硫酸生产中废钒催化剂回收工艺研究

采用H2SO4浸取、NH4HSO3还原、NH4NO3氧化、KOH精制的方法回收废钒催化剂中的V2O5。实验结果表明,还原反应的最佳条件为：n（NH4HSO3）／n（V2O5）=1．10,还原反应温度90℃,还原反应时间2．0h。氧化反应的最佳条件为：n（KOH）／n（VO^＋）=1．10,氧化反应温度60℃,液固比8,氧化反应时间60min。该方法V2O5回收率达90．3％以上,V2O5纯度达82％以上。     

废雷尼镍催化剂浸出条件的试验

研究了废雷尼镍催化剂最大溶出率时的浸出条件     

含镍废催化剂的回收利用

介绍了从含镍废催化剂中以硝酸镍形式加收镍的方法，镍回收率为70％，硝酸镍纯度为96．6％。该工艺简单，具有较好的经济效益和环境效益。     

废催化裂化催化剂的危险性及污染特征

为考察我国废催化裂化(FCC)催化剂的危险性及污染特征,以国内典型FCC装置的废催化剂为研究对象,分析其易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、浸出毒性、毒性物质含量及急性毒性。研究发现:废FCC催化剂无易燃性、反应性、腐蚀性、急性毒性危险;未检测出具有致癌致突变性的有机污染物;废FCC催化剂的特征污染物为Ni及其化合物,Ni的浸出浓度低于国家标准限值,Ni的存在形态为Ni Al2O4尖晶石,而非具有致癌性的Ni O形态。     

用化肥废催化剂制备硫酸铝钾

研究了以含铝、钴的化肥废催化剂为原料制备硫酸铝钾(明矾)的方法。确定了最佳工艺条件:化肥废催化剂粒度为300目、硫酸浓度为9 mol／L、浸取时间为30 min、用K2CO3调滤液pH至1-2。在该条件下制备的KAl(SO4)2·12H2O产品纯度为98.2％,达到日本工业标准(JIS K1473-1970)工业级纯度。     

碱性氧化焙烧回收含铬污泥中的铬

采用碱性氧化焙烧工艺回收含铬污泥中的铬,以浸出渣作为焙烧填料,最佳工艺条件为：含铬污泥加入量10g,浸出渣加入量8g,焙烧温度700℃,焙烧时间40min,n（Cr2O3）：n（NaNO3）：n（Na2CO3）：n（NaOH）=1：2：3．5：10。在此条件下,碱性氧化焙烧工艺铬浸出率高达98％以上。     

铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂的制备及其选择性催化还原NO的性能

采用共沉淀法制备了一种新型催化剂——铁铈钛复合氧化物催化剂,研究了Fe掺加量、体积空速以及H2O和SO2的加入对其选择性催化还原NO性能的影响;采用XRD和SEM等手段对催化剂的结构和形貌进行了表征。表征结果显示,Fe的掺加使催化剂表面的颗粒更均匀,提高了催化剂的分散度。实验结果表明：以Ce（NO3）3,Fe（NO3）3?9H2O,TiOSO4?2H2O为原料、按n（Ce）∶n（Fe）∶n（Ti）=0.2∶0.8∶1配比制得的Ce0.2Fe0.8TiOx为催化剂,在反应温度250 ℃、反应时间3 h、体积空速25 000 h-1的条件下,NO去除率为99.8%,N2选择性为100%;Fe的掺加显著提高了Ce0.2Fe0.8TiOx催化剂的抗H2O和SO2的能力。     

从废醋酸锌-活性炭催化剂中提取锌

研究了用微波辐射预处理废醋酸锌-活性炭催化剂提取锌的方法，考察了微波辐射时让、盐酸质量浓度、浸出时间、浸出温度、洗涤次数等因素对锌浸出率的影响。实验结果表明，微波辐射时间对锌的浸出率影响较明显，其他因素对锌的浸出率影响不大。锌的最佳浸出条件为：微波辐射时间30min，液固比（质量比）4：1，浸出剂盐酸的质量浓度30g/L，室温搅拌浸出1h，洗涤5次，在此条件下，锌的平均浸出率为93．55％。     

利用含铝废硫酸和废铝渣制备聚合硫酸铝

以含铝废硫酸和废铝渣为原料制备聚合硫酸铝（PAS）。优化了废铝渣的酸溶条件,确定了合适的稳定剂和碱化剂。实验结果表明：在酸溶反应温度为80 ℃、酸溶反应时间为40 min、以20 g/L Ca（OH）₂溶液为碱化剂、以加入量为60 mg/L的固体柠檬酸为稳定剂的条件下,制备的PAS比聚合氯化铝（PAC）和Al₂（SO₄）₃具有更优异的混凝性能。该工艺可回收利用废铝渣和含铝废硫酸,从而达到综合利用的目的。     

某电镀厂污泥酸浸除杂提磷试验

探讨了武汉某工业园电镀厂污泥酸浸、除杂提磷的工艺及条件。当H2SO4（浓度为72％）用量为4mL/g污泥,在液固比为5：1,常温搅拌浸出时间为1h,用碱液调节浸出液pH为4后沉淀1h,过滤,磷的浸出率为86％,铁的沉淀率达到94．2％,除铁后的浸出液进一步用NH4HCO3净化,并制取磷铵产品,总养分（N＋P2O5）为52％。产品达到国家合格品的标准。     

城市垃圾处理方法综述

综述了目前我国城市垃圾的处理方法，并分析比较了各处理方法的化缺点以及对我国的适宜性，重点介绍了垃圾焚烧发电在我国的发展前景以及存在的有关问题。     

瑞典生活垃圾处理方式及效果分析

生活垃圾分类回收管理措施正在我国各大城市全面实施。通过对瑞典生活垃圾层级管理和4种处理方式的介绍,对瑞典垃圾回收再利用效果进行分析,为我国推进生活垃圾分类回收再利用工作,提供可借鉴经验和参考。     

The current situation of solid waste management in China

With economic development, the quantity of solid waste is increasing rapidly in China; the total quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial solid waste (ISW), and hazardous waste (HW) in 2002 were 136.5 million tons, 945 million tons, and 10 million tons, respectively. In 2002, the quantity of MSW disposed of was 74.04 million tons, 89.30% of which was landfilled, 3.72% was incinerated, and 6.98% was composted. There are currently 651 disposal facilities for MSW in China. Mining gangue is the largest component of ISW, making up 27.5% of the total. In the Chinese industrial sector, the coal mining and processing industry contributed most to the total quantity of ISW, with 16.0% of the total quantity of ISW generated by this sector. In total, 44% of HW was recycled, 27% was stored, 13.5% was disposed of, and 15.4% was discharged. Of the total HW generated, 40% was produced by the chemical materials and chemical products industry. Five categories of HW, i.e., waste alkali, waste acid, inorganic fluoride waste, copper waste, and inorganic cyanide waste, made up 57.8% of the total HW generated. Solid waste pollution has become a huge challenge faced by those involved in Chinese environmental management, but this can be seen as an opportunity to improve environmental quality. This article introduces the strategies taken to improve solid waste management in China.     

废弃印刷线路板资源化处理的研究进展

介绍了当前废弃印刷线路板资源化处理的主要方法,包括湿法、火法、机械法、生物法、超临界流体法和等离子体熔炼法等。综述了各种处理方法的侧重点及利弊;提出热解法与机械法联用可较好地解决在破碎过程中所遇到的问题,具有较大优势,可作为未来大量废弃印刷线路板资源化处理工艺研究的重点。     

国外生物过滤器处理化工有机废气进展

概述了生物过滤器处理有机废气的流程、原理、设备、运行条件及投资,并介绍了欧美国家用生物过滤器处理化工有机废气的进展情况和实例。讨论了该技术的发展趋势及在国内的应用前景。     

厨余垃圾-蔬菜废物协同生产液肥项目技术经济分析

厨余垃圾-蔬菜废物协同生产液肥项目,需要建立科学、高效的运行管理机制和投入产出机制,以提高其经济效益。系统研究银川市某液肥项目的设备投资和运行费用等情况,目前该项目处理规模约为10.6 t/d,运行负荷率为35.3%,导致处理成本高达337.9元/t。因此,提高运行负荷率,是降低处理成本的关键。     

Application of spatial and non-spatial data analysis in determination of the factors that impact municipal solid waste generation rates in Turkey

In studies focusing on the factors that impact solid waste generation habits and rates, the potential spatial dependency in solid waste generation data is not considered in relating the waste generation rates to its determinants. In this study, spatial dependency is taken into account in determination of the significant socio-economic and climatic factors that may be of importance for the municipal solid waste (MSW) generation rates in different provinces of Turkey. Simultaneous spatial autoregression (SAR) and geographically weighted regression (GWR) models are used for the spatial data analyses. Similar to ordinary least squares regression (OLSR), regression coefficients are global in SAR model. In other words, the effect of a given independent variable on a dependent variable is valid for the whole country. Unlike OLSR or SAR, GWR reveals the local impact of a given factor (or independent variable) on the waste generation rates of different provinces. Results show that provinces within closer neighborhoods have similar MSW generation rates. On the other hand, this spatial autocorrelation is not very high for the exploratory variables considered in the study. OLSR and SAR models have similar regression coefficients. GWR is useful to indicate the local determinants of MSW generation rates. GWR model can be utilized to plan waste management activities at local scale including waste minimization, collection, treatment, and disposal. At global scale, the MSW generation rates in Turkey are significantly related to unemployment rate and asphalt-paved roads ratio. Yet, significances of these variables may diminish at local scale for some provinces. At local scale, different factors may be important in affecting MSW generation rates.     

A Cumulative Energy Demand indicator (CED), life cycle based,for industrial waste management decision making

Life cycle thinking is a good approach to be used for environmental decision-support, although the complexity of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies sometimes prevents their wide use. The purpose of this paper is to show how LCA methodology can be simplified to be more useful for certain applications.In order to improve waste management in Catalonia (Spain), a Cumulative Energy Demand indicator (LCA-based) has been used to obtain four mathematical models to help the government in the decision of preventing or allowing a specific waste from going out of the borders. The conceptual equations and all the subsequent developments and assumptions made to obtain the simplified models are presented.One of the four models is discussed in detail, presenting the final simplified equation to be subsequently used by the government in decision making.The resulting model has been found to be scientifically robust, simple to implement and, above all, fulfilling its purpose: the limitation of waste transport out of Catalonia unless the waste recovery operations are significantly better and justify this transport.     

Incorporation of gypsum waste in ceramic block production: Proposal for a minimal battery of tests to evaluate technical and environmental viability of this recycling process

Civil engineering-related construction and demolition debris is an important source of waste disposed of in municipal solid waste landfills. After clay materials, gypsum waste is the second largest contributor to the residential construction waste stream. As demand for sustainable building practices grows, interest in recovering gypsum waste from construction and demolition debris is increasing, but there is a lack of standardized tests to evaluate the technical and environmental viability of this solid waste recycling process. By recycling gypsum waste, natural deposits of gypsum might be conserved and high amounts of the waste by-product could be reused in the civil construction industry. In this context, this paper investigates a physical property (i.e., resistance to axial compression), the chemical composition and the ecotoxicological potential of ceramic blocks constructed with different proportions of clay, cement and gypsum waste, and assesses the feasibility of using a minimal battery of tests to evaluate the viability of this recycling process. Consideration of the results for the resistance to axial compression tests together with production costs revealed that the best formulation was 35% of plastic clay, 35% of non-plastic clay, 10% of Portland cement and 20% of gypsum waste, which showed a mean resistance of 4.64 MPa. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry showed calcium and sulfur to be the main elements, while quartz, gypsum, ettringite and nacrite were the main crystalline compounds found in this formulation. Ecotoxicity tests showed that leachate from this formulation is weakly toxic toward daphnids and bacteria (EC_20% = 69.0 and 75.0, respectively), while for algae and fish the leachate samples were not toxic at the EC_50% level. Overall, these results show that the addition of 20% of gypsum waste to the ceramic blocks could provide a viable substitute for clay in the ceramics industry and the tests applied in this study proved to be a useful tool for the technical and environmental evaluation of this recycling process, bacterial and daphnid tests being more sensitive than algae and fish tests.