划分，基于HEC-HMS（Hydrologic Engineering Center-Hydrologic Modeling System）模型建立了适合高度城镇化下平原集水区的降雨-径流模拟模型，以模拟分析城镇化下土地利用转变对暴雨洪水的影响。结果表明，城市绿地向城镇化转变的过程较未利用地向城镇化转变使洪水增加得更大更快，且洪峰的增加幅度小于洪量的增加幅度。同时，随着土地利用转换程度的增大，对洪水影响的差异性也在增大，且低重现期洪水所表现的差异性更为明显。研究结果可为平原河网地区防洪减灾提供一定参考依据。     

Land-use change and its socio-environmental impact in Eastern Ethiopia’s highland

The Alemaya district (Eastern Ethiopian highlands) is characterized by undulating physiographic features with arid, semi-arid, and humid climatic conditions. This study evaluated socio-environmental changes in land use and land cover during 1985–2011. Screen digitization on remotely sensed data (i.e., Landsat images from 1985 to 2011) was performed to produce 10 classes of land use and land cover. Then, final land-use maps were prepared using a geographic information system following field verification and accuracy assessment. The drying of water bodies, including the prominent lakes Alemaya, Adele, and Tinike, had been the most important environmental change observed. Degraded land, marsh, perennial cropland, and residential areas increased by 37, 438, 42, and 190 %, respectively, whereas grassland, plantation, shrubland, and temporal cropland decreased by 64, 11, 63, and 29 %, respectively. The increase in land degradation (+37 %), the other major observed problem, has made large areas unsuitable for agriculture and has reduced crop productivity. These land-use and land-cover changes have affected both the environment and the livelihoods of local residents; especially the issue related to land degradation requires urgent attention.     

Examination of land use/land cover changes,urban growth dynamics,and environmental sustainability in Chittagong city,Bangladesh

As in many other developing countries, cities in Bangladesh have witnessed rapid urbanization, resulting in increasing amounts of land being taken over and therefore land cover changing at a faster rate. Until now, however, few efforts have been made to document the impact of land use and land cover changes on the climate, environment, and ecosystem of the country because of a lack of geospatial data and time-series information. By using open source Landsat data integrated with GIS technologies and other ancillary data, this study attempts to classify land use and create land cover maps, enabling post-classification change detection analysis. By this method, we document the spatial and temporal trajectory of urban expansion in Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, over a 36-year period. The findings suggest that, over the study period, 56 % of the land cover has undergone change, mainly because of the expansion of built-up areas and other human activities. During the 36-year period, the built-up area around Chittagong city has expanded by 618 %, with an average annual rate of increase of 17.5 %. As a result of rapid urbanization, the vegetated hills near urban development areas face serious threats of further encroachment and degradation, given that 2178 ha of hills have already been intruded over the study period. Because urbanization processes in Bangladesh have traditionally been viewed as the result of population growth and economic development, very little work has been done to track the potential growth trajectory in a physical or spatial context. This study, therefore, will contribute to the current understanding of urban development in Bangladesh from a temporal and spatial point of view. Findings will be able to assist planners, stakeholders, and policy makers in appreciating the dynamism of urban growth and therefore will facilitate better planning for the future to minimize environmental impacts.     

Evaluating the effect of flood damage-reducing measures: a case study of the unembanked area of Rotterdam,the Netherlands

Empirical evidence of increasing flood damages and the prospect of climatic change has initiated discussions in the flood management community on how to effectively manage flood risks. In the Netherlands, the framework of multi-layer safety (MLS) has been introduced to support this risk-based approach. The MLS framework consists of three layers: (i) prevention, (ii) spatial planning and (iii) evacuation. This paper presents a methodology to evaluate measures in the second layer, such as wet proofing, dry proofing or elevating buildings. The methodology uses detailed land-use data for the area around the city of Rotterdam (up to building level) that has recently become available. The vulnerability of these detailed land-use classes to flooding is assessed using the stage–damage curves from different international models. The methodology is demonstrated using a case study in the unembanked area of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, as measures from the second layer may be particularly effective there. The results show that the flood risk in the region is considerable: EUR 36 million p.a. A large part (almost 60 %) of this risk results from industrial land use, emphasising the need to give this category more attention in flood risk assessments. It was found that building level measures could substantially reduce flood risks in the region because of the relatively low inundation levels of buildings. Risk to residential buildings would be reduced by 40 % if all buildings would be wet-proofed, by 89 % if all buildings would be dry-proofed and elevating buildings over 100 cm would render the risk almost zero. While climate change could double the risk in 2100, such building level measures could easily nullify this effect. Despite the high potential of such measures, actual implementation is still limited. This is partly caused by the lack of knowledge regarding these measures by most Dutch companies and the legal impossibility for municipalities to enforce most of these measures as they would go beyond the building codes established at the national level.     

长三角城市群各业用地价格的空间分布格局及影响因素

运用空间自相关及地理加权回归方法,揭示长三角城市群各业用地价格的空间分布及关联特征,并分析其影响因素的空间异质性,丰富和发展城市群地价空间分布规律的理论研究。研究结果表明:工业用地价格普遍偏低,商住地价价格较高,符合城市间土地级差收益规律,但商住倒挂现象明显;在空间分布上,工业地价从浙东南向苏北呈梯度递减,在空间上呈现显著空间正相关,表现为低值空间集聚;居住地价在空间上呈现出较强的空间正相关,具体表现为一、二线城市为高值集聚,商服地价不存在空间自相关性;人均可支配收入、公共财政支出对长三角城市群工业地价的影响空间差异显著,城市等级、国内生产总值和人均可支配收入对居住地价的影响空间差异明显,商服地价主要受到社会消费品总额、每万人公共汽车数量和公共财政支出影响。     

基于MCR模型的农村居民点布局适宜性分区及优化模式研究——以南京市六合区金牛湖街道为例

农村居民点布局适宜性分区是实现布局优化的基础,也是改善农村生产生活条件、实现耕地占补平衡、统筹城乡发展的重要途径。以南京市六合区金牛湖街道为例,利用GIS技术分析了研究区农村居民点分布现状,采用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）实现了农村居民点布局适宜性分区,从而为农村居民点整理项目实施和村镇建设规划提供了科学依据。研究结果表明：（1）金牛湖街道农村居民点现状在整体上存在“布局松散、面积零碎”的问题;各村（社区）之间地域差异明显、分布不均衡;在空间布局上呈现出沿“低坡度、低高程、交通便利”地带分布的显著特征;（2）按农村居民点布局适宜性程度,可将金牛湖街道划分为5种适宜性分区。其中,高度适宜区占街道总面积的165%,总体上能满足农村居民点用地需求;（3）基于农村居民点现状分析及适宜性分区结果,将各村（社区）划分为“就地城镇化”、“内部整改”、“逐步迁村并点”3种优化模式,并从宏观层面上提出优化路径