流动危险源毒气泄漏事故伤害模型研究

笔者介绍了危险货物道路运输的现状和特点，阐述了进行流动危险源事故后果分析的必要性，提出了流动危险源运动时毒气泄漏事故伤害模型，并利用该模型进行了数值模拟，证明该模型分析流动危险源运动时毒气泄漏事故的后果是可行的。     

氯气储罐泄漏扩散范围的主要影响因素

本文使用PHAST软件,模拟了氯气泄漏的事故后果,分析了液氯储罐泄漏孔径、泄漏时间、气象条件等不同状况下对事故后果的影响。通过泄漏事故后果模拟结果可以看出,设定的典型泄漏场景下,泄漏孔径和气象条件对半致死浓度最大扩散范围影响较大。研究结果可为安全生产应急救援提供数据和参考。     

基于Unity3D的L-CNG加气站事故仿真研究

为了提高员工对站内储罐事故后果的认识,采用灾害机理和灾害效果仿真相结合的方法,在选取泄漏、火球热辐射及爆炸冲击波机理模型并建立L-CNG加气站三维场景的基础上,分别计算火球热辐射和爆炸冲击波的伤害半径,并用Unity3D中的粒子系统模拟了泄漏、火焰、爆炸事故后果及伤害范围,最终开发了一套基于Unity3D平台的事故仿真系统,直观呈现灾害影响范围,对L-CNG加气站的选址及应急方案的制定具有重要意义。     

天然气管道泄漏喷射火燃烧特性研究

针对天然气管道泄漏发生喷射火事故,采用动态火灾软件FDS进行天然气管道泄漏喷射火数值仿真,结合固体火焰模型分析了火焰几何特性、温度与热辐射空间分布等关键参数,依据温度与热辐射伤害准则确定了危险区域范围;并对比不同风速和泄漏孔径下火灾事故的危险范围,研究风速和泄漏孔径对火灾事故的影响程度。结果表明:热辐射是火灾后果的主导因素,25.4 mm泄漏孔径喷射火灾充分燃烧时,其火焰最高温度为1 200℃,喷射口25 m以内为危险区域,随风速增大,温度伤害范围略有增大,热辐射伤害范围显著增大;泄漏孔径变化对喷射火事故后果的影响与风速变化的影响相同,但泄漏孔径对事故后果的影响更为显著,泄漏孔径从6.35 mm增大至25.4 mm和101.6 mm,人员温度伤害半径分别增大2.71倍和10.42倍。最后,结合仿真结果,提出了具有针对性的喷射火应急防控措施。     

过程液氯贮槽装置封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔联用安全效用分析

分析、设立液氯贮槽液相泄漏的几种典型事故情景,并利用液相泄漏、液池蒸发、重气扩散和人员中毒死亡概率等模型对比研究封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔等安全措施对液氯贮槽液相泄漏扩散中毒后果的影响,给出不同事故情景下液氯泄漏速率、液池半径、液池蒸发速率、室外氯气中毒死亡概率等事故后果特征值。对封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔安全效用进行定量分析和比较研究。结果表明,液氯贮槽的封闭厂房对抑制液氯泄漏扩散中毒事故后果效用明显;事故氯吸收塔能消除液氯贮槽微小孔泄漏所对应的小事故情景,还能对封闭厂房最严重泄漏事故后果起到初期削峰作用。显然,封闭厂房及事故氯吸收塔联用可以降低液氯贮槽事故影响后果,具有良好安全效用。     

可拓综合评价在燃气系统泄漏事故应急救援中的应用

燃气系统发生泄漏,如不能及时有效进行应急救援,极易引发严重的事故后果,因此,准确确定应急响应等级,进行有针对性的救援工作是控制燃气系统泄漏事故后果严重性的关键。从众多影响因素中,分析并确定了影响燃气系统泄漏事故后果严重性的主要因素,对各因素严重程度进行了等级划分。引入了可拓工程方法,建立了燃气系统泄漏事故后果严重性可拓综合评价模型,阐述了评价步骤和方法。当各影响因素分属不同等级时,根据所建模型能综合确定燃气系统泄漏事故后果严重性等级,依此进行事故应急救援分级响应。该方法能够克服人为评判失误,有利于指导有效事故救援,控制事故影响范围。运用该模型对一事故案例进行了计算,计算结果表明此方法用于确定应急救援响应等级是可行的。     

氯化氢事故性泄漏扩散的后果模拟分析

通过对1起BOC(叔丁氧羰基)生产中误操作造成的氯化氢泄漏事故的后果模拟分析,说明扩散模型与后果伤害模型对预测事故伤亡后果和人员应急响应策略选择的作用.首先确定事故中氯化氢的泄漏量和泄漏方式,采用高斯烟团模型模拟扩散过程,利用室内外换气公式,得出室内外氯化氢气体质量浓度随时间变化的关系,然后结合概率函数法得出室内外暴露剂量以及概率变量随时间变化的关系.模拟结果表明,室内外的概率变量都小于-7,因此人员死亡概率为0,与事故实际造成的后果基本相符.因此,选择相应的扩散模型与后果伤害模型对毒气泄漏事故进行后果模拟分析,能定量确定泄漏事故对特定范围内造成的危险程度,预测事故伤亡后果.     

长输天然气管道事故泄漏速率算法改进研究

泄漏速率是模拟天然气泄漏过程中计算事故后果的重要指标之一,速率通常由小孔泄漏和大孔泄漏推导得出。但在实际泄漏时,泄漏孔径的大小往往不易及时获得,需要通过保守算法估算泄漏口面积以进一步模拟事故后果。运用流体力学和热力学方法,对天然气泄漏速率的经验公式进行了推导验证。同时使用连续性方法对管道的泄漏速率深入探讨,使用更易测量参数参与计算,使得在发生突发泄漏事故的时候,可以忽略孔径大小以更快速的获得泄漏信息,计算泄漏后扩散影响面积,从而为计算事故后果提供依据,以指导应急救援。     

磁悬浮列车事故仿真分析

总结磁悬浮列车可能发生的各种事故．蚰结为两大类：失去悬浮事故和与异物碰撞事故，针对这两类事故，用ADAMS进行仿真分析，得出事故形态及后果，为事故颅防并减小事故后果提供依据。     

催化裂化装置火灾及爆炸事故后果分析

对石油化工企业典型生产装置--催化裂化装置发生火灾及爆炸事故后果进行分析,研究分析了催化裂化装置油浆泵泄漏引发池火灾和石油气泄漏引发无约束蒸气云爆炸两种事故的后果情况,给出这两种事故的各种伤亡半径,从而直观的为企业提供了事故后果情况,为企业的事故预防工作提供依据.     

Multibody model of the human upper extremity for fracture simulation

About 3.8 million people are injured in accidents at work in Europe every year. The resulting high costs are incurred by the victims themselves, their families, employers and society. We have used a numerical simulation to reconstruct accidents at work for several years. To reconstruct these accidents MADYMO R7.5 with a numerical human model (pedestrian model) is used. However, this model is dedicated to the analysis of car-to-pedestrian accidents and thus cannot be fully used for reconstructing accidents at work. Therefore, we started working on the development of a numerical model of the human body for the purpose of simulating accidents at work. Developing a new numerical model which gives an opportunity to simulate fractures of the upper extremity bones is a stage of that work.     

基于决策树模型的煤矿安全事故严重程度分析与预测

为将数据挖掘技术应用于煤矿安全管理,通过对我国1999—2015年29 000多条煤矿安全事故数据的研究,系统分析了事故发生的区域、时间、类型和企业信息等因素对事故严重程度的影响及彼此之间的相关性。通过构建决策树分类模型,在给定事故相关信息的基础上,对事故严重程度进行分类预测;基于数据类别不平衡的特点,采用欠采样的抽样方法,同时利用梯度提升的组合分类器来提高分类精度。结果表明,采用的数据挖掘模型在预测不同严重程度的事故上均达到了较高精度。     

航班起飞过程的风险识别与控制

飞机起飞阶段是事故多发阶段,为了进行风险识别与控制,设计了定性判别方法和定量计算仿真算法,并以具体飞机坠毁事故为例分析了安全裕度.分别计算了飞机冲出跑道的速度、距离和逃生时间.中断起飞的速度与时间,是火灾发生后的判断关键,也构成了飞机起飞事故的裕度.结果表明,中断起飞的安全裕度比坠毁的大,且关于中断起飞的规定有矛盾之处;用于逃生的90 s规则高于中断起飞的决断速度的限制规定.该分析方法为处理危急时刻的两难决策问题提供了理论指导.     

Multiple pool fires: Occurrence,simulation, modeling and management

When two or more pool fires burn in such close proximity of one another that they can influence each other, they are termed ‘multiple pool fires’ (MPF). The characteristics and the structure of MPFs are significantly different from that of stand-alone pool fires. Even though MPFs have known to occur fairly often in chemical process industries, much lesser work has been done towards simulation, modeling and control of MPFs as compared to stand-alone pool fires.This paper is perhaps the first-ever attempt at surveying the MPF state-of-the-art. It recounts MPF accidents and catalogs the controlled experiments that have been done to understand the mechanism and impact of MPFs. Attempts to model MPFs have been assessed and possible ways to manage MPFs have been touched upon.     

重大事故后果模拟法在天然气场站安全评价中的应用

场站是气田集输的枢纽,也是高风险存在和集中的场所.本论文采用重大事故后果模拟分析法建立天然气泄漏速率估算模型、蒸气云爆炸模型,并以陕北某一天然气场站为例,借助Risk System软件对天然气泄漏速率和泄漏量以及蒸气云爆炸最大事故进行数值模拟.模拟分析结果有助于对天然气场站可能发生的各种事故进行风险评价,也有助于对各类...     

基于蒙特卡洛模拟的多米诺事故风险量化管理*

为降低危化品相关的化工事故造成的人员伤亡和财产损失,以化工多米诺事故为研究对象,探讨由初始事故引发1个或多个次生事故的连锁反应机理与风险评估方法。提出应用蒙特卡洛模拟对多米诺事故风险进行动态量化的方法,梳理化工多米诺事故风险的识别、分析、评定、处理全周期管理流程,并以1个天然气压气站为案例,验证基于蒙卡模拟的化工多米诺事故风险量化方法的有效性。结果表明:该方法可以更准确地对化工多米诺事故风险进行定量评估。多米诺事故风险全周期管理流程的梳理能够有效指导化工企业开展安全管理、事故预防等工作。     

斑马线“人-车”博弈仿真

我国自2017年开展“车让人”活动以来,斑马线事故得到有效控制。但本文经统计发现,近两年交通事故量并未明显降低,即“车让人”虽有效控制了斑马线事故,但并未明显影响整体交通安全形势。为此论文设计了3种人车博弈仿真实验,分析不同典型情况下的礼让司机心态:在没有规定车让人时,积极礼让率约20%;在规定车让人时,积极礼让率约50%;当给予司机正向反馈时,积极礼让率约70%,仿真结果验证了:如果没有很好地兼顾司机情绪,“车让人”并不能实现本质安全,即大量交通事故只不过是从斑马线推移到了公路的其他地方(事故外溢)。论文最后建议在斑马线处分别设计给司机和行人阅读的2套标语,综合调控司机心境,有效防控“斑马线事故外溢”。     

Causes and lessons of five explosion accidents

This paper describes five disastrous explosion accidents that occurred in recent years that had serious consequences for lives and property. The five explosions were: 1) The explosion at a TNT workshop of a chemical factory, Liaoning province, on February 9, 1991 in which 17 employees died and 107 were injured; 2) The nitro-amine explosive production workshop of a chemical factory in Hubei province on June 27, 1992, which led to the deaths of 22 employees and 13 injuries; 3) An explosion in storage warehouses containing dangerous goods in Shenzhen City on August 5, 1993, where 141 were injured; 4) A explosion of a truck loaded with 1.05 million detonators on October 23, 1994 causing 5 deaths and 95 injuries; and 5) An RDX explosive accident in Hunan province on January 31, 1996 in which 134 people died and 17 were injured. In this paper, the causes of these accidents are described and the lessons to be learned from these accidents are summarized.Great changes and significant achievements have taken place and the national economy has been developing at high speed since China reform and open policy. But as far as safety in production is concerned, catastrophic explosion accidents have occurred in recent times and some of them have been exceptionally serious. The author has participated in the investigation of many explosion accidents, which brought about heavy casualties and great economic losses. The bitter experiences have given us many beneficial lessons written in blood from which we must try to avoid such similar unnecessary accidents. In this paper, the causes of five disastrous explosion accidents are analyzed and lessons learned from these accidents are summarized. Proposals for safety production are also put forward.     

Historical analysis of accidents in seaports

A study has been carried out of accidents occurring in seaports. A total of 471 accidents occurring between the beginning of the twentieth century and October 2002 have been analysed. The results obtained show a significant increase in the frequency of accidents over time: 83% of the accidents occurred in the last 20 years and 59% in the past decade. The most frequent accidents were releases (51%), followed by fires (29%), explosions (17%) and gas clouds (3%). More than half the accidents occurred during transport: loading/unloading operations, storage and process plants also make a large contribution to the total. The various causes of the accidents have also been analysed, as have the type of substance involved and the consequences for the population (number of people killed, injured and evacuated). Finally, some conclusions are drawn concerning the need to improve certain safety measures in ports.