安全科学研究方法论

分析了安全的普遍性、复杂性、模糊性以及安全与事故的可转化性 ;讨论了安全科学研究中应该注重的几种研究方法 ,主要包括必须坚持辨证统一的观点 ,必须重视安全文化的建设 ,特别是必须吸收和借鉴诸如系统工程、控制工程、模糊数学、行为科学等学科的理论和方法。     

浅析安全、危险、隐患和事故之间的关系

在确立安全与生产的辨证统一关系之后,运用系统科学方法,具体地揭示了安全、危险、隐患和事故之间的关系,并确认了它们的本质。对安全和事故之间的动态变化规律的认识必将为安全生产和安全科学的发展起到积极的推动作用。同时,有关于安全、危险、隐患和事故的探讨也是对安全科学进行基础性研究。     

实施农电安全性评价 巩固农电改革发展成果

开展农电安全性评价，是防止电力生产设备事故和人身伤害，特别是防止特大、重大、恶性及频发性事故所必需具备的基本条件．从全面检查诊断中发现危险因素和危害程度，全面评价安全基础状况，通过超前控制和消除危险因素来夯实安全基础。从安全生     

《危险化学品企业特殊作业安全规范》解读

化学品生产单位的特殊作业一直是事故多发、频发的重要环节。即将于2022年10月1日起实施的《危险化学品企业特殊作业安全规范》,将替代GB30871—2014《化学品生产单位特殊作业安全规范》,更具适应性地规范特殊作业安全。     

地质勘探危险、有害因素及预防措施

地质勘探行业野外作业高度流动、分散,条件艰险,安全生产工作十分特殊,各种工程事故频发。本文通过对危险、有害因素的分析揭示系统内危险、有害因素存在的方式、事故发生的规律,以避免安全事故发生。     

浅谈事故隐患的危害和预防

安全生产事故隐患（以下简称事故隐患），是指生产经营单位违反安全生产法律、法规、规章、标准、规程和安全生产管理制度的规定，或者因其他因素在生产经营活动中存在，可能导致事故发生的物的危险状态、人的不安全行为和管理上的缺陷。事故隐患也可作为险性事故或无伤害事故。     

危化品企业标准化重点标准介绍

<正>大多数危险化学品具有易燃、易爆、有毒的特性,相当一部分危险化学品可导致职业病。针对目前危险化学品事故频发,尤其是重特大事故时有发生的严峻形势,为了促进危险化学品企业落实主体责任,增强全员安全意识,进一步完善安全生产条件,全面     

防范化解系统性风险

重特大事故多发是当前危险化学品安全生产最突出的矛盾。从2015—2019年,我国在危险化学品生产、贮存、运输、废弃处置等环节,共发生重特大事故10起,造成344人死亡,已经形成系统性安全风险,严重损害人民群众生命财产安全,严重影响经济高质量发展和社会稳定。     

论动态安全评价

指出了静态安全评价存在的问题 ,提出了动态安全评价的概念、思路、方法和步骤 ,给出了动态的组合危险值、工程量危险值、事故损失率和安全指数的表达式。动态安全评价可以克服静态安全评价的不足 ,还能发挥安全评价对风险预测、事故预防 ,提高安全管理水平的重要作用。     

事故的成因及防范措施

安全与不安全是相对的概念。如果把安全描述为平静、正常、没有事故,那么,发生了事故一定是不安全的。因此,事故与安全生产也就是相对的事件了。这里所述的事故是指发生在生产过程中,违背人们意愿且又失去控制的事件．具体到生产活动中,事故总是要构成人体伤害或造成财产损失的。虽然人们并不希望发生任何事故,但是事故却总是在人们对危险因素控制不力、危险趋势不可遏制后而突然发生的。从事生产活动,随时随地都会遇到、接触到多方面的危险因素．一旦对危险因素失去控制,必将导致事故。因此,本从对人和管理两方面去探讨事故、人的不安全行为和物的不安全状态,以揭示事故发生的规律。提出防范事故的相应对策。     

根据现代企业理论探讨煤炭企业安全管理问题

煤炭行业属于高危险性行业,降低其事故发生率,提高安全生产水平是煤炭工作者孜孜以求的目标。笔者应用委托——代理理论对煤炭安全管理问题进行探讨,分析了安全投入与安全水平、安全投入与安全报酬、事故赔偿与安全水平等之间的关系,提出了煤炭企业改善安全现状的管理对策及建议,并认为事故赔偿金过低,不足以对企业形成足够的压力,不利于企业主动提高安全水平,应加大惩罚力度,提高惩罚成本和惩处率。     

System safety principles: A multidisciplinary engineering perspective

System safety is of particular importance for many industries. Broadly speaking, it refers to the state or objective of striving to sustainably ensure accident prevention through actions on multiple safety levers (technical, organizational, and regulatory). While complementary to risk analysis, it is distinct in one important way: risk analysis is anticipatory rationality examining the possibility of adverse events (or accident scenarios), and the tools of risk analysis support and in some cases quantify various aspects of this analysis effort. The end-objective of risk analysis is to help identify and prioritize risks, inform risk management, and support risk communication. These tools however do not provide design or operational guidelines and principles for eliminating or mitigating risks. Such considerations fall within the purview of system safety.In this work, we propose a set of five safety principles, which are domain-independent, technologically agnostic, and broadly applicable across industries. While there is a proliferation of detailed safety measures (tactics) in specific areas and industries, a synthesis of high-level safety principles or strategies that are independent of any particular instantiation, and from which specific safety measures can be derived or related to, has pedagogical value and fulfills an important role in safety training and education. Such synthesis effort also supports creativity and technical ingenuity in the workforce for deriving specific safety measures, and for implementing these principles and handling specific local or new risks. Our set of safety principles includes: (1) the fail-safe principle; (2) the safety margins principle; (3) the un-graduated response principle (under which we subsume the traditional “inherently safe design” principle); (4) the defense-in-depth principle; and (5) the observability-in-depth principle. We carefully examine each principle and provide examples that illustrate their use and implementation. We relate these principles to the notions of hazard level, accident sequence, and conditional probabilities of further hazard escalation or advancement of an accident sequence. These principles are a useful addition to the intellectual toolkit of engineers, decision-makers, and anyone interested in safety issues, and they provide helpful guidelines during system design and risk management efforts.     

Not drowning, waving!: Safety management and occupational culture in an Australian commercial fishing port

An ethnographic study of safety management was conducted in a commercial lobster fishing industry, in a small fishing town in Southern Australia. The objectives were to test the utility of the ethnographic method for exploring the nature of the relationship between occupational culture, workplace social organization, and safety management.Available accident data suggests this particular fishery may not have the same high incidence of occupational trauma normally attributed to commercial fishing. Changes in licensing laws and improved management of fish stocks have significantly reduced risk exposure. Participants in this study had a good understanding of their physical workplace risks, but accepted some of these with too few defences. Wear rates of personal flotation devices (PFDs) were below 1% for the study period.The paper suggests that participants do not have a strong learning culture, and links this to occupation-wide cultural assumptions, other external issues and safety management issues. Assessment of the social and cultural context of safety management can offer policy makers a ‘road-map’ to guide their interventions. The utility of ethnographic methods for this type of analysis is significant, and will be enhanced by improving the transparency of the research method.     

关于安全科学基本概念及相互关系的研究

安全、危险、风险、事故、隐患等是安全科学和安全管理的基本概念。对于这些概念，至今仍有不同认识。本文从国内外研究现状出发，对上述基本概念及相互关系进行了分析探讨。Ｐｒｏｆ．     

电炉生产系统工伤事故控制技术的研究

本文是综合应用安全系统工程的原理和方法,控制生产系统的工伤事故,并采用系统辨识理论,辨识生产中的潜在危险和后果,定量评价潜在危险的危害程度和发生概率;综合应用数理统计、工程逻辑、故障树、事件树、管理失误和风险树等多种分析方法,对电炉炼钢生产的原料、冶炼、铸锭、天车、电气、机械等子系统进行了事故发生可能性的预分析和安全状况评价。据分析评价结果,结合生产实际和管理现状,制定了控制事故的综合技术对策,并开发了一系列适合于我国企业安全管理实际需要的计算机软件。     

论重大危险源监控与重大事故隐患治理

重大危险源是指工业活动中危险物质或能量超过临界量的设备、设施或场所。工业活动中重大火灾、爆炸、毒物泄漏事故 ,尽管其起因和影响不尽相同 ,但都有一个共同的特征 :其根源是存在大量的易燃、易爆、有毒物质或具有引发灾难事故的能量。重大危险源同重大事故隐患是两个既有联系又有区别的概念 ,前者强调设备、设施、场所中存在或固有的危险物质 (能量 )的多少 ,后者则可以认为是出现明显缺陷 (人的不安全行为 ,物的不安全状态或管理上的缺陷 )的重大危险源。从重大事故隐患治理到重大危险源普查 (申报 )、监控是预防重大事故理论与技术的进步 ,是从源头抓预防 ,是落实预防为主 ,关口前移的具体体现 ,也是国家安全生产法律、法规的强制要求。笔者论述了重大危险源监控、重大事故隐患治理与重大事故预防之间的区别与联系 ,用事故是能量意外释放的观点 ,论述了安全是相对的、危险是永存的、事故是可以预防的 ;分析了建立重大危险源监控体系与重大事故预防控制体系的几大要素 ,即危险源辨识、评价、分级管理与监控 ,应急救援等。     

Are safety investigations pro-active?

This paper elaborates on the debate whether safety investigations are obsolete and should be replaced by more modern safety assessment approaches. Despite their past performance, in particular in aviation, accident investigations are criticized for their reactive nature and the lack of learning potential they provide. Although safety management systems are considered a modern method with a more prospective potential, they too are hard to judge by their quantitative performance. Instead of measuring both concepts along the lines of their output, this contribution explores the origin, context and notions behind both approaches. Both approaches prove to be adaptive to new developments and have the ability to shift their focus towards learning and cognition. In assessing their potential, accident investigations prove to cover a specific domain of application in the risk domain of low probability and major consequences, fulfilling a mission as public safety assessor. In order to make optimal use of their analytic and diagnostic potential, investigations should mobilize more complex and sophisticated scientific theories and notions, in particular of a non-linear nature. Consequently, they are neither reactive, nor proactive, but provide a specific approach to safety issues.     

Dynamic risk analysis of offloading process in floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) platform using Bayesian Network

The growing demand for natural gas has pushed oil and gas exploration to more isolated and previously untapped regions around the world where construction of LNG processing plants is not always a viable option. The development of FLNG will allow floating plants to be positioned in remote offshore areas and subsequently produce, liquefy, store and offload LNG in the one position. The offloading process from an FLNG platform to a gas tanker can be a high risk operation. It consists of LNG being transferred, in hostile environments, through loading arms or flexible cryogenic hoses into a carrier which then transports the LNG to onshore facilities. During the carrier's offloading process at onshore terminals, it again involves risk that may result in an accident such as collision, leakage and/or grounding. It is therefore critical to assess and monitor all risks associated with the offloading operation. This study is aimed at developing a novel methodology using Bayesian Network (BN) to conduct the dynamic safety analysis for the offloading process of an LNG carrier. It investigates different risk factors associated with LNG offloading procedures in order to predict the probability of undesirable accidents. Dynamic failure assessment using Bayesian theory can estimate the likelihood of the occurrence of an event. It can also estimate the failure probability of the safety system and thereby develop a dynamic failure assessment tool for the offloading process at a particular FLNG plant. The main objectives of this paper are: to understand the LNG offloading process, to identify hazardous events during offloading operation, and to perform failure analysis (modelling) of critical accidents and/or events. Most importantly, it is to evaluate and compare risks. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to validate the risk models and to study the behaviour of the most influential factors. The results have indicated that collision is the most probable accident to occur during the offloading process of an LNG carrier at berth, which may have catastrophic consequences.     

论安全学科的内涵与本科教育课程体系建设

安全学科的内涵是该学科本科教学课程体系建设的基础。学科内涵包括学科研究对象、研究目的、学科属性、研究方法、研究范围、研究内容、基本概念和基本公理。就安全学科来说 ,其研究对象可以简单地认为是损失程度范围非常宽广的事故 ,研究目的当然就是预防事故和控制事故损失 ;由于事故的发生既有社会、人文方面的原因 ,也有自然方面的原因 ,所以安全学科的研究方法就不可能是单一的 ,学科的属性也就具有人文、社会、自然等多重性。由于社会组织最有可能控制事故发生的原因 ,所以安全学科的研究范围一定是一个大到国家、地区 ,小到企业的社会组织 ,组织之内预防事故和控制事故损失的各种方法构成了安全学科的研究内容。该学科有危险源、风险、事故、安全和危险 5个基本概念 ,也可以识别出至少 4条基本公理。以上述学科内涵为理论基础 ,可以构建出近年来作为讨论焦点的安全学科本科教学课程体系。     

Dynamic-risk-informed safety barrier management: An application to cost-effective barrier optimization based on data from multiple sources

An integrated approach for performance assessment and management of safety barriers in a systemic manner is needed concerning the prevention and mitigation of major accidents in chemical process industries. Particularly, the effects of safety barriers on system risk reduction should be assessed in a dynamic manner to support the decision-making on safety barrier establishments and improvements. A simulation approach, named Simulink-based Safety Barrier Modeling (SSBM), is proposed in this paper to conduct dynamic risk assessment of chemical facilities with the consideration of the degradation of safety barriers. The main functional features of the SSBM include i) the basic model structures of SSBM can be determined based on bow-tie diagrams, ii) multiple data (periodic proof test data, continuous condition-monitoring data, and accident precursor data) may be combined to update barrier failure probabilities and initiating event probabilities, iii) SSBM is able to handle uncertainty propagation in probabilistic risk assessment by using Monte Carlo simulations, and iv) cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and optimization algorithms are integrated to support the decision-making on safety barrier establishments and improvements. An illustrative case study is demonstrated to show the procedures of applying the SSBM on dynamic risk-informed safety barrier management and validate the feasibility of implementing the SSBM for cost-effective safety barrier optimization.