GHS化学品危险性分类及其公示要素(上)

概述了全球化学品统一分类和标签制度（GHS）的产生背景、推行GHS的重要意义,介绍了GHS关于化学品危险性分类和公示要素的主要内容,评估了我国现行化学品危险性分类与GHS分类的差异点,并对我国全面实施GHS提出了若干对策建议。     

《化学品GHS分类方法指导和范例》一书出版

根据联合国《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(简称GHS),我国颁布了《化学品分类、警示标签和警示性说明安全规范》等一系列国家标准。其中国标GB15258—2009《化学品安全标签编写规定》已从2010年5月1日起施行。为了满足社会各界对化学品危险性分类知识的需求,促进GHS相关国家标准的实施,化学工业出版社最近出版了《化学品GHS分类方法指导和范例》一书,全国各地新华书店发行(http://shop.cip.com.cn/)。     

美国高产量化学品数据库在筛选优先化学品中的应用

介绍了美国高产量(HPV)化学品数据库的内容、格式和发展情况,以及采用HPV化学品数据筛选优先化学品的程序。HPV化学品数据库主要包括化学品数据、化学品毒性特征描述、优先风险评估以及数据资助方、提交方及测试方的相关信息,支持物质名称或化学文摘社登记号搜索。采用HPV化学品数据可通过自动分类、毒性特征描述和风险优先等级评价三级筛选程序筛选优先化学品。     

国外化学品环境管理和技术支撑体系发展概况(上)

概述了国外化学品环境管理和技术支撑体系发展现状,分析了我国化学品环境管理和技术支撑体系与国外的差距,针对国内化学品环境管理对科技的需求,提出了需优先开展的科学研究领域和课题建议.     

国外化学品环境管理和技术支撑体系发展概况(下)

概述了国外化学品环境管理和技术支撑体系发展现状,分析了我国化学品环境管理和技术支撑体系与国外的差距,针对国内化学品环境管理对科技的需求,提出了需优先开展的科学研究领域和课题建议.     

化学品健全管理的内涵、任务和指导原则

本文概述了联合国等国际组织以及发达国家官方文书中关于化学品健全管理的内涵、任务和指导原则的主要论述内容,以期加强我国危险化学品安全和环境管理。     

化学品环境无害化管理的国际发展趋势

概述了化学品环境无害化管理的内涵;从国际环境公约、危险化学品立法、清洁生产、产品绿色化、企业的责任关怀以及公众知情参与等方面概述了化学品环境无害化管理的国际发展趋势;对加强我国化学品环境无害化管理提出了对策建议.     

危险化学品安全管理现状及对策

分析了我国危险化学品的安全管理形势、现状与评价方法，提出了加强危险化学品安全管理的若干对策。     

推广国际化学品安全卡促进化学工业持续健康发展

国际化学品安全卡（ＩＣＳＣ）是联合国国际化学品;安全规划处（ＩＰＣＳ）与欧洲聪明委员会合作编写的一套权威性化学品信息卡片。文中论述了推广使用ＩＣＳＣ的重要意义,介绍了安全卡的内容以及如何正确使用ＩＣＳＣ。     

美国《有毒物质控制法》的修订进展和启示

回顾了美国《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA)的诞生、作用、修订的缘由、修订的过程和进展。从运用定量构效关系(QSAR)技术、完善生物测试技术、增加我国化学品管理领域的风险评估、推广绿色化学概念和规范信息管理与公开等5个方面阐述了TSCA的修订给我国化学品管理工作带来的启示。     

美国化学物质数据报告制度的经验和启示

回顾了美国《有毒物质控制法》(TSCA)中现有化学物质数据报告(CDR)制度的历史背景。介绍了CDR制度的基本内容、数据质量保证、主要修订情况,以及2012年CDR上报的化学物质数据信息汇总分析情况。针对2016年开展的新一轮CDR数据报告,总结了其最新的变化和具体要求。从建立化学物质信息收集制度、对现有化学物质进行分级管理、重点关注化学物质用途划分和归类,以及建立数据库和信息系统等4个方面,探讨了CDR制度对我国化学品环境管理的启示。     

Hazard property classification of waste according to the recent propositions of the EC using different methods

Hazard classification of waste is a necessity, but the hazard properties (named “H” and soon “HP”) are still not all defined in a practical and operational manner at EU level. Following discussion of subsequent draft proposals from the Commission there is still no final decision. Methods to implement the proposals have recently been proposed: tests methods for physical risks, test batteries for aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity, an analytical package for exhaustive determination of organic substances and mineral elements, surrogate methods for the speciation of mineral elements in mineral substances in waste, and calculation methods for human toxicity and ecotoxicity with M factors.In this paper the different proposed methods have been applied to a large assortment of solid and liquid wastes (>1 0 0).Data for 45 wastes – documented with extensive chemical analysis and flammability test – were assessed in terms of the different HP criteria and results were compared to LoW for lack of an independent classification. For most waste streams the classification matches with the designation provided in the LoW. This indicates that the criteria used by LoW are similar to the HP limit values.This data set showed HP 14 ‘Ecotoxic chronic’ is the most discriminating HP. All wastes classified as acute ecotoxic are also chronic ecotoxic and the assessment of acute ecotoxicity separately is therefore not needed. The high number of HP 14 classified wastes is due to the very low limit values when stringent M factors are applied to total concentrations (worst case method). With M factor set to 1 the classification method is not sufficiently discriminating between hazardous and non-hazardous materials. The second most frequent hazard is HP 7 ‘Carcinogenic’. The third most frequent hazard is HP 10 ‘Toxic for reproduction’ and the fourth most frequent hazard is HP 4 “Irritant – skin irritation and eye damage”. In a stepwise approach, it seems relevant to assess HP 14 first, then, if the waste is not classified as hazardous, to assess subsequently HP 7, HP 10 and HP 4, and then if still not classified as hazardous, to assess the remaining properties.The elements triggering the HP 14 classification in order of importance are Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Cd and Hg. Progress in the speciation of Zn and Cu is essential for HP 14. Organics were quantified by the proposed method (AFNOR XP X30-489) and need no speciation. Organics can contribute significantly to intrinsic toxicity in many waste materials, but they are only of minor importance for the assessment of HP 14 as the metal concentrations are the main HP 14 classifiers. Organic compounds are however responsible for other toxicological characteristics (hormone disturbance, genotoxicity, reprotoxicity…) and shall be taken into account when the waste is not HP 14 classified.     

Influence of leaching conditions for ecotoxicological classification of ash

The Waste Framework Directive (WFD; 2008/98/EC) states that classification of hazardous ecotoxicological properties of wastes (i.e. criteria H-14), should be based on the Community legislation on chemicals (i.e. CLP Regulation 1272/2008). However, harmonizing the waste and chemical classification may involve drastic changes related to choice of leaching tests as compared to e.g. the current European standard for ecotoxic characterization of waste (CEN 14735). The primary aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the influence of leaching conditions, i.e. pH (inherent pH (～10), and 7), liquid to solid (L/S) ratio (10 and 1000 L/kg) and particle size (<4 mm, <1 mm, and <0.125 mm), for subsequent chemical analysis and ecotoxicity testing in relation to classification of municipal waste incineration bottom ash. The hazard potential, based on either comparisons between element levels in leachate and literature toxicity data or ecotoxicity testing of the leachates, was overall significantly higher at low particle size (<0.125 mm) as compared to particle fractions <1 mm and <4 mm, at pH 10 as compared to pH 7, and at L/S 10 as compared to L/S 1000. These results show that the choice of leaching conditions is crucial for H-14 classification of ash and must be carefully considered in deciding on future guidance procedures in Europe.     

Screening tests for hazard classification of complex waste materials – Selection of methods

In this study we describe the development of an alternative methodology for hazard characterization of waste materials. Such an alternative methodology for hazard assessment of complex waste materials is urgently needed, because the lack of a validated instrument leads to arbitrary hazard classification of such complex waste materials. False classification can lead to human and environmental health risks and also has important financial consequences for the waste owner. The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD) describes the methodology for hazard classification of waste materials. For mirror entries the HWD classification is based upon the hazardous properties (H1–15) of the waste which can be assessed from the hazardous properties of individual identified waste compounds or – if not all compounds are identified – from test results of hazard assessment tests performed on the waste material itself. For the latter the HWD recommends toxicity tests that were initially designed for risk assessment of chemicals in consumer products (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biocides, food, etc.). These tests (often using mammals) are not designed nor suitable for the hazard characterization of waste materials. With the present study we want to contribute to the development of an alternative and transparent test strategy for hazard assessment of complex wastes that is in line with the HWD principles for waste classification. It is necessary to cope with this important shortcoming in hazardous waste classification and to demonstrate that alternative methods are available that can be used for hazard assessment of waste materials. Next, by describing the pros and cons of the available methods, and by identifying the needs for additional or further development of test methods, we hope to stimulate research efforts and development in this direction. In this paper we describe promising techniques and argument on the test selection for the pilot study that we have performed on different types of waste materials. Test results are presented in a second paper.As the application of many of the proposed test methods is new in the field of waste management, the principles of the tests are described. The selected tests tackle important hazardous properties but refinement of the test battery is needed to fulfil the a priori conditions.     

日本《废弃物处理法》对我国城市生活垃圾分类立法的启示

住房和城乡建设部发布《生活垃圾分类标志》新标准,城市生活垃圾分类工作逐步推进,但是仍然存在尚待完善之处。日本《废弃物处理法》是日本生活垃圾分类治理的立法依据,其成功经验颇值得借鉴。在总结《日本废弃物处理法》的立法概况和分析其城市生活垃圾分类立法特征的基础上,探讨我国城市生活垃圾分类立法现状,从立法目的与原则、城市生活垃圾分类标准、各主体的法律责任及惩罚措施4个维度提出具体优化路径。     

Validation of Microtox as a first screening tool for waste classification

The Waste Framework Directive (WFD; 2008/98/EG) describes how waste materials are to be classified as hazardous or not. For complex waste materials chemical analyses are often not conclusive and the WFD provides the possibility to assess the hazardous properties by testing on the waste materials directly. As a methodology WFD refers to the protocols described in the CLP regulation (regulation on Classification, Labeling and Packaging of chemicals) but the toxicity tests on mammals are not acceptable for waste materials. The DISCRISET project was initiated to investigate the suitability of alternative toxicity tests that are already in use in pharmaceutical applications, for the toxicological hazard assessment of complex waste materials. Results indicated that Microtox was a good candidate as a first screening test in a tiered approached hazard assessment. This is now further validated in the present study. The toxic responses measured in Microtox were compared to biological responses in other bioassays for both organic and inorganic fractions of the wastes. Both fractions contribute to the toxic load of waste samples. Results show that the Microtox test is indeed a good and practical screening tool for the organic fraction. A screening threshold (ST) of 5 geq/l as the EC₅₀ value in Microtox is proposed as this ST allows to recognize highly toxic samples in the screening test. The data presented here show that the Microtox toxicity response at this ST is not only predictive for acute toxicity in other organisms but also for sub lethal toxic effects of the organic fraction. This limit value has to be further validated. For the inorganic fraction no specific biotest can be recommended as a screening test, but the use of direct toxicity assessment is also preferable for this fraction as metal speciation is an important issue to define the toxic load of elutriate fractions. A battery of 3 tests (Microtox, Daphnia and Algae) for direct toxicity assessment of this fraction is recommended in literature, but including tests for mechanistic toxicity might be useful.     

DISCRISET: A battery of tests for fast waste classification – Application of tests on waste extracts

The Hazardous Waste Directive (HWD, Council Directive 91/689/EC, 1991) provides a framework for classification of hazardous waste, based on 15 Hazard (H)-criteria. For complex wastes the HWD foresees the application of toxicity tests on the waste material itself to assess its toxic properties. However, these proposed test methods often involve mammalian testing, which is not acceptable from an ethical point of view, nor is it feasible economically. The DISCRISET project was initiated to investigate the use of alternative chemical and biological fast screening tests for waste hazard classification. In the first part of the project, different methods were reviewed and a testing strategy was proposed to minimize time and cost of analysis by a tiered approach. This includes as a first tier chemical analysis followed by a general acute toxicity screen as a second tier and as a third tier mechanistic toxicity tests to assess chronic toxicity (genotoxicity, hormone disturbance, teratogenic effects, immunologic activity). In this phase of the project, selected methods were applied to 16 different waste samples from various sources and industries. The first tier chemical tests are recommended for the full characterization of the leachate fraction (inorganics) but not for the organic fraction of samples. Here the chemical characterization is only useful if toxic content is known or suspected. As second tier the fast bacterial test Microtox is validated as a general toxicity screen for the organic fraction (worst case organic extract). Samples that are not classified in tier 1 or 2 are then further investigated in the third tier by the mechanistic toxicity tests and tested for their potential chronic toxicity: immune activity (TNF-α upregulation) is indicative for corrosive, irritating or sensitising effects (H4/H8/H15), reproductive effects (H10) are indicated by hormone disturbance and early life stage abnormalities in fish larvae when exposed to the extracts and mutagenicity and carcinogenicity (H7, H11) are indicated by SOS response induction and increased mutation frequency in the Ames test when exposed to the extracts. Results indicate that the combination of chemical tests and bioassays allows important hazardous properties to be addressed and the tiered approach ensures that the tests are performed quickly and economically. The suggested strategy provides a solid and ethical alternative to the methods described in the HWD and is a vast improvement on the current, arbitrary classification.     

石化行业的VOCs排放控制管理

概述了我国挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的排放情况。介绍了国内外VOCs的管理现状。分析了国内石化行业VOCs排放控制管理中存在的主要问题以及污染物排放过程的类别。提出了明确定义、制定相关标准、完善分类管理体系、研究最佳的可行性控制技术等加强VOCs排放控制管理的对策和建议。