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1.
在追求废弃物资源化利用的过程中,生物质转化技术受到广泛关注。水热碳化法目前被认为是将高含水率生物质转化为生物炭的最有效技术之一,其与传统的热解炭相比,获得的水热炭具有灰分低、热值高、比表面积大、吸附能力强等特点。然而,生物质原料的差异需要更高的能耗优化,以此提高水热炭产率和性能。添加催化剂可以克服这一问题,对提高原料的反应速率及水热炭热稳定性具有重要意义,但少有文献归纳总结催化剂在生物质水热碳化过程中的应用。将催化剂分为盐类、酸类、金属氧化物、沸石和组合催化5种类型,探讨添加催化剂对水热炭产率和理化性质的影响,分析各类催化剂的催化反应机理,总结其在水热碳化中的催化特点,并讨论了催化剂在生物质水热碳化中未来重点研究方向。  相似文献   

2.
Combination effect of pH and acetate on enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
The productivity and efficiency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The effects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5-8, and acetate concentrations (0-60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was constructed from experimental data and performed. The base hypothesis was as follows: the rates of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis rely on pH and acetate concentration. The results showed that the suitable pH range for cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis (represents efficiency of cellulase) was 2.6-7.5, and 5.3-8.3, respectively. Moreover, acetate in the culture medium had an effect on cellulase production (K1= 49.50 mmol/L, n=1.7) less than cellulose hydrolysis (K1=37.85 mmol/L, n=2.0). The results indicated that both the pH of suspension and acidogenic products influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in an anaerobic environment. To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis rate, the accumulated acetate concentration should be lower than 25 mmol/L, and pH should be maintained at 7.  相似文献   

3.
    
The productivity and e ciency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids(VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetateinfluence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The e ects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans werestudied at various pH 5–8, and acetate concentrations (0–60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis wasconstructed from experimental data and performed. The base hypothesis was as follows: the rates of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysisrely on pH and acetate concentration. The results showed that the suitable pH range for cellulase production and cellulose hydrolysis(represents e ciency of cellulase) was 2.6–7.5, and 5.3–8.3, respectively. Moreover, acetate in the culture medium had an e ect oncellulase production (KI = 49.50 mmol/L, n = 1.7) less than cellulose hydrolysis (KI = 37.85 mmol/L, n = 2.0). The results indicatedthat both the pH of suspension and acidogenic products influence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose in an anaerobic environment.To enhance the cellulose hydrolysis rate, the accumulated acetate concentration should be lower than 25 mmol/L, and pH should bemaintained at 7.  相似文献   

4.
以硫酸钛为前驱体,尿素为沉淀剂,粗孔微球硅胶为载体,采用水热法在160℃下制备硅胶负载TiO_2(TiO_2/硅胶)光催化剂。通过调节TiO_2含量(15%、30%、40%、55%、70%、85%)和水热时间(2,3,4,5,6 h)制备TiO_2/硅胶光催化剂,并考察了材料的晶体结构、比表面积、TiO_2负载量以及光催化降解腐殖酸性能。结果表明:TiO_2理论投加量为70%,水热时间为5 h时,制备所得的TiO_2/硅胶光催化剂具有最优的光催化活性,此时制备的催化剂为锐钛矿型,比表面积为434.829 m~2/g,TiO_2负载量为37.50%。当使用该催化剂投加量为4 g/L、腐殖酸初始浓度为20 mg/L时,腐殖酸降解率最高,为76.5%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。催化剂经重复4次使用后,仍具有较好的光催化稳定性。  相似文献   

5.
Tween 80和鼠李糖脂对稻草酶解的影响   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4       下载免费PDF全文
莫丹  袁兴中  曾光明  刘佳 《环境科学》2008,29(7):1998-2004
采用纤维素酶促水解的方法,以稻草为底物,探讨了添加化学表面活性剂Tween 80和生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对酶解过程的糖产率、酶稳定性、纤维素转化率的作用以及对酶动力学特征和酶在纤维素上吸附的影响.结果表明,不同浓度的Tween 80和鼠李糖脂对稻草酶解有不同程度的促进,添加0.016%和0.048%Tween 80使糖产率分别提高18.07%和11.98%,而添加0.01%和0.03%鼠李糖脂使糖产率分别增加了23.01%和22.16%,相比较鼠李糖脂的效果更好.表面活性剂能有效增强酶的稳定性,添加高浓度表面活性剂的酶稳定性优于添加低浓度表面活性剂,添加浓度为0.048%的Tween 80得到最高相对CMCA(羧甲基纤维素酶活)108.06%和最高相对FPA(滤纸酶活)80.26%.表面活性剂能提高酶解反应的纤维素转化率,而且添加鼠李糖脂的转化率明显高于Tween 80.表面活性剂不仅能够提高最大反应速度并使米氏常数变大,而且显著地降低了纤维素酶在纤维素上的吸附.  相似文献   

6.
The productivity and eciency of cellulase are significant in cellulose hydrolysis. With the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the pH value in anaerobic digestion system is reduced. Therefore, this study will find out how the pH and the amount of acetate inuence the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. The eects of pH and acetate on cellulase produced from Bacillus coagulans were studied at various pH 5-8, and acetate concentrations (0-60 mmol/L). A batch kinetic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrol...  相似文献   

7.
碱(水)热处理改善分选有机废物的厌氧消化性能   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
王昊  王洪涛  陆文静  谭琦璐  祝捷 《环境科学》2008,29(10):2820-2823
取用凋落杨树叶和自配厨余废物,分别进行水热(碱)预处理后测定生物化学甲烷势(BMP),研究碱热处理对废物厌氧消化性能的影响.水热处理后产物pH降低,有机物加速溶解并进一步水解生成小分子物质.对于不同废物,实验得到的最佳水热条件不同.杨树落叶在水热温度150℃、碱性环境处理后观察到厌氧甲烷势,水解液SCOD浓度13 203 mg/L.水热温度超过130℃时厨余废物完全溶解或悬浮,SCOD浓度12412 mg/L.加碱催化对产沼性能影响不大.此时两者最大比累计甲烷产量分别为112 mL/g和276 mL/g.总碳转化率分别为24.81%和53.34%.  相似文献   

8.
为探明不同水热预处理方法对秸秆结构特征、化学组成和酶解特性的影响及其机制,采用了单独水热、KOH、CH3COOH、HCl、FeCl2 5种水热条件对水稻秸秆进行预处理,从物料损失、化学组分、比表面积、孔隙结构、化学结构、表面粗糙度、粒径分布及酶解后糖浓度进行分析,阐明了不同预处理方法对秸秆组成结构及酶解特性的影响机制。结果表明:碱热预处理能通过酯键的断裂从而有效去除秸秆中的木质素,木质素回收率低至46.2%;而木质素的溶出造成了孔道坍塌,相对结晶度显著增加(38.9%),孔径和比表面积减小至9.24 nm和2.62 m2/g。酸处理均能促进半纤维素的溶解,使得秸秆中形成了更多的小孔和微孔。碱热预处理后,秸秆的粒径由0.334 mm降至0.141 mm,分形维数由1.92减至1.71,疏松的结构促进了酶解反应效率,总糖浓度达到39.9 g/L,且葡萄糖和木糖占比较大,而HCl组预处理后的葡萄糖含量最高。  相似文献   

9.
采用共沉淀法制备了La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3纳米粉体,并通过XRD、SEM、TG-DTA等手段对所合成的样品进行了分析和表征.结果表明,采用碳酸铵作为共沉淀剂、聚乙二醇为分散剂,在600℃下煅烧6h可作为实验制备该催化剂粉体的最优条件.用实验室自制热解催化炉验证其对生物质热解的效果,实验结果表明,采用La0.5Ca0.5Ni0.5Fe0.5O3催化剂,生物质热解过程中焦油产量降低了12.4%,气体产率提高了14.0%,气体产物中一氧化碳、甲烷含量分别从33.8%和15.1%提高到了38.5%和18.4%,燃气的品质大大提升.  相似文献   

10.
采用共沉淀法制备了Cu-Al、Co-Al和Cu-Co-Al复合金属氧化物催化剂,考察了3种催化剂对HCN的催化水解性能,并通过XRD、BET、XPS和H2-TPR等对催化剂的结构和性能进行表征.结果表明, Cu-Co-Al催化剂展示最高的催化活性. 反应温度200℃,反应180min后, Cu-Co-Al、Cu-Al和Co-Al催化剂对HCN的转化率分别为95%,90%,10%;NH3生成量分别为122,118,18mg/m3.低结晶度、高分散性、高比表面积的催化剂有利于低温HCN水解.适量的表面分子氧含量、较高的Cu2+和Co3+含量、较低的还原温度是Cu-Co-Al催化剂具有较高的HCN低温水解活性的主要原因.  相似文献   

11.
    
Impacts of newly added organic carbon (C) and inorganic nitrogen (N) on the microbial utilization of soil organic matter are important in determining the future C balance of terrestrial ecosystems. We examined microbial responses to cellulose and ammonium nitrate additions in three soils with very different C and N availability. These soils included an organic soil( 14.2% total organic C, with extremely high extractable N and low labile C), a forest soi1(4.7% total organic C, with high labile C and extremely low extractable N), and a grassland soil(1.6% total organic C, with low extractable N and labile C). While cellulose addition alone significantly enhanced microbial respiration and biomass C and N in the organic and grassland soils, it accelerated only the microbial respiration in the highly-N limited forest soil. These results indicated that when N was not limited, C addition enhanced soil respiration by stimulating both microbial growth and their metabolic activity, New C inputs lead to elevated C release in all three soils, and the magnitude of the enhancement was higher in the organic and grassland soils than the forest soil. The addition of cellulose plus N to the forest and grassland soils initially increased the microbial biomass and respiration rates, but decreased the rates as time progressed. Compared to cellulose addition alone, cellulose plus N additions increased the total C-released in the grassland soil, but not in the forest soil. The enhancement of total C- released induced by C and N addition was less than 50% of the added-C in the forest soil after 96 d of incubation, in contrast to 87.5% and 89.0% in the organic and grassland soils. These results indicate that indigenous soil C and N availability substantially impacts the allocation of organic C for microbial biomass growth and/or respiration, potentially regulating the turnover rates of the new organic C inputs.  相似文献   

12.
针对黄麻生物脱胶废水浓度高、处理难度大的问题,采用水解酸化与膜生物反应器组合工艺对黄麻生物脱胶废水进行了处理试验。考察水解酸化池对COD、氨氮、木质素等的去除效果;并通过调节试验条件,考察水力停留时间、pH值、温度等因素对水解酸化效果的影响,得出处理黄麻生物脱胶废水的最佳实验条件。结果表明,水解酸化预处理工艺提高了废水的可生化性,对COD、氨氮均有较高的去处效率,对于降低纤维素的聚合度、促成纤维素的水解起到了关键的作用,为后续的好氧处理创造了有利条件。试验在水力停留时间10 h下,COD与氨氮去处率最高分别达35%,40%;影响水解酸化的因素主要为pH值和水力停留时间。  相似文献   

13.
以三乙胺为氮源,HF为形貌控制剂,采用水热法一步合成了N掺杂(001)面锐钛矿TiO_2纳米片/还原氧化石墨烯(N-Ti O2/RGO)复合催化剂,通过XRD、FTIR、SEM、TEM和Raman对样品的组成结构和形貌进行表征。以罗丹明B(Rh B)为模拟污染物,研究了不同掺N量和氧化石墨烯加入量下制备的复合材料的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当n(N)∶n(Ti)为0.5,氧化石墨烯加入量为15 m L时,N-TiO)2/RGO复合材料的光催化性能最好。在催化剂用量为0.5 g/L,罗丹明B溶液初始浓度为20 mg/L时,紫外光催化反应30 min后,罗丹明B的降解率可达94.02%。  相似文献   

14.
铁基催化剂的微波水热处理对其SCR脱硝性能的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用微波对共沉淀制备的铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂前驱体进行水热处理,探讨了微波水热处理对铁基催化剂低温SCR脱硝性能的优化;并对微波水热处理条件的影响进行了正交分析.结果表明:对铁基催化剂前驱体进行微波水热处理,可提高其低温SCR脱硝性能,使其脱硝温度窗口向低温偏移;且微波水热处理的低温优化效果与催化剂中Fe/Ti摩尔比密切相关,Fe/Ti摩尔比越小,微波水热处理的低温优化越强;微波加热方式和微波辐射时间会影响微波水热处理对铁基催化剂SCR脱硝性能的低温优化;在相同微波辐射时间条件下,当P30逐渐变为P80,微波水热处理对铁基催化剂低温SCR脱硝的促进作用降低;在P30条件下,微波辐射15min使铁基催化剂具有最佳低温SCR脱硝活性.  相似文献   

15.
概述国内外焦油脱除方法的特点及研究现状,着重阐述了催化裂解法中各类催化剂的特性、失活原因以及为减少催化剂失活所采取的相应改性措施,指出采用\"载体+活性组分+助剂\"的复合整体式方法来合理优化催化剂结构,可以不同程度地解决积碳、烧结和中毒等失活问题,是未来催化剂研究的发展方向。  相似文献   

16.
  总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Monoclinic BiVO4 with multiple morphologies and/or porous structures were fabricated using the hydrothermal strategy. The materials were characterized by means of the XRD, Raman, TGA/DSC, SEM, XPS, and UV-Vis techniques. The photocatalytic activities of the BiVO4 materials were evaluated for the degradation of Methyl Orange under visible-light irradiation. It is observed that pH value and surfactant exerted a great effect on the morphology and pore structure of the BiVO4 product. Spherical BiVO4 with porous structures, flower-cluster-like BiVO4, and flower-bundle-like BiVO4 were generated hydrothermally at 100℃ with poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and urea (pH = 2) and at 160℃ with NaHCO3 (pH = 7 and 8), respectively. The PVP-derived BiVO4 showed much higher surface areas (5.0-8.4 m2/g) and narrower bandgap energies (2.45-2.49 eV). The best photocatalytic performance of the spherical BiVO4 material with a surface area of 8.4 m2/g was associated with its higher surface area, narrower bandgap energy, higher surface oxygen vacancy density, and unique porous architecture.  相似文献   

17.
胞外多聚物对酶催化污泥厌氧水解的影响研究   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
陈伟  贾原媛  郑伟  李小明  周俊  杨麒  罗琨 《环境科学》2011,32(8):2334-2339
研究了胞外多聚物对酶催化污泥溶解效果和催化过程中污泥化学组分变化的影响.向原污泥及去除胞外多聚物的剩余污泥外加酶,并与未加酶组水解效果进行对比.结果表明,酶浓度〈20 mg/g时仅水解污泥胞外物质,加大酶量能显著引起污泥破解.溶菌酶用于原污泥水解效果较好,SCOD/TCOD最高可达28.14%,投加量60 mg/g,反...  相似文献   

18.
农作物秸秆结构复杂,酸化效果可能与传统糖类物料不一致。为方便考察纤维素类物料厌氧酸化效果,文章选取成分相对单一的滤纸为原料,考察了酶活浓度、反应时间、酵母菌接种量(F/M)等因素对纤维素经纤维素酶和酵母菌联合作用后的乙醇、乙酸产量的影响,及对厌氧发酵过程的影响分析。结果表明,当纤维素酶单独作用时,酶活浓度120 U/g、温度50℃、pH值4.8、水解24 h时可获得最大葡萄糖产率:73.7 mg/g(转化率为24.9%);纤维素酶和酵母菌分步糖化发酵(separate hydrolysis and fermentation,SHF)工艺中,F/M值为2:1、反应96 h可得最大乙醇产率:119.3 mg/g(转化率为42%);纤维素酶和酵母菌同步糖化发酵(simultaneous saccharification andfermentation,SSF)工艺中,F/M值为1:2、反应120 h得到最大乙醇产率:396.0 mg/g(转化率为58.2%)。F/M值为2:1、反应120 h时,SSF工艺比SHF工艺的乙醇产量提高了34.91%。  相似文献   

19.
简要介绍了纤维素及其衍生物的分类及其特性,综述归纳了纤维素的缓蚀机理,系统概述了植物纤维素及其衍生物,纳米纤维素在缓蚀系统中的多种缓蚀作用,同时以植物纤维素和纳米纤维素的结构特性为依据,讨论了细菌纤维素在金属缓蚀系统中的应用前景。最后提出羧甲基纤维素与羟乙基纤维素及它们各自的衍生物应用范围广,但受温度影响较大。纤维素纳米晶体在金属防护方面有很好的应用前景,也是未来研究的重点。细菌纤维素有望成为一种高效、绿色的新型缓蚀剂,但目前还未引起研究人员足够的重视,对其制备方法和缓释机理还需要进行深入研究。  相似文献   

20.
在经甲烷化填埋层渗滤后的渗滤液循环回灌的新鲜垃圾填埋层内,以生物质分类表征为基础,分析了新鲜垃圾填埋层内固相各生物质组分(总糖、蛋白质、脂肪、纤维素和木质素)的初期降解规律.结果表明,垃圾中原有总糖组分和蛋白质的快速水解发酵是新鲜垃圾填埋后产生高有机质浓度渗滤液的主要机制;脂肪和纤维素的降解产物不是填埋初期高有机质浓度渗滤液的主要来源;纤维素是填埋层稳定产甲烷阶段的主要碳源,其水解速率可能是甲烷化过程的限速步骤;纤维素/木质素之质量比可作为指示填埋垃圾稳定化的指标.各生物质组分的初期降解速率常数均在0.01至0.1之间,而填埋气体中甲烷体积分数在60d内达到45%.食品垃圾组分富集的生活垃圾,应用生物反应器填埋技术时,必须具备足够的降解容量以代谢填埋初期固相中总糖和蛋白质快速水解产生的酸性液相产物.  相似文献   

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