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1.
Maritime spatial planning: opportunities &; challenges in the framework of the EU integrated maritime policy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, maritime spatial planning (MSP) has become an internationally emerging, promising tool for the implementation
of integrated ocean management. MSP provides the appropriate framework for public authorities and stakeholders to coordinate
their action across sectors and administrative boundaries, and to optimize the use of natural resources. In November 2008
the European Commission adopted the Communication “Roadmap for Maritime Spatial Planning: Achieving Common Principles in the
EU” (COM(2008) 791 final) aiming to facilitate the development of MSP by Member States and to stimulate its implementation
at national and EU level. Core element of this Roadmap is a set of ten key principles for MSP in Europe. Although endorsed
as valid and comprehensive, further discussion and research is needed to identify challenges, measures and tools for the key
principle’s practical application. This special issue of the Journal of Coastal Conservation: Planning and Management (JCCPM)
seeks to contribute to this discussion. Its purpose is to shed light from different angles on the various aspects of the mentioned
ten key principles and provide lessons learned from experience in different maritime areas around the world. Taking a more
scientific, rather than a political point of view, the following articles will debate the different principles, their practical
handling, as well as the consequences linked to their application. 相似文献
2.
Andrus Meiner 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(1):1-11
Launch of the Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union in 2007 served as important factor that stimulates consolidation
of coastal and marine information to support policy implementation. Policy’s action plan provides approaches for maritime
governance, research and planning relevant to information. In particular, roadmap for maritime spatial planning stimulates
development of coastal and marine GIS. Article reviews the current general status of coastal and marine systems and puts them
in the context of the policy actions. Main focus is on formation of geospatial information platform for integrated assessment
and ecosystem-based management of coastal and marine areas. Recent developments in data, indicator and information systems
are summarized in European perspective: better characterization of maritime space and marine ecosystems, development of GMES
Marine Core service and related in situ data collection; data harmonisation, interoperability and access, promoted by Shared
Environmental Information System principles. 相似文献
3.
Coastal development along the Mediterranean coast needs to be tackled with an integrated approach, in order to safeguard people
and properties from extreme events, maintain environmental flows and ecosystems functions, protect coastal landscapes and
ensure public accessibility to the shore. The complexity of the Mediterranean countries legal and administrative framework
and its morphological heterogeneity make the implementation of new the Protocol on ICZM provisions on coastal setbacks,—claiming
for a 100 m wide buffer zone where construction is not allowed— a challenge for the success of the initiative. European countries
and the European Commission are party to the protocol but the European legal framework lacks of specific provisions addressing
the definition of coastal setbacks. Moreover, climate change, in terms of sea level rise and maritime climate, could play
a major role in the future position of setback lines. While arbitrary setbacks should be put in place to halt short-term unwise
coastal development, science can improve the identification of coastal setbacks by providing integrated methodologies to be
implemented at the local level. The objective of this paper is to review concepts and practices in the use of coastal setbacks,
in the context of the provisions of the ICZM protocol and taking into account new challenges posed by climate change. A stepwise
route map is proposed as a base to identify coastal setbacks, applicable to the Mediterranean region and elsewhere, to be
used as a base to improve arbitrary setback approaches. 相似文献
4.
Coastal development along the Mediterranean coast needs to be tackled with an integrated approach, in order to safeguard people
and properties from extreme events, maintain environmental flows and ecosystems functions, protect coastal landscapes and
ensure public accessibility to the shore. The complexity of the Mediterranean countries legal and administrative framework
and its morphological heterogeneity make the implementation of new the Protocol on ICZM provisions on coastal setbacks,—claiming
for a 100 m wide buffer zone where construction is not allowed— a challenge for the success of the initiative. European countries
and the European Commission are party to the protocol but the European legal framework lacks of specific provisions addressing
the definition of coastal setbacks. Moreover, climate change, in terms of sea level rise and maritime climate, could play
a major role in the future position of setback lines. While arbitrary setbacks should be put in place to halt short-term unwise
coastal development, science can improve the identification of coastal setbacks by providing integrated methodologies to be
implemented at the local level. The objective of this paper is to review concepts and practices in the use of coastal setbacks,
in the context of the provisions of the ICZM protocol and taking into account new challenges posed by climate change. A stepwise
route map is proposed as a base to identify coastal setbacks, applicable to the Mediterranean region and elsewhere, to be
used as a base to improve arbitrary setback approaches. 相似文献
5.
Erik Olsen Alf Ring Kleiven Hein Rune Skjoldal Cecilie H. von Quillfeldt 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(2):257-269
Place-based management is any management action having implications for a specified area. Place-based management is seen as
a key component to practical implementation of ecosystem approach to management, with marine spatial planning (MSP) being
the currently most promoted approach. In the present paper we address the challenges of place-based management at local, regional
and global (oceanic) spatial scales using case studies from the Northeast Atlantic with examples from Norway. Both ecological,
governance and management complexity increases with increasing geographic scale, with associated increases in uncertainty
and thus increasing need for managing under the precautionary approach. A process where (ecologically) valuable and vulnerable
areas are defined early on is essential to successful place-based management under the ecosystem approach. Integrating across
sectors and achieving necessary cooperation between involved institutions and stakeholders is also necessary. 相似文献
6.
Adaptive maritime spatial planning (MSP) uses monitoring and evaluation of the effectiveness of spatial and temporal management
measures to promote understanding and improve planning and decision-making. An adaptive approach to MSP involves exploring
alternative ways to meet management objectives, predicting the outcomes of alternative management measures, implementing one
or more of these alternative management measures, monitoring to learn about the effects of management measures, and then using
the results to update knowledge and adjust management actions. A monitoring and evaluation plan should be designed to be both
cost effective and comprehensive. The process of setting and assessing performance metrics requires that the ecological and
socio-economic objectives of the spatial management plan must be clearly stated up front for management actions to reflect
those objectives accurately. To evaluate the effectiveness of a MSP plan, a range of ecological, socio-economic and institutional
indicators need to be developed and monitored. 相似文献
7.
Elena E. Andreeva Yuriy G. Mikhaylichenko Alexandre N. Vylegjanin 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2003,9(1):19-24
Coastal area management should be considered as an element of a more general philosophy—that of natural resource management—which
is in the process of replacing the purely ‘protection of the environment’ approach which was dominated most of the 20th century.
Specific legislation on coastal management has been adopted by many countries, and today steps have been taken to acumulate
all experience accumulated and to harmonize legal regulations on the international level. For the Russian Federation, formerly
the Soviet Union, with an enormous sea-shore line to cope with, it is a new experience to develop a concept and a legal regulation
specifically tackling coastal area management. The draft of a legislative act on coastal area management reflects the attempts
to find ways for harmonizing various economic, environmental and social interests in this huge area, encompassing relevant
Russian legislation in force as well as international conventions and treaties, and taking into considerations and treatices,
and taking into consideration foregin expereience in this field. 相似文献
8.
Traditional economic and policy analysis theory has emphasized the implementation of private or public property rights regimes in order to sustainably manage natural resources. More recent work has challenged this approach by examining the strengths and weakness of common property governance of such resources. This paper contributes to this literature by analyzing the acequia irrigation communities in northern New Mexico. Through statistical analysis, we find that the acequias’ ability to maintain collective-action as estimated by a critical performance function, crop production, is aided by water sharing agreements and access to groundwater, and that it is hampered by property rights fragmentation and urbanization. 相似文献
9.
10.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
11.
In 1990 the Dutch government decided to stop any further long-term landward retreat of the coastline. This policy choice for
a ‘dynamic preservation’ is primarily aimed at safety against flooding and at sustainable preservation of the values and interests
concerning the dunes and beaches. Five years later, a first overview of the benefits and bottlenecks of the new coastal defence
policy could be presented, which was published in the second governmental coastal report ‘Kustbalans 1995’ (coastal balance
1995). This consists of three elements: (1) evaluation of the implementation of ‘dynamic preservation’, (2) the consequences
of several natural and anthropogenic developments in the coastal zone and (3) integrated coastal zone management. The present
report describes experiences of Dutch coastline management and summarizes the main conclusions of the second governmental
report.
The overall conclusion of the evaluation study is that the 1990 choice for ‘dynamic preservation’ was right. Sand supply is
an effective method of coastline maintenance, which also serves functional uses in the beach and dune area. However, nearly
a doubling of the supply volume is necessary to compensate for sand losses in the coastal zone. A more integrated management
of the coastal zone is necessary to find an equilibrium between the interests of socio-economic development and the maintenance
of a natural, dynamic system. 相似文献
12.
As one of the dominant large-scale mechanisms proposed to combat climate change, biodiversity loss, and rural poverty, REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) has added further complexity to the challenging governance of rights and resources in global forests. As REDD+ is commodifying carbon, concerns emerge about how carbon ownership and its rights can be accommodated into the existing framework that governs local forest resource rights. The Nepalese government has formally entered into REDD+ policy preparations, but it lacks clear legal provisions regarding key forest tenure rights such as carbon ownership, benefit sharing, and the political participation of community forest user groups from national to local. As a result, Nepal’s policy process points toward performance-based carbon forestry in a way that may undermine and weaken existing community tenure rights and forest tenure security.This paper discusses Nepal’s potential impacts of new REDD+ and carbon ownership arrangements on forest tenure security and community-based forest governance. In a threefold methodological approach, the paper presents three scenarios for a REDD+-oriented tenure reform within the existing framework and assesses their concerns through in-depth qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, representatives, and advocates of Nepal’s community forestry system, complemented by a review of government documents and academic literature of REDD+ lessons so far. The analysis identifies critical concerns for forest tenure security, state-community power relationships, and effective local institutions of the commons, and suggests that Nepal’s REDD+ process is taking place at a particularly consequential time for structural changes of the forest governance framework. 相似文献
13.
Interactions between water and land in The Netherlands 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Netherlands are one of the most densely populated coastal countries in the world and there is only limited space for living,
working, transport and recreation, while there is also the need to preserve and expand valuable natural habitats. In order
to solve many existing and future conflicts of interest, and in order to create ‘added value’, strategies are developed to
optimize the use of water-land systems.
The principle of ‘building with nature’ is applied in order to integrate land in sea and water in land in such a way that
future generations will be able to use coastal resources in a sustainable way, including a minimal effort to maintain the
coastline and the promotion of a multiple-use system.
The concept of Integrated multifunctional sustainable coastal zone development is introduced. This concept deals with a balanced
approach to the lack of space for present and future coastal uses in relation to each other, to the hinterland, and to the
sea. Flexible master plans are developed, taking into account many functions of the coastal zone, and facilitating adaptation
to future developments—e.g. impacts of climate change and relative sea level rise. In this regard increasing the flexibility
of the coastal zone is of vital importance.
Large-scale coastal land reclamations in The Netherlands are dealt with, based on two different principles: (1) polder systems
(low lying land reclamations surrounded and protected by dikes), (2) systems of ‘building with nature’—land reclamation protected
by man-made foreshores, beaches and dunes. In the latter type new flexible dynamic-equilibrium coasts are created for many
functions, while coastal vulnerability is reduced and a flexible coast is developed. 相似文献
14.
Tim Hall Melanie MacLean Scott Coffen-Smout Glen Herbert 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2011,15(2):247-255
The national legislative and policy context for integrated ocean management in Canada is provided by the Oceans Act (1996) and the supporting policy statement, Canada’s Oceans Strategy. Under the Oceans Act, Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) is the lead federal authority for ocean affairs and is charged with leading and facilitating
the development and implementation of integrated management plans for all marine waters. Integrated management efforts in
Canada are being undertaken through an area-based approach that enables marine planning, management and decision making to
occur at appropriate spatial scales, from regional to site-specific. This article focuses on the Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated
Management (ESSIM) process, an offshore-focused effort to develop an integrated ocean management plan for a large portion
of the Scotian Shelf, off Nova Scotia. The resulting Eastern Scotian Shelf Integrated Ocean Management Plan (the ESSIM plan)
has been developed through a collaborative process involving all interested and affected government departments and ocean
stakeholders, and provides an objectives-based approach to ocean management. The ESSIM plan contains a set of long-term, overarching
goals for collaborative governance and integrated management, sustainable human use, and healthy ecosystems. These goals are
supported by more specific objectives that express desired outcomes and conditions for the marine region. The objectives-based
approach seeks to ensure that interrelationships among ecosystem and human use objectives are recognized and reflected in
the identification of management strategies and supporting actions. This article considers the role of marine spatial planning
within the context of the integrated ocean management process underway for the Scotian Shelf. The policy and management context
for integrated ocean management in Canada is briefly described and a summary of the ESSIM plan is provided. The current and
potential role for marine spatial planning in implementing the objectives and strategies of the ESSIM plan is highlighted
using examples related to multiple ocean use and marine conservation and protected area planning. The article concludes by
drawing out key lessons learned to date through the ESSIM process for marine spatial planning and looks to the future in terms
of the development of tools and approaches for this integral aspect of integrated ocean management. 相似文献
15.
The challenge of making central requirements work at local levels is a common problem for environmental governance throughout the world. Countries can learn from one another's approaches, but must understand the local context in which they are set. This paper compares the features of the China and US environmental governance systems that need be understood by those working between the systems. Key features include: (1) common values which shape the environmental governance choices in both countries, but which may have different practical meanings in each country; (2) America's common law-based environmental governance system, and China's civil law system, which involves plan(s) as well as law; (3) America's Federal central-local system, and China's unitary central local system. This paper concludes by suggesting areas in which further comparative understanding may be of value, including: (1) better understanding of the role of plan and law in China's governance system; (2) comparing the American Federal-state agreement system for implementation of environmental law with the China central-local system of target responsibility agreements for plan implementation; (3) improving understanding of nongovernmental resources needed to assure compliance with environmental laws and plans; (4) identifying institutions that can coordinate central-local and cross-border environmental governance. 相似文献
16.
The study of correlations between different behaviours in a population—referred to as behavioural syndromes—has begun to flourish
during recent years. However, the evolutionary mechanisms that cause behavioural traits to vary non-independently from each
other are still poorly understood. Here, we bring behavioural syndromes into a new perspective, in which the phenomenon is
regarded at the individual level and on a continuous scale instead of as a population-level presence/absence trait. As the
correlation between behaviours is never perfect (i.e. r < 1), individuals are likely to vary in how consistently they behave. Therefore, we can predict that if behavioural syndromes
at the population level are results of natural selection, the consistency in a suite of behaviours—and not the behavioural
configuration per se—should be heritable and involve fitness advantages at the individual level. We define a variable that
describes the individual deviation from the hypothetical perfect correlation predicted by the syndrome. The use of such a
variable depicting the consistency of behaviours of individuals allows us to make solid evolutionary inferences about correlated
behaviours from patterns of individual instead of population variation. We suggest that, by adopting the concept of syndrome deviation, understanding the evolution of behavioural syndromes and, in particular, testing competing evolutionary hypotheses about
the origin of behavioural syndromes becomes possible in a more rigorous manner than before. 相似文献
17.
The potential impact of exposure to heavy metals and health problems was evaluated at the Tar Creek Superfund site, Ottawa
County, Oklahoma, USA. Observed versus expected mortality was calculated for selected conditions in the County and exposed
cities. Excess mortality was found for stroke and heart disease when comparing the exposed County to the state but not when
comparing the exposed cities to the nonexposed rest of the County. However, sample sizes in the exposed area were small, population
emigration has been ongoing, and geographic coding of mortality data was incomplete. In an exposed community, 62.5% of children
under the age of 6 years had blood lead levels exceeding 10 μg/dl. The relationships between heavy-metal exposure and children’s
health and chronic disease in adults are suggestive that a more thorough investigation might be warranted. A number of possible
environmental and health studies are suggested, including those focusing on possible central nervous system impacts. Unfortunately,
the exposed population is dispersing. One lesson learned at this site is that health studies need to be conducted as soon
as possible after an environmental problem is identified to both study the impact of the most acute exposures and to maximize
study sample size—including those exposed to higher doses—and minimize the loss of individuals to follow-up. 相似文献
18.
A swarm of honeybees provides a striking example of an animal group performing a synchronized departure for a new location;
in this case, thousands of bees taking off at once to fly to a new home. However, the means by which this is achieved remain
unclear. Shortly before takeoff, one hears a crescendo of a high-pitched mechanical signal—worker piping—so we explored the
role of this signal in coordinating a swarm’s mass takeoff. Specifically, we examined whether exclusively nest site scouts
produce the worker piping signal or whether it is produced in a relay or chain reaction fashion. We found no evidence that
bees other than the scouts that have visited the swarm’s chosen nest site produce piping signals. This absence of relay communication
in piping suggests that it is a signal that only primes swarms for takeoff and that the release of takeoff is triggered by
some other signal or cue; perhaps the takeoff of bees on the swarm periphery as they reach flight temperature in response
to piping. 相似文献
19.
Graphical models (alternatively, Bayesian belief networks, path analysis models) are increasingly used for modeling complex
ecological systems (e.g., Lee, In: Ferson S, Burgman M(eds) Quantative methods for conservation biology. Springer, Berlin
Heilin Heideslperk New York, pp.127–147, 2000; Borsuk et al., J Water Res Plann Manage 129:271–282, 2003). Their implementation
in this context leverages their utility in modeling interrelationships in multivariate systems, and in a Bayesian implementation,
their intuitive appeal of yielding easily interpretable posterior probability estimates. However, methods for incorporating
correlational structure to account for observations collected through time and/or space—features of most ecological data—have
not been widely studied; Haas et al. (AI Appl 8:15–27, 1994) is one exception. In this paper, an “isomorphic” chain graph
(ICG) model is introduced to account for correlation between samples by linking site-specific Bayes network models. Several
results show that the ICG preserves many of the Markov properties (conditional and marginal dependencies) of the site-specific
models. The ICG model is compared with a model that does not account for spatial correlation. Data from several stream networks
in the Willamette River valley, Oregon (USA) are used. Significant correlation between sites within the same stream network
is shown with an ICG model. 相似文献
20.
Christopher House 《Journal of Coastal Conservation》2010,14(4):273-284
The Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Protocol in the Mediterranean means the coastal zone can be better protected
and problems can be targeted in a coordinated manner. This research developed a model to improve Integrated Coastal Management
(ICM) implementation in the region. The methodology collected data from Mediterranean coastal zone experts via semi-structured
interviews and a review of Mediterranean Coastal Foundation ICM Conferences in 2007, 2008 and 2009. Results identified issues
and recommended solutions at various points in the policy process and these were used to propose a model for the implementation
of ICM. Research demonstrated the need for non symbolic engagement with science especially during the ex-ante, interim and
ex-post reports of implementation. Improved and considered horizontal governance and capacity building was highlighted as
crucial. Findings also emphasised the importance of legislatively supported bottom-up policy implementation for the Mediterranean
to help develop local coastal management ownership. Finally, the particular complexity of coastal policy in an administratively
and culturally diverse region was identified as the main difficulty for successful implementation of coastal policies. 相似文献