生态旅游经济异化的生态反思

在生态旅游经济得到繁荣发展的同时,正在悄悄出现的生态危机也成为人们必须正视的现实,如果不采取适当的措施加以遏制和消除.将会引发严重的经济危机和社会危机,危害生态旅游经济的可持续发展,造成生态旅游经济的异化.本文探讨了生态旅游经济发展中存在的异化现象,并对此进行了理论反思和现实反思,指出导致生态旅游经济异化的生态危机,其实质是生态旅游经济关系的危机,思想根源则在于受传统西方经济学影响的经济发展模式和经营管理实践.在现实中,更因经济关系超越生态关系、利益主体的矛盾及发展的外在压力导致生态旅游经济关系不协调、不和谐、不可持续.要解决生态旅游经济的异化现象,缓解和消除生态危机,可以从三方面入手:构建和谐的生态旅游经济关系,构建内生化的生态旅游经济发展模式,构建协调的生态旅游经济管理体系.     

以生态学原理为指导建设和管理生态旅游--平遥县生态旅游建设研究

在理解生态旅游涵义，综述当前生态旅游研究进展的基础上，本文探讨如何以生态学原理为指导建设和管理生态旅游，并以山西省平遥县为例，提出发展生态旅游的途径，即注重生态旅游区规划和景观生态设计，建立生态补偿机制，实施生态工程，加强生态管理等措施，促使平遥县由农业大县转变为生态旅游大县。     

生态文明视角下的江苏沿海生态旅游竞合研究

生态旅游是生态文明的重要载体,生态文明理念为生态旅游的健康发展提供了科学的行动指南。江苏沿海包括连云港、盐城和南通三市,生态旅游资源丰富,但三市在生态旅游发展中,竞争有余,合作不足, 致使三市生态旅游资源的整体优势未能得到充分发挥。在分析江苏沿海加强生态旅游竞合的必要性与可行性的基础上,提出了三市应以生态文明为指导,积极开展区域生态旅游竞合,具体措施包括：做好统一规划,打造沿海生态旅游区;创新生态旅游产品,联合开发精品生态旅游线路;加强生态旅游合作营销;改善旅游交通和服务;完善合作的制度化机制,构建“市场主导、政府推动、企业主体、社区参与”多主体共同参与的格局;联合加强生态教育,共同治理和改善生态环境等     

香格里拉及其云南中甸生态旅游开发初探

香格里拉在人们中代表着永恒、宁静、和平。它具有以下特点;（1）以大自然为背景;（2）强调人与人及人与大自然的和谐共生;（3）以生态学思想和可持续发展思想为指导;（4）是一种特殊的生态旅游地。依据可持续发展理论,认为香格里拉生态旅游业开发是自然和人文保护事业和旅游业可持续发展的需要;也是积极保护香格里拉的有效手段。最后,结合云南迪庆藏族自治州中甸香格里拉生态旅游资源特色,按照保护为主,科技引导,适度开发,保护与开发和科研相结合的原则,提出了构建生态旅游决策支持系统,加强旅游区规划,开展科学研究,建立一支素质较高的生态旅游人才队伍,加强生态环境教育,提高公众环境意识,制定适当的地方性旅游政策法规等开发本区生态旅游的一些基本措施。     

香格里拉及其云南中甸生态旅游开发初探

香格里拉在人们心中代表着永恒、宁静、和平。香格里拉具有以下特点 :(1)以大自然为背景 ;(2 )强调人与人及人与大自然的和谐共生 ;(3)以生态学思想和可持续发展思想为指导 ;(4)是一种特殊的生态旅游地。依据可持续发展理论 ,认为香格里拉生态旅游业开发是自然和人文保护事业和旅游业可持续发展的需要 ;也是积极保护香格里拉的有效手段。最后 ,结合云南迪庆藏族自治州中甸香格里拉生态旅游资源特色 ,按照保护为主、科技引导、适度开发、保护与开发和科研相结合的原则 ,提出了构建生态旅游决策支持系统、加强旅游区规划、开展科学研究、建立一支素质较高的生态旅游人才队伍、加强生态环境教育、提高公众环境意识、制定适当的地方性旅游政策法规等开发本区生态旅游的一些基本措施。     

梅子垭旅游资源评价及开发,保护规划研究

在对三梅子垭区的旅游资源现状及其结构和功能进行评价分析的基础上,认为应大力发展该地的旅游业,并建议长江三峡地区统筹安排以形成该区旅游业发展的整体优势。对于区内旅游资源的开发则应以生态旅游为主,但是必须适度,即合理的开发度和保护度相结合而且这种旅游资源的开发应该是可承受性的。这与当地整个社会－经济－自然复合生态系统的总承受能力有关。对于构成总承受能力的各种具体因素,如旅游区生态承受能力。社会心理 承     

析自然意识在生态旅游规划中的指导作用

工业革命后,特别是二战后的新技术革命,西方国家的社会生产力得到了迅速提高,但在一定程度上是以生态环境被破坏为代价的。20世纪60年代后,自然意识的兴起使西方国家变革了社会发展观,自然意识已成为西方国家处理人地关系的基本准则。这个过程本身对我们国家目前的发展是很有借鉴意义的。本文介绍了自然意识的缘起。比较了自然意识与人本环境论的主要特征;通过对其主要特征的分析,探索生态旅游规划的指导思想,结合中国古代“天人合一”思想提出了自然意识对生态旅游规划的五点指导原则;并结合安徽板桥自然保护区的生态旅游规划介绍五点原则在实际中的具体应用。     

若尔盖高原湿地生态旅游资源保护性开发研究

若尔盖湿地以其独特的自然和人文景观为湿地生态旅游提供了有利条件。本文从分析若尔盖湿地的旅游资源入手，提出了若尔盖湿地生态旅游资源保护性开发的几点建议。     

浙北山区土地利用与生态保护的冲突与协调机制研究冲突与协调机制研究——以天目山自然保护区为例

如何既注重生态环境的保护又满足区域经济、社会发展对土地利用的要求，成为当前我国不少地区土地利用中的一个重大课题。位于太湖流域和钱塘江流域源头的浙北天目山区，在土地利用与生态保护之间存在着多种矛盾。通过对浙北天目山地区生态保护与其他土地利用冲突及其协调的机理分析，试图寻找太湖流域上游山区生态保护与土地利用相协调的可选途径，探索自然保护区有效管护与当地经济发展、农民增收相结合的良性发展机制，并提出解决这些冲突的办法：修正保护目标，调整保护政策；建立合理的补偿机制；在不同的功能区施行不同的土地政策；把生态旅游作为解决土地利用冲突的突破口；探索社区共管模式，力争在扩大社区参与的前提下，实现保护区资源的可持续利用。     

中国实施生态旅游认证的机遇与挑战

在界定生态旅游认证、分析建立生态旅游认证体系意义的基础上．对绿色环球21、澳大利亚的NEAP、厄瓜多尔的Smart Voyager等目前国际知名的认证体系进行了介绍．重点分析了中国实施生态旅游认证的机遇和面临的挑战，并对我国建立生态旅游认证体系的必要性及相关问题提出了建议。     

我国生态旅游利益相关者分析

发展生态旅游需要在不同利益主体之间建立一个合理的利益协调和分配机制，而利益相关者角色的错位、缺位，其间关系的交叉、矛盾是制约我国生态旅游发展的关键。为了确保生态旅游的可持续发展，需要对现有的利益相关者角色和关系进行调整。真正使政府、当地牡区，旅游企业、保护地、旅游者、非政府组织、学术界及相关机构、媒体分别扮演好调控者、参与和受益者、执行者、执行监督者、实践者。协助者、研究指导者、宣传监督者的角色。     

Reflections on the Connotations of Ecotourism

As the most desirable option for sustainable development of tourism industry, ecotourism still suffers from lack of a clear-cut and widely accepted definition, posing many risks and threats in its practices. Based on collection and collation of various concepts and explanations of ecotourism both at home and abroad, this paper reflects on the current connotations of ecotourism in terms of four aspects, namely, objects of ecotourism, ecotourists, nature of ecotourism as well as the relationship between ecotourism and communities. In-depth analysis was performed in an effort to revise the misinterpretation of ecotourism and provide implications for ecotourism initiatives. The main conclusions and fruits of this article include： 1） The objects of eeotourism should go beyond natural, pristine, or even only primitive natural areas to including cultural resources together with their natural context which also deserve preservation. 2） Tourism operators, compared to tourists, have more leverage and hence should shoulder more responsibilities for conservation. 3） Ecotourism should serve as a principle to guide tourism initiatives towards sustainability, rather than merely a special tour package. 4） The theoretic foundation was laid for community participation in ecotourism.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China＇s Wuzhishan Mountain Region

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper＇s purpose. Finally, recommendations axe pre-sented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China's Wuzhishan Mountain Region

Abstract

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper's purpose. Finally, recommendations are presented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

Evaluation of ecotourism development in rural regions of China

The current status of ecotourism in rural China was analyzed in this paper.Empirical surveys covering the whole country indicate that ecotourism in rural China has attracted a large number of tourists who,however,didn’t generate revenues that can match the number.Although the environmental quality of those rural ecotourism destinations is high with little negative impacts,several problems have already appeared,suggesting a need to monitor those areas.The current practice of interpretation in most rural ecotourism destinations did not provide environmental education opportunities to the tourists.And local communities need more effective ways to decide on the prospects of local ecotourism development by themselves.Finally,a few recommendations for improving the sustainability of ecotourism destinations were provided.     

Coincidence and Upgrade： A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism .     

Coincidence and Upgrade: A Typical Case Study of Rural Ecotourism Development

Abstract

At present, internal rural tourism is at the stage of upgrading and renewing, and ecotourism has been considered to be the main direction. This paper discussed the concepts and criteria of rural tourism and ecotourism, analyzed a typical case of Nongke Village of Chengdu City-being considered to be the first rural tourism site in China, went deep into the problems of the contents and criteria of the development of rural ecotourism, and tried to probe into the principles of the development of rural ecotourism both theoretically and practically so as to understand the rules of the development of rural ecotourism.     

现代语境下"天人合一"思想解读

“天人合一”是中国古代思想家对于天人关系的基本认识,主张遵循自然规律．实现人和自然的和谐发展．这一思想对于生态保护与天人关系的协调发展具有重要意义。经济全球化时代。探寻“天人合一”向“天人和谐”可持续发展观的现代性转化的途径,将有助于我们重瓤认识自然,正确把握环境保护与经济发展的辩证关系,培养人类的道德责任意识及科学实践精神,为现代生态伦理学的建立和可持续发展战略的实施提供帮助。     

西部大开发是否导致了“污染避难所”?——基于直接诱发和间接传导的角度

西部大开发战略在一定程度上促进了我国区域产业转移,在给西部地区带来发展机遇的同时,是否也导致西部地区成为"污染避难所"?鉴于此,本文选取了10个具有代表性的污染密集型产业部门,以中国各省份1990—2013年的面板数据为样本,使用基于系统GMM的双重差分法,对西部大开发战略是否会诱发污染避难所效应进行了判定,并使用结构方程模型,对西部大开发战略的传导机制进行了路径分析。结果表明,西部大开发战略没有导致污染避难所,我国污染密集型产业出现了区域转移滞缓现象;西部大开发战略对污染避难所不具备显著的直接效应,但会通过环境规制强度、市场化程度、公众环保意识和劳动产出效率传导出显著的中介效应;虽然西部地区的环境规制强度、市场化程度和公众环保意识传导的污染避难所促进作用,让西部地区具备成为污染者"乐园"的可能,但西部地区相对较低的劳动产出效率起到了更明显的污染避难所抑制作用,最终导致西部地区没有沦为污染避难所。但随着西部大开发进程的深入,西部地区与中东部地区劳动产出效率差距很有可能会渐渐缩小,导致其带来的污染避难所抑制作用逐步丧失。因此,设立合理的环境规制级差,从市场化程度和公众环保意识角度改善环境友好型产业的投资环境,同时正确对待来自中东部地区的产业转移,是避免西部地区在未来成为污染避难所的关键。