活性污泥低温氨氧化功能的驯化与潜力研究

以强化低温污水生物处理系统的氨氮(NH4+-N)氧化功能为目标,采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),通过逐步提高进水NH4+-N浓度的方式,在(15±1)℃的条件下对城镇污水处理厂的好氧活性污泥进行了驯化培育,并就其对生活污水和高氨氮废水的NH4+-N去除潜力进行了测试.结果表明,在(15±1)℃下,好氧活性污泥经适当驯化可获得良好的氨氧化能力.在初始NH4+-N浓度为46mg·L-1左右时,其NH4+-N去除速率和亚硝态氮(NO2--N)生成速率分别可达54.26g·kg-·1d-1(以MLSS计,下同)和29.07g·kg-·1d-1(以MLSS计,下同)左右.对NH4+-N浓度为47.19mg·L-1左右的城镇污水,其NH4+-N去除率可高达85%以上.初始NH4+-N浓度分别为91.01mg·L-1和163.37mg·L-1左右时,其最高NH4+-N去除速率分别可达52.54g·kg-·1d-1和111.97g·kg-·1d-1,具有处理高氨氮废水的潜力.     

Evaluation of the correlation between ammonia nitrogen and p-toluidine using sequencing batch reactor treating synthetic p-toluidine wastewater

This paper presents lab-scale experiment carried out to evaluate the correlation between ammonia nitrogen （NH3-N） and p-toluidine using sequencing batch reactor treating synthetic p-toluidine wastewater. The profiles of NH3-N and p-toluidine were traced under the concentration of sucrose in the influent varied from 0 to 500 mg/L, aerated airflow varied from 0.6 to 1.2 L/min and temperature varied from 10 to 25℃, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of NH3-N turned from increase to decrease when p-toluidine was nearly completely biodegraded, so the profile of NH3-N could clearly indicate the endpoint of p-toluidine biodegradation. And the profile of NH3-N was not influenced by the sucrose in the influent, aerated airflow and temperature. It is showed that using ammonia nitrogen as monitoring and control parameter is feasible and reliable and has promising application in amine wastewater treatment by SBR.     

自动控制悬浮填料序批式反应器脱氮除磷的研究

选用球形多孔悬浮填料,利用序批式生物膜反应器对模拟城市污水进行试验研究,确定可以以氧化还原电位作为工艺主要控制参数。稳定运行时COD、TN、TP的平均去除效率分别达到97%、83%、94%,出水水质达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)的一级A标准。     

低温对CANON型序批式生物膜反应器脱氮的影响

探究了4种低温水平下基于亚硝化的全程自养脱氮（CANON）型序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）的运行效果及其氮素转化机制.结果表明,当CANON型SBBR在不同的低温水平下稳定运行后,其脱氮微生物优势菌群发生了不同程度的变化,随之改变了系统的氮素转化途径及其脱氮性能.当温度>15℃时,SBBR中AOB和anammox菌的丰度与活性未受到明显抑制,CANON作用始终是系统脱氮的主要途径,SBBR对TN的平均去除率亦较为理想;而当温度<15℃时,anammox菌的丰度与活性在10,5℃下分别出现不同程度的降低,进而改变了SBBR的氮素转化途径,使其脱氮性能出现不同程度的恶化.在10℃时,NOB的增殖及其活性的提高使硝化/反硝化作用取代CANON作用成为SBBR脱氮的主要途径,此时系统对TN的去除率骤降至（16.87±4.79）%;在5℃时,反硝化过程中第1步还原反应的停滞与反硝化菌对NO₂^--N利用率的提高使SBBR中氮素的去除依赖于CANON作用和短程硝化/反硝化作用的协同,系统对TN的去除率为（54.83±3.68）%.     

利用序批式生物膜反应器启动厌氧氨氧化研究

研究了在缺氧条件下利用序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)快速启动厌氧氨氧化过程,并考察了该过程中反应器的脱氮效率、厌氧氨氧化现象、生物膜性质及微生物群落的变化.从第60d开始出现ANAMMOX现象,经过100多天的启动,最高总氮负荷达0.67kg-N/m3×d,总氮去除率达到87.3%.生物膜厚度和污泥颜色、形态发生明显变化,厌氧氨氧化菌的相对含量达到40%以上,成为反应器的优势菌种.本研究表明SBBR是一种高效启动厌氧氨氧化的生物反应器.     

膜序批式反应器运行特性研究

膜生物反应器采取序批式运行方式,实验室人工配水,系统不排泥,运行220d。结果表明,系统对COD、氨氮的去除率均在96％以上,细菌胞外多聚物（EPS）以蛋白质为主,污泥浓度达到10g／L以上,污泥沉降性能得到改善时,跨膜压力（TMP）呈缓慢增长趋势,出现了相当数量的纤毛虫、轮虫等原后生动物。     

序批式生物膜法的脱氮特性及机理研究

对序批式生物膜法工艺中所表现出来的脱氮特性进行了探讨，并提出了过量储存－SND脱氮作用机理。厌氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜对含碳氮有机物的过量储存作用；好氧段脱氮主要靠生物膜的SND作用，反硝化的有机碳源主要为生物膜中在厌氧段过量储存的有机碳源。     

Effect of inorganic carbon on anaerobic ammonium oxidation enriched in sequencing batch reactor

The present lab-scale research reveals the enrichment of anaerobic ammonium oxidation microorganism from methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge and the effect of inorganic carbon(sodium bicarbonate)on anaerobic ammonium oxidation.The enrichment of anammox bacteria was carried out in a 7.0-L sequencing batch reactor(SBR)and the effect of bicarbonate on anammox was conducted in a 3.0-L SBR.Research results,especially the biomass,showed first signs of anammox activity after 54 d cultivation with synthetic w...     

厌氧/好氧运行方式对颗粒污泥形成的影响

序批式反应器(SBR)饱食-饥饿的运行方式对颗粒污泥的形成具有一定的促进作用,为考察该作用的大小,采用小试SBR装置,按照厌氧/好氧(An/O)交替的方式运行,考察了强化饱食-饥饿效应对颗粒污泥形成的影响.研究发现,An/O方式运行的第7d,反应器内即有微颗粒出现,30d后该颗粒污泥系统趋于稳定.通过对典型周期内厌氧和好氧末期污泥中胞外聚合物(EPS)的测定分析,发现厌氧末期的胞外多糖(PS)由最初的13mg/g-VSS逐渐上升到后期的55mg/g-VSS,且厌氧饱食阶段的PS含量一直高于好氧饥饿段.在颗粒形成初期,好氧饥饿阶段胞外蛋白质(PN)的平均含量为10mg/g-VSS,大于厌氧饱食段的6mg/g-VSS;而在颗粒成熟阶段,好氧末期PN为13mg/g-VSS,厌氧末段为20mg/g-VSS.在整个颗粒污泥的形成过程中,PS含量一直高于PN.由此可见,PS所具有的黏性作用在颗粒的形成中起到了比较重要的作用. An/O交替的运行方式会对SBR所特有饱食/饥饿效应起到强化作用,刺激微生物分泌大量的EPS,同时筛选出具有厌氧储存有机物能力的微生物,从而促进了颗粒污泥的形成.     

SBR双颗粒污泥系统脱氮除磷性能研究

以模拟废水为研究对象,对SBR双颗粒污泥系统的脱氮除磷性能进行了考察.试验结果表明,A₂N双颗粒污泥系统能使硝化菌和聚磷菌分别在各自最佳的环境中生长,有利于系统脱氮除磷的稳定和高效运行,可控制性也得到了提高.在COD为300 mg·L^-1条件下,系统对COD的平均去除率达到78.8%,大部分COD被聚磷菌用来合成PHA;当溶解氧控制在3.55~4.90 mg·L^-1和5.60~6.60 mg·L^-1之间时,硝化SBR对氨氮的去除率分别为87.0%和94.5%.除磷SBR仅设置缺氧段时,磷去除率为72%;增设后曝气段后,磷去除率增至85%.NO_x^--N(NO₂^--N+ NO₃^--N)的去除主要发生在缺氧段,在反硝化除磷时作为电子受体被去除,平均去除率为90.6%.     

Mechanism studies on nitrogen removal when treating ammonium-rich leachate by sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The nitrogen removal mechanism was studied and analyzed when treating the ammonium-rich landfill leachate by a set of sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs), which was designed independently. At the liquid temperature of (32 ± 0.4)°C, and after a 58-days domestication period and a 33-days stabilization period, the efficiency of ammonium removal in the SBBR went up to 95%. Highly frequent intermittent aeration suppressed the activity of nitratebacteria, and also eliminated the influence on the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria and nitritebacteria. This influence was caused by the accumulation of nitrous acid and the undulation of pH. During the aeration stage, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was controlled at 1.2–1.4 mg/L. The nitritebacteria became dominant and nitrite accumulated gradually. During the anoxic stage, along with the concentration debasement of the dissolved oxygen, ANAMMOX bacteria became dominant; then, the nitrite that was accumulated in the aeration stage was wiped off with ammonium simultaneously. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(1): 55–60 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Zn2+对SBR单级好氧模式生物除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,以丙酸盐为单一外加碳源,通过比较进水中不同Zn2+浓度(0,1,5,10,20mg/L)下单级好氧模式下序批式反应器(SBR)的除磷效果,考察进水Zn2+浓度对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响,并通过分析各反应器中典型周期内磷及微生物体内储能物质的变化,探究Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷性能的影响机理.当进水Zn2+浓度为0和1mg/L时,除磷率分别高达96.84%和97.90%.当进水Zn2+浓度为5,10,20mg/L时,系统除磷率分别为89.32%,76.43%和57.29%,说明较高浓度Zn2+对单级好氧SBR生物除磷有抑制作用.结果表明,较高浓度Zn2+可抑制COD的降解,微生物体内聚羟基脂肪酸酯好氧合成及磷酸盐激酶活性,并促进GAOs的代谢,使聚磷合成和水解量减少,从而降低系统的除磷性能.     

游离亚硝酸对好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,在好氧/延长闲置序批式反应器中研究不同浓度游离亚硝酸对系统除磷性能的影响.通过分析闲置期聚磷水解及微生物体内各储能物质的变化及不同反应器的除磷效果,探究其可能存在的影响机理.结果表明,游离亚硝酸浓度为5.13×10-5mg·L-1时对反应器除磷效果及沉降能力抑制不明显,而当游离亚硝酸浓度达到5.13×10-4mg·L-1时,磷的平均去除率降至40.5%,反应器中出现严重的污泥膨胀,污泥沉降指数值最高达310 mL·g-1.典型周期分析表明,游离亚硝酸可影响聚磷菌对碳源的吸收和胞内聚羟基脂肪酸酯的合成,进而影响好氧吸磷及闲置期聚磷水解.恢复试验表明,当游离亚硝酸浓度高于2.57×10-4mg·L-1时,撤销影响后系统的除磷能力和沉降性能虽有明显回升,但无法恢复至初始水平.     

溶解氧对好氧/延长闲置SBR除磷性能的影响

以合成废水为研究对象,乙酸钠为外加碳源,考察不同溶解氧(DO)浓度下好氧/延长闲置(O/EI)序批式反应器的除磷效果,并通过分析典型周期内磷元素及微生物体内各储能物质的变化,探究DO浓度对O/EI工艺除磷性能的影响机制.结果表明,低DO浓度(1 mg·L-1)条件下,O/EI系统具有良好的除磷效果,除磷率高达96%,单位污泥除磷量为5.02 mg·g-1;而当DO浓度较高(4 mg·L-1)时,反应器内磷的去除率降至50%,单位污泥除磷量仅2.81 mg·g-1.研究表明,在DO浓度为1 mg·L-1时,微生物能合成较多聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs),糖原的合成及利用较少,系统好氧吸磷量远高于其他反应器,并在闲置期释放出更多聚磷酸盐.可见,DO可通过影响微生物体内PHAs和糖原的合成及转化,闲置期释磷,好氧前期释磷及好氧吸磷,进而影响系统的除磷性能.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

ASBR反应器厌氧氨氧化脱氮II:反应动力学

研究了ASBR厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)反应器稳定条件下周期内的基质动力学特性以及过程抑制动力学特性,并得到适合描述上述特性的动力学模型.其中,稳态下周期内基质去除模型是首次被调查研究,研究发现,修正的Logistic模型和修正的Boltzmann模型相比Grau二级基质去除模型和修正的Gompertz模型而言,更适合描述稳态下周期内基质去除特性,并且通过模型得到了周期内任意t时刻下的出水总氮和总氮去除率预测公式.运用Haldane模型和Aiba模型建立了出水FA浓度与总氮去除负荷(TN RR)以及出水NO2--N浓度与总氮去除负荷(TN RR)之间的关系,结果表明:Haldane模型更适合用来描述基质抑制动力学特性,模型预测得到的出水FA和出水NO2--N抑制浓度分别为72.36mg/L和140.60mg/L.上述动力学模型的应用和动力学参数的获得可能会有助于ASBR反应器的优化设计和过程控制.     

序批式反应器的水力停留时间的理论探讨

根据液龄分布函数是二元函数的观点．推导出了当进、出水流量是时间的函数时，反应器的水力停留时间的通用积分式和离散式；然后得出了序批式反应器(SBR）的水力停留时间(HRT)具体表达式，并分析了用现有方法计算其水力停留时间所产生的误差．结果表明，最大相对误差rmax仅与充水比λ有关．且呈正相关关系．取典型值λ=0．4时，rmax高达25％。     

pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷的影响

在2个序批式反应器(R1、R2)中,以合成废水为对象,研究了不同pH值(R1:pH 8±0.2; R2:pH 7±0.2)对单级好氧生物除磷的影响;并通过比较周期中主要储能物质的变化,探讨了产生不同除磷效果的原因.结果表明,R1与R2均具有较高除磷性能, R1与R2中的平均去除率分别为94.9%,83.5%,pH值对SBR单级好氧生物除磷有一定的影响.导致R1具有较高除磷性能的原因是其对聚磷的依赖程度更大.好氧段R1糖原积累量低于R2(R1为1.42mmol/g, R2为1.55mmol/g),但降解量却高于R2(分别为1.41,1.19mmol/g);静置期,R1中糖原无明显变化,R2中则观察到明显的糖原降解.R1与R2均有明显的释磷现象, R1释磷量高于R2(释磷量分别为9.65,7.33mg/L).整个周期中,R1中PHA 无明显变化,而R2中则在好氧段有少量减少,静置期有少量上升.     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

PN/A-颗粒污泥工艺处理热水解污泥消化液

本研究构建了基于一体式厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥及絮体污泥的部分硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)脱氮处理系统,通过运行参数优化调控实现了热水解污泥消化液的高效脱氮.试验结果表明,通过接种厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)生物膜污泥与普通活性污泥、控制高游离氨(FA)(>20mg/L)和限制曝气(DO≤0.2mg/L)等运行条件,能够快速构建短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应,亚硝酸盐积累率可达85%以上,脱氮负荷达到0.60kgN/(m³·d).稀释后的热水解污泥消化液仍对AnAOB活性具有一定的抑制作用,导致反应器总氮负荷降至0.20kgN/(m³·d)以下;但系统内AnAOB丰度总体呈增加趋势,说明AnAOB的增殖未受到完全抑制.系统内混合污泥的平均中位径由53μm缓慢增长至109μm.定量PCR数据及高通量分析显示,该处理系统富集了较高纯度的An AOB,最大丰度占比可达8.06%,其优势菌属为Kuenenia菌属.此外,在第93运行周期下Kuenenia菌属在颗粒污泥的丰度占比大于AOB,为5.26%;絮体污泥中具有亚硝化效果的单胞菌属Nitrosomona...