微波法污泥含碳吸附剂对六价铬的去除实验研究

氯化锌为活化剂污泥含碳吸附剂用于含六价铬废水的吸附实验。实验以静态吸附的操作方式,考察了吸附剂的投加量、吸附时间、废水的pH值对目标污染物的去除率的影响,并对其吸附模型进行了探讨。结果表明：对于含六价铬废水吸附实验最佳的吸附条件是吸附剂投加量不少于0．7g,吸附平衡时间是90min,溶液pH值小于2,溶液的初始浓度为20mg／L。朗格缪尔模型比弗兰德利希模型更适合用于描述污泥含碳吸附剂对该废水的吸附,其饱和吸附量为8.285mg／g。     

微波法污泥含碳吸附剂对六价铬的去除实验研究

氯化锌为活化剂污泥含碳吸附剂用于含六价铬废水的吸附实验。实验以静态吸附的操作方式,考察了吸附剂的投加量、吸附时间、废水的pH值对目标污染物的去除率的影响,并对其吸附模型进行了探讨。结果表明:对于含六价铬废水吸附实验最佳的吸附条件是吸附剂投加量不少于0.7g,吸附平衡时间是90min,溶液pH值小于2,溶液的初始浓度为20mg/L。朗格缪尔模型比弗兰德利希模型更适合用于描述污泥含碳吸附剂对该废水的吸附,其饱和吸附量为8.285mg/g。     

生化污泥改性制含碳吸附剂及应用研究

以生化污为原料，用化学活化法制以含碳吸附剂处理电泳漆废水，并对活化产物吸附性能的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明，，其最佳工艺条件为：活化温度为５５０℃，活化剂浓度为６０ｍｉｎ，固液比１：０．８。制得的含碳吸附剂含碳量３３．３７％，碘吸附量平均为４４７．２ｎｇ／ｇ。采用含碳吸附剂来处理该废水，其ＣＯＤ去除率为７０－８０％，与投加ＰＦＳ处理比较，ＣＯＤ去除率可提高８－１０％。     

污泥吸附剂的制备及其对含Pb2+模拟废水的吸附特性研究

以污水处理站脱水污泥和煤为原料,通过共热解法制备污泥吸附剂,并将其用于吸附含Pb2+的模拟废水.同时,考察了污泥吸附剂制备过程中热解温度、配比、热解时间、粒径对碘吸附值及产率的影响,以及吸附时间、温度、pH值、污泥吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,并对其吸附动力学和热力学特性进行了探讨.结果表明,制备污泥吸附剂的最佳条件为...     

污泥含碳有机官能团分布及其模型化合物构建

污泥有机结构体系中碳属于活泼元素,化学活性较强,能源转化处理过程时易发生热化学反应,对污泥能源转化产物的化学特征及生成规律有重大影响.本研究采用傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）开展了污泥含碳官能团分布特征分析,污泥中的主要含碳官能团为烯基（C-C）、苯环（π-π^*）、醚（C-O-C）、羧基（-COOH）.基于污泥中主要含碳官能团分布和污水中常见有机物组成,构建了污泥典型含碳官能团模型化合物：间二甲苯（π-π^*）,四氢呋喃（C-O-C）,乙酸（-COOH）和环戊烯（C=C）.此外采用热解仪与气相色谱/质谱联用技术（Py-GC/MS）对比分析了不同温度下污泥与含碳模型化合物的热解规律,验证了所构建的含碳模型化合物基本合理可靠.     

剩余污泥吸附剂的制备及其吸附性能研究

利用城市污水处理厂剩余活性污泥,采用先干燥再浸渍于不同浓度活化剂,再于不同温度、时间下热解的流程,对有机剩余污泥进行改性吸附剂研究。采用正交设计以确定最佳制备条件,并对吸附剂的有机组成和比表面积等参数进行了测定。研究结果表明,有机污泥制备吸附剂的最佳条件是,污泥与活化剂质量比为5∶3,在550℃下恒温热解60min,所得改性污泥吸附剂具有最大比表面积;并利用制备的改性污泥对直接深棕M和酸性媒介棕RH染料进行吸附试验,动力学吸附速率符合Lagergren模型,吸附等温线与Freundlich和Langmuir模型有较好的拟合。同时与商品活性炭吸附性能进行对比,结果显示改性吸附剂吸附容量小于活性炭。     

污泥含炭吸附剂对Cu^2＋的吸附实验研究

研究了采用ZnCl2化学活化法制备的污泥含炭吸附刺去除水溶液中Cu^2＋的效果,考察了溶液pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Cu^2＋浓度等对去除率的影响。实验结果表明,污泥含炭吸附剂对Cu^2＋具有较强的吸附性能,吸附平衡时间约为1h;pH值是影响吸附的主要因素,实际应用中一般控制在pH=5．0;Cu^2＋的浓度不宜过高,为了达到较好的去除效果,实际应用中吸附剂用量一般不能低于2g／100mL溶液。     

以不同污泥为原料制备活性炭及其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附

以城市和巨化污水厂的生化污泥及剩余污泥为原料,采用氯化锌活化法制备活性炭,试验考察了不同污泥及制备条件对活性炭吸附性能的影响,结果表明：不同来源的污泥由于组成不同,制备所得的活性炭吸附性能也有差异,挥发份含量高的污泥制备所得的活性炭具有较高的碘值;制备条件对活性炭吸附性能有重要的影响,其影响程度依次为活化温度〉活化时间〉质量比;在用制备的其中两种活性炭吸附含Cr（Ⅵ）废水试验中,发现均具有较好的去除效果。     

以不同污泥为原料制备活性炭及其对Cr(VI)的吸附

以城市和巨化污水厂的生化污泥及剩余污泥为原料,采用氯化锌活化法制备活性炭,试验考察了不同污泥及制备条件对活性炭吸附性能的影响,结果表明:不同来源的污泥由于组成不同,制备所得的活性炭吸附性能也有差异,挥发份含量高的污泥制备所得的活性炭具有较高的碘值;制备条件对活性炭吸附性能有重要的影响,其影响程度依次为活化温度>活化时间>质量比;在用制备的其中两种活性炭吸附含Cr(VI)废水试验中,发现均具有较好的去除效果.     

市政污泥制备铁/碳复合材料的研究与应用

实验研究了以市政污泥为碳源,将其与Fe SO4·7H2O相结合,通过"浸渍-低温炭化-高温活化"工艺制备出了新型铁/碳复合材料。将制备得到的最佳新型铁/碳复合材料进行XRD和SEM表征,同时应用于印刷线路板有机废水的预处理,发现该新型铁/碳复合材料对含重金属的高浓度有机废水具有良好的处理效果。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.