市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧技术验证

对市政污泥与生活垃圾混烧进行了验证研究。结果表明,与生活垃圾单独焚烧相比,污泥与生活垃圾混烧后烟气中NOx、CO和HCl的浓度没有出现明显变化,而SO2浓度出现了下降（从82～93mg／m3下降至41～70mg／m3）;Hg、Pb、Sn、Cr和Zn的浓度均表现为不同程度的上升,但仍然符合GB[g485;二恶英从0．0087μgTEQ／m3降至O．0047μgTEQ／m3。掺烧半干污泥比例为10％、12％和15％时,吨物质的发电量分别为311．8kWh／t、306．7kWh／t和296．1kwh／t。混烧污泥在一定程度上降低了系统的发电量,因此建议混烧污泥的比例不应大于15％。测算的污泥混烧成本约209元／t（80％含水率）。     

河道底泥陶粒比表面测定

讨论了以河道底泥和生活污泥为原料烧制陶粒比表面的测定原理、方法和结果，并对生活污泥添加量、粘结刑添加量和烧结温度对陶粒比表面的影响作了进一步分析。     

城市生活污泥烧结制陶粒的两种工艺比较研究

通过试验比较了"湿法造粒-烧结"和"干化-烧结"2种利用城市生活污泥烧结制陶粒的工艺路线.分析了工艺路线、原料配比和烧结温度对污泥陶粒的产品强度、吸水率和密度等性能指标的影响,同时指出了沸石粉和粘土作为助熔剂的不同作用机理和作用温度.实验结果表明,污泥"干化-烧结"制陶粒更有优势.烧结陶粒不会造成二次污染.综合考虑产品性能与经济性,适宜的物料配比为干污泥50%、粉煤灰30%～40%、粘土10%～20%.     

污泥施用量对滨海盐渍土肥力的改良效果

以白龙港污水处理厂产生的生活污泥为研究对象,采用田间试验开展了污泥土地利用对滨海盐渍土肥力改良效果的研究.结果表明:(1)与对照处理相比,施用熟化污泥后,在整个试验过程中,土壤pH均可不同程度降低,其中施用2.5％(质量分数,下同)熟化污泥的处理,一年后与对照处理相比,pH降低了0.41个单位,降幅达到4.79％,而其他处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05).各处理的土壤电导率(EC)均在植物正常生长限值(1.3mS/cm)内,表明熟化污泥中盐分含量不是其土地利用的限制因子.(2)熟化污泥施用土壤一年后,除速效钾外,均可不同程度增加土壤中有机质(SOM)、碱解氮、有效磷、全氮、全磷、全钾含量.(3)施用熟化污泥后,土壤容重总体有略微下降的趋势.这说明,熟化污泥可在一定程度上改善土壤结构,但不同的污泥施用量,对土壤容重影响程度不同.     

给水厂与污水厂污泥制陶粒技术研究

对天津凌庄自来水厂的给水厂污泥和天津东郊污水处理厂的污水厂污泥的成分进行了分析,在此基础上根据焙烧陶粒的原理,设计了以2种污泥为原料焙烧陶粒的工艺流程。通过实验,研究了其工艺过程中的影响因素并确定了工艺参数。性能检验结果表明,添加量为30％的混合污泥陶粒,在1 140℃焙烧5 min,可得到强度标号为40 MPa的高强陶粒。因此,以2种污泥为原料烧制陶粒的处置方法可行,并能带来一定的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益。得到的产品符合国标中高强陶粒的要求,可广泛应用于建筑行业中的承重结构。     

高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺污泥减量及强化脱氮

为了减少传统生物处理工艺剩余污泥排放量及强化脱氮效果,设计了高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺。以模拟生活污水为处理对象,研究对比了破解后不同回流比对高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺的污泥减量和强化脱氮效果的影响,并对出水水质和污泥性能进行了综合评价。实验结果表明:剩余污泥破解回流比r为50%时,污泥产率系数YOBS为0.05 g·g~(-1),剩余污泥量减少最多,为46%;高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺对TN和NH_4~+-N去除率分别达到71.7%和88.8%,CFS污泥破解液具有较好的可生化性,可被反硝化菌有效利用,脱氮效果明显提高;该运行工况下,污泥浓度、污泥活性均有所提高,污泥沉降性得到改善。此外,污泥破解液引入系统的Fe~(3+)可在一定程度上提高了TP的去除率。高铁酸盐氧化-A/O工艺能够提高污染物去除率,实现污泥减量同步强化脱氮的目的。     

河道底泥重金属浸出毒性分析及其固化/稳定化效果

城市内河由于长期承纳污染物导致其底泥受到污染,特别是其中重金属污染严重。选取某城市纳污河淤泥为试验对象,发现底泥Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量和浸出浓度均较高。为使其达到资源再利用要求,研究了一种污泥改性剂对其固化/稳定化的效果。结果显示,当改性剂掺量为10%时,已能够显著提高淤泥各个龄期强度。固化淤泥重金属浸出浓度在7d时已明显降低,且随养护时间增长进一步降低。改性剂掺量为13%时,固化淤泥Cu、Ni和Zn浸出浓度可降低90%以上,而Cr浸出浓度也可降低80%左右。实验表明,污泥改性剂处理后淤泥抗压强度提高,同时有害物质得到有效的稳定。     

添加不同钝化剂降低污泥堆肥的植物毒性研究

高温堆肥后污泥的土地利用可充分发挥资源化、无害化的优势,污泥土地利用防止重金属污染一直是污泥施用中最重要的问题。通过测验发芽率指数这一代表植物毒性的指标证明,通过在污泥堆肥中加入粉煤灰、磷矿粉和草炭等不同的改性剂或重金属钝化剂可大大降低堆肥的植物毒性,从而降低污泥中重金属的可利用性。     

高钙矾石改性剂对污泥孔隙结构的影响

污泥结构的改变有利于污泥资源化利用,采用硅酸盐改性污泥研究颇多,然而水化硅酸盐改变污泥孔隙结构的微观分析较少。用硅酸盐基高钙石改性剂S1(富硫型),S2(贫硫型)、常规硅酸盐水泥、石灰,在不同养护环境下改性脱水污泥,考虑改性剂水化生成物对污泥含水率、污泥孔隙率和孔隙结构特征的影响。结果表明,不同改性剂在污泥环境水化产物差别大,水化早期,S1可在污泥中快速大量产生完整针棒状结构钙矾石/铁钙矾石(长3μm左右),S2主要生成六面体型铝酸钙、铁铝酸钙产物(直径3μm左右),水泥早期产物钙矾石生长受到抑制、形态残缺短小(长13μm左右),石灰主要生成片状氢氧钙石(直径10μm左右)。针棒状钙矾石有利于污泥孔隙均匀分散、结构破坏。当投加20%(占污泥总量比例)S1改性污泥,在有氧条件下养护7 d,污泥孔隙率由32.64%增加至49.14%,含水率降到30%以下。研究表明高钙石改性剂可以有效改变污泥孔隙结构,利于污泥孔水分蒸发提高自然干化效率。     

生物淋滤-Fenton对印染污泥脱水性能的影响

采用嗜酸性硫杆菌生物淋滤联合Fenton氧化法对印染污泥脱水性能进行了研究。结果表明,生物淋滤过程中pH下降速率随着硫粉添加量增加而变快,经生物淋滤处理后污泥的脱水性能在一定程度上得到了改善。对生物淋滤后的污泥进行了Fenton氧化处理,获得的最佳反应条件为反应时间2h,H2O2和Fe2＋添加量分别为6g／L和0．5g／L。在该条件下,污泥上清液中总有机碳（TOC）由20．8mg／L增加到356．6mg／L;污泥比阻（SRF）和滤饼含水率分别由5．98×10^11s2／g和88．75％减少至1．26×10^11 S2／g和82．85％。生物淋滤-Fenton氧化法在污泥破解程度和脱水性能改善方面均优于单独Fenton氧化法。     

Modeling the spill in the Songhua River after the explosion in the petrochemical plant in Jilin

An explosion in a petrochemical plant in Jilin in the northeast of China on 13 November 2005 was responsible for the discharge of large quantities of benzene and nitrobenzene into Songhua River. This endangered the water supply of Harbin city and influenced the daily life for millions of people. The dispersion-advection equation was solved analytically and numerically and used to simulate the concentration of benzene and nitrobenzene in the Songhua River after the accident. Both solutions gave practically identical results. The main elimination process for both compounds was volatilization. The model results are quite close to the results obtained by measurements at monitoring stations. Arrival time of the pollutant wave, peak concentrations and end of the pollutant wave at Harbin and along the river were predicted successfully. The peak concentrations of nitrobenzene at Harbin were more than 30 times above the permissible limits for drinking water.     

焦化废水中细菌质粒的研究

细菌质粒中常带有一些可编码降解特殊有毒物质酶的基因,为了研究质粒对有毒物质CN^-的降解的意义,主要调查了焦化废水中好氧异养菌的质粒分布特点。从山西省焦化企业公司生化站、太原煤气公司焦化厂生化站中筛选出53株细菌,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳法,采用GDS-8000型凝胶电泳分析仪进行拍照,同时测定各菌株降氰、降酚能力,CN^-采用异烟酸-毗唑啉酮法,酚采用4-氨基安替比林法测定。结果表明,质粒的存在与降氰力有一定的关系,但对降酚力的影响差异不显著。同时,通过对其中11^*号菌株进行了质粒转化和消除实验,证明质粒稳定,不可用十二烷基磺酸钠(SDS)消除掉,用E．cbli DHI作受体菌,用11^#菌株作供体菌。作转化实验,但由于种种原因,没有筛洗到转化子。     

Managing the relationship with the environment

This article describes the results of a survey carried out by the author's company on behalf of Rank Xerox. The objective was to assess attitudes towards environmental issues in both the public and private sector. Although there were some differences over priorities, both sectors agreed that development of environmental policies was essential to their future.     

水处理中含铁废料综合利用的研究进展

回顾了２０余年来我国在水处理中综合利用含铁废料的研究进展，分别评述了副产品硫酸亚铁制备絮凝剂ＰＦＳ的各种方法，废铁屑运用于内电解法水处理和其他含铁泥渣，废酸在水处理中的研究和应用现状，指出含铁废料综合利用中有待于进一步研究的若干问题。     

How the loss of forest fauna undermines the achievement of the SDGs

The human-driven loss of biodiversity has numerous ecological, social, and economic impacts at the local and global levels, threatening important ecological functions and jeopardizing human well-being. In this perspective, we present an overview of how tropical defaunation—defined as the disappearance of fauna as a result of anthropogenic drivers such as hunting and habitat alteration in tropical forest ecosystems—is interlinked with four selected Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We discuss tropical defaunation related to nutrition and zero hunger (SDG 2), good health and well-being (SDG 3), climate action (SDG 13), and life on land (SDG 15). We propose a range of options on how to study defaunation in future research and how to address the ongoing tropical defaunation crisis, including but not limited to recent insights from policy, conservation management, and development practice.     

底泥修复中温度对微生物活性和污染物释放的影响

通过分析底泥中微生物的酶活性以及污染物的释放规律,探讨了温度对河道底泥生物修复的影响.结果表明,底泥中微生物的脱氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性随着温度的升高而显著增大,但温度对纤维素酶的活性影响较小.4 ℃和10 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量和微生物的酶活性均较低,水质较稳定;20～37 ℃时底泥中污染物的释放量明显增加,微生物的新陈代谢能力有较大提高,水体的自净能力较强.在各种因素的综合作用下,20～30 ℃是进行底泥生物修复的适宜环境温度.此外,当pH为9.0以及添加葡萄糖时,底泥中微生物均表现出较高的脱氢酶活性.     

Isolation of the stable fraction (the core) of the humic acid

Humic acid consists of a recalcitrant (unhydrolysed fraction) (the core) and labile (hydrolysable fraction) fraction. Core-humic acid (core-HA) isolation was performed by treating source material with apolar and polar solvents (organic solvents+acid hydrolysis) before alkaline extraction. Leonardite, soil Ah horizont and dry blood were chosen for this study because of their different origin and degree of humification. Chemical analysis (elemental analysis, total acidity, E(4):E(6)), spectroscopic analysis (DRIFT and (1)H NMR), and complete mass balance were used to investigate the effect of purifying humic acids. The results obtained showed that purification produced a slight modification of Leonardite humic acids as was expected for these highly humified organic matrices. On the other hand, about 500 g kg(-1) of soil humic acids were lost by purification. The fractions lost mainly consisted of carbohydrates. Dry blood showed the presence of humic acids that contrasted with its origin, thus indicating the limitations of the common analytical methods used for HA extraction. Nevertheless, in practice, purification caused the complete disappearance (914 g kg(-1) of HA was lost) of these HAs. The results obtained in this work suggest that the HA fraction isolated (named core-HA) effectively represents the HA structure proposed by the existing literature, since the purification proposed was able to eliminate the adsorbed organic molecules (interference materials) coating the HA structure.