对电除尘器极板振打测定的几点看法

清除收尘极板及电晕线上的粉尘,是电除尘器高效稳定运行的条件之一。由于收尘极板是由多块形状复杂的薄板所组成,极板与上悬吊杆、下冲击杆的连接方式不同,如果用简化的理论计算来确定极板各点的振打加速度,就会与实际情况有出入。当前,国内外研究极板振打加速度的大小和分布,主要是在实物上进行测定。为使我国在电除尘器的板线振打测定有相同的基础和统一的条件,测定数据可供各方面参考及使用,试拟定电除尘器振打测定     

电除尘器振打测量中传感器的固定方法

及时地清除静电除尘器电晕极和收尘极板上的粉尘,是保证电除尘器正常工作的重要措施,也是提高收尘效率的主要手段之一。目前干式电除尘器清灰多数采用机械振打方式。振打强度过大或过小,会造成大量二次扬尘或粉尘不能振落,从而使除尘效率下降。因此准确地测定振打强度是生产、设计和制造的迫切需要,而加速度传感器的安装固定方式直接涉及到测定准确度的问题。 1976年以来的几次测定,发现加速度传感器用螺钉固定安装的方法有如下缺点: 由于电场内操作空间的限制开孔很困难,有时甚至不可能或不允许开孔; 螺钉拧的松紧对测定结果影响很大。即便使用扭力搬手,但由于极板开孔附近表面     

高电阻率收尘极板的实验研究

用电阻率较高的非金属材料制作电收尘器的收尘极板收尘,对于比电阻低于10~4Ω·cm的烟尘,能有效地克服积尘的跳跃式二次飞扬。对于比电阻为10~8Ω·cm左右的氧化铝粉尘,在工业现场实验,收尘效率达98.5％;对于比电阻为10~(13)Ω·cm左右的莹石粉尘,采用比电阻为10~(10)Ω·cm左右的混凝土极板,实验室实验,电晕电流正常,未观察到反电晕现象,推断存在“受抑制”的尘层间隙放电。     

喷射电极静电除尘理论研究

根据当前国内外电除尘器的发展现状和电极结构特点,以改进电除尘器的电极结构和含尘气流的流动方式作为突破口,提出了具有喷射电极结构的静电除尘器.在喷射口周围布置有毛刷钢针芒刺放电极,电晕钢针将在高压电源作用下产生电晕放电.因此,当粉尘随含尘气流从喷口流出时,被电晕荷电.荷电粉尘在气流和电场力的作用下冲向收尘极板,被收尘极板捕集.     

电除尘器振打力的确定与设计

清除电除尘器收尘极板及电晕线上的粉尘,是保证电除尘器正常工作的重要步骤,也是保证电除尘器高效稳定运行的手段之一。由于电除尘器收尘极是由形状极复杂的多块轧制薄板所组成,用简化的理论计算与实际情况相距甚远。目前国内外了解振打力的分布与大小,主要通过实际测定。为使60平米电除尘器样机的振打装置设     

粉尘粘度对电除尘器清灰效果的影响

电除尘器清灰效果的好坏直接影响除尘效率的高低。目前普遍使用的锤击振打,是电除尘器清灰的有效手段之一。但是振打力过小,清灰效果差,极板、极线积灰严重,电晕电流下降。振打力过大,易引起构件的损坏和粉尘的二次飞扬。所以如何合理地选择振打强度,已引起普遍重视。观察和试验表明,最小振打加速度虽然和许多因素有     

收尘极板上沉积粉尘层的力学性质

电除尘器收尘极板上沉积粉尘层的力学性质直接影响到振打清灰的效果。本文从粉尘粒子携带自由电荷产生的静电力，粉尘粒子极化产生的静电力以及粉尘粒子间或粉尘粒子与收尘极板间紧密接触而产生的静电力等三个方面，详细地讨论了沉积粉尘层的力学性质及其作用。     

对电除尘器振打制度的探讨

一、探讨振打制度的重要性电除尘器各个电场两次振打的间隔时间称为振打制度。各电场由于进口粉尘浓度不一样,在同样时间内阳极板表面所捕集的粉尘厚度也不相同,合理的振打应是当粉尘捕集到一定厚度再用锤击振打,这样能使沉积在极板上的粉尘层在合适的惯性力作用下成块状脱落。当粉尘层太薄时,经振打落下的粉尘颗粒小,落入灰斗速度也慢。加之因粉尘层薄,极板上负载就小,粉尘颗粒受到的惯性     

电除尘器中沉积粉尘层表面电位分布的试验研究

影响静电除尘器工作性能的主要因素之一是收尘极板上产生的反电晕,即沉积在收尘极板上的高比电阻粉尘层被击穿,形成逆向电离。反电晕的发生,使电除尘器由原来的单向电晕变成了双向电晕,造成空间电荷大幅度减少,从而明显地降低了粉尘粒子的荷电儿率和荷电量,最终严重影响除尘效率,甚至可能使电除尘器成为重力沉降室。因此,对反电晕现象的研究,将对改善电除尘器的工作状况,起积极的指导作用。我们     

ESP粉尘二维输运方程中紊流掺混系数及边界条件的确定

求解电除尘器ESP(Electrostatic Precipitator)电场粉尘输运方程中粉尘浓度分布时,确定紊流掺混系数及边界条件至关重要.根据紊流传质原理,推导出紊流掺混系数; 通过雷诺数将电风影响引入紊流掺混系数,推导出紊流掺混系数随电晕线到极板距离的增大而增大.极板附近存在具有一定厚度的层流边层.分析层流边层中荷电粒子迁移输运行为,得到极板处粉尘浓度变化规律,这可作为求解输运方程时极板处的边界条件.用Matlab程序求解输运方程.经验证,理论计算的数值结果与试验结果一致,这表明本文所推导的紊流掺混系数和边界条件是正确的.本文使ESP收尘过程的理论研究更加深入,对提高ESP的收尘效率也具有重要意义.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。