某化工污染场地土壤与地下水污染特征分析

以我国南方某典型化工污染场地为研究对象,通过场地调查确定了研究区的主要污染物为六六六、苯、氯苯和二氯丙烷,并进一步分析了污染物在土壤和地下水中的分布特征。污染物在土壤中浓度主要以生产车间为中心向四周逐渐减小,浓度梯度较大;在垂向上已穿透潜水层,浓度峰值出现在潜水层的中下部。污染物在潜水层中的分布呈现出和土壤中相似的特征,并表现出向南迁移的趋势。污染物在承压水层中的浓度峰值点与土壤和潜水重合,受区域地下水流向的控制,呈现明显向北迁移的趋势。由于地表较厚亚黏土的存在,增强了承压水的防污性能,污染物主要被截留于亚黏土中。     

土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附作用研究

分析了钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中吸附的机理,对吸附量和有机负荷的关系进行了阐述;针对钻井废水有机污染物在土壤中的吸附和解吸过程进行了实验研究。实验表明:钻井废水中有机污染物在土壤中的吸附量与土壤有机负荷的关系符合初始质量等温线;土壤中天然有机质含量越高,对钻井废水中有机污染物吸附能力越强;土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物具有一定的持久吸附作用;天然有机质含量越高的土壤对钻井废水中有机污染物的持久吸附能力越强。     

多污染物分析与评价方法在地表水评价中的应用

参照美国EPA的水中优先检测污染物以及我国优先检测污染物的名单,重点检测了有机污染物在地表水中的分布;采用多污染物分析与评价对地表水分别从人体健康影响度(AS1)和生态环境影响度(AS2)两项指标进行了评价。     

浅析排污许可证制度在总量控制中的作用

为使污染物总量控制工作逐步走向深入并真正收到实效,对“排污许可证制度“中有关核定单位的污染物排放量、排污行为的有效约束,企业排污权的转移与交易、区域污染物排放状况的调控,以及如何确立该制度在污染物总量控制工作中的作用进行了探讨.     

土壤中污染物迁移模型在油田环境影响评价中的应用

在石油的生产、运输、贮存以及炼制等过程中都存在泄油、漏油风险,各生产过程中的废弃物,如油类、重金属等各种化学物质也会危害水土环境,进而危及当地地下水源。文章分析了油田企业污染物对土壤及地下水的主要污染途径,提出了将污染物在土壤中的迁移模型用于预测污染物浓度的方法。建立了污染物由土壤迁至室内空气、地下水、农作物及由地下水转移到地表水的迁移数学模型,该模型可以运用于油田环境影响评价。     

土壤的净化功能在污水处理中的作用

本文根据土壤的净化机制,分别对主要污染物在土壤中的转化过程进行了分析,以了解不同条件下土壤对污染物的净化效果及对地下水的影响。探讨了土壤的净化功能在污水处理中的作用,力求进一步解决我国城市污水土地处理与利用问题。     

湿式静电除尘器在镁法脱硫烟气净化中的应用

湿式静电除尘器是高效烟气除尘净化设备,适用于采用氧化镁湿法脱硫的燃煤锅炉烟气污染物的深度净化,能高效去除烟气中的PM10、PM2.5细微颗粒物,并能同步有效去除烟气中的SO3、重金属、水雾滴、脱硫副产物等污染物,实现燃煤锅炉烟气污染物"超低排放",减小燃煤锅炉烟气污染物排放对环境质量的影响。     

电离辐射处理工业废水的研究进展

在介绍电离辐射降解污染物机理的基础上,概述了电离辐射在水处理中的应用,重点讲述了影响污染物辐照降解的因素,包括水质（污染物初始浓度、pH值、溶剂性质和自由基清除剂）和辐射源（辐射源种类和辐照剂量率）两方面的影响,并讲述了污染物的辐照降解模型.最后提出电离辐射在水处理中存在的问题,对其研究和发展方向进行了展望.     

零价金属还原降解水中污染物的应用研究综述

介绍了零价金属在处理环境污染物中的具体应用,包括卤代有机物、重金属、硝基芳香族化合物、偶氮染料、高氯酸盐以及硝酸盐等,指出零价金属可以通过还原和混凝吸附等作用有效地治理环境污染物,并分析了零价金属处理污染物的特点和应用前景。     

低温等离子体在废气处理中的应用

目前对异味恶臭废气的常用处理方法存在运转费用高、设备及运行管理要求高、占地面积大、净化效率不高、极易产生二次污染、易受污染物浓度及温度影响等缺点。低温等离子体降解污染物是利用高能电子、自由基等活性粒子与废气中的污染物作用,使污染物分子在极短的时间内发生分解,以达到降解污染物的目的。通过山东某制药公司废气处理项目应用实例,显示出低温等离子体处理废气的效果和经济效益的优势。     

Development of a water quality loading index based on water quality modeling

Water quality modeling is an ideal tool for simulating physical, chemical, and biological changes in aquatic systems. It has been utilized in a number of GIS-based water quality management and analysis applications. However, there is considerable need for a decision-making process to translate the modeling result into an understandable form and thereby help users to make relevant judgments and decisions. This paper introduces a water quality index termed QUAL2E water quality loading index (QWQLI). This new WQI is based on water quality modeling by QUAL2E, which is a popular steady-state model for the water quality of rivers and streams. An experiment applying the index to the Sapgyo River in Korea was implemented. Unlike other WQIs, the proposed index is specifically used for simulated water quality using QUAL2E to mainly reflect pollutant loading levels. Based on the index, an iterative modeling-judgment process was designed to make decisions to decrease input pollutants from pollutant sources. Furthermore, an indexing and decision analysis can be performed in a GIS framework, which can provide various spatial analyses. This can facilitate the decision-making process under various scenarios considering spatial variability. The result shows that the index can evaluate and classify the simulation results using QUAL2E and that it can effectively identify the elements that should be improved in the decision-making process. In addition, the results imply that further study should be carried out to automate algorithms and subsidiary programs supporting the decision-making process.     

引江济太入湖污染物通量及其对太湖水质贡献

引江济太工程是旨在改善太湖水质的重要工程举措,弄清调水过程中输入太湖的污染物负荷量是研究调水效果的重要方面。本研究根据2003年~2008年调水量和望亭立交闸下的水质监测数据,定量地计算了调水的入湖水量和污染物通量。同时根据2000年~2005年环湖30条河道每月一次的水文及水质监测数据,计算每年环湖河道的入湖水量及污染物通量。通过比较结果表明平均每年调水的入湖污染物通量约占总入湖污染物通量的10%,定量地给出了调水对太湖水质的贡献。     

WATER QUALITY OF AN INTENSWE AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED IN QUEBEC1

ABSTRACT: . Under a watershed based approach being examined by the Quebec Ministry of Agriculture to accelerate the adoption of conservation practices, a study on the impacts of agricultural practices on the St. Esprit watershed was initiated in the fall of 1993. The water quality of this 26 km² intensive agricultural watershed was studied over an 18 month period. Water samples taken at the outlet of the watershed were analyzed for nitrate, phosphate, suspended sediment, and atrazine. Water quality data were analyzed to establish seasonal trends in pollutant concentration and load in the watercourse. Spring snowmelt was identified as a significant period of pollutant material export. All pollutant materials displayed seasonal variability in the export process. Peak pollutant concentrations were associated with high flow events. Mean observed pollutant concentrations did not exceed drinking water quality standards.     

WATER QUALITY CONCERNS AND REGULATORY CONTROLS FOR NONSTORM WATER DISCHARGES TO STORM DRAINS1

ABSTRACT: Nonstorm water discharges to municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) are notable for spatial and temporal variability in volume, pollutant type, pollutant concentration, and activity of origin. The objective of this paper was to determine whether current technical knowledge and existing U.S. policy support an improved regulatory approach. The proposed policy would use type of discharge as a regulatory basis, merging the concepts of allowability of de minimis discharges and type-based statewide consistent rules. Specific research objectives were to comprehensively identify discharge types, characterize their prevalence in California, analyze relevant local and regional regulatory guidelines, and systematically evaluate opinions of experts about potential water quality impacts. Results demonstrate nonstorm water discharges were widespread in at least one sector, industrial facilities subject to a state permit; one discharge for every four facilities was reported in 1995, even though the permit explicitly prohibits such discharges. Clear consensus exists for minimal water quality concern for some discharge types when considering both municipal guidelines and experts’ opinions. In particular, condensate from a wide range of equipment and discharges from fire fighting equipment testing were found to be of low concern. Discharge types with consensus high concern were largely limited to discharges prohibited under other regulations, such as wastewater and hazardous waste management controls. Some discharge types where no consensus was identified, such as landscape irrigation, nevertheless generated concern for water quality impacts and appear to be relatively widespread. Available information supports technical feasibility of the proposed policy because at least some discharge types show strong consensus for de minimis impacts among regulatory guidelines and opinions of technical experts.     

A MODELING APPROACH FOR STORM WATER QUANTITY AND QUALITY CONTROL VIA DETENTION BASINS1

ABSTRACT: Storm water detention basins have historically been employed for quantity (i.e., flooding) control only. However, recently it has been suggested that these basins may also provide a practical means of storm water quality control. This paper presents the formulation of a mathematical modeling approach which may be used by professionals to simultaneously design detention basins for the dual purpose of storm water quantity and quality control. Model simulations demonstrate that for a given basin, pollutant removal increases as storm frequency increases. The importance of particle size distribution and settling velocity for net pollutant removal is illustrated, The design procedure is demonstrated, and pollutant loading diagrams for estimating pollutant removal as a function of storm size are developed.     

PLANNING DIFFUSE POLLUTION CONTROL: AN ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK1

ABSTRACT: Determination of an optimal nonpoint pollution control strategy demands information relating to (1) costs of pollutant reduction, (2) transport of pollutants, (3) water quality impact of pollutants, and (4) the economic impact of water quality changes. This paper briefly reviews the literature in each of these areas and suggests an analytical framework useful in the development of an optimal nonpoint pollutant control strategy.     

发光细菌法测定钻井液综合生物毒性

针对发光杆菌的发光度随着污染物浓度增高而呈线性降低的相关性,采用发光杆菌的相对发光度来表示污染物毒性,试验探讨了该方法的可行性,并采用发光细菌相对发光度为５０％时毒物浓度（即半数有效浓度ＥＣ５０）来表示钻井液的综合生物毒性。实验结果表明：ＨｇＣｌ２的半数有效浓度为０．１２６ｍｇ／Ｌ,此时的钻井液泥水比为１∶１０４。     

采油废水气浮-生物处理方法研究

针对采油废水外排水质超标现象,胜利油田孤岛采油厂在室内试验和现场小试的基础上,分别采用直接投加菌液方法和生物接触氧化方法对孤岛采油废水进行了现场中试对比研究。试验结果表明:两种方法都能有效地去除了采油废水中的超标污染物,处理后的水质指标全部达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》二类水质标准。相比较生物接触氧化法工序运行稳定,易于实施。     

京杭运河常州段改线后水环境改善研究

依据京杭运河常州段河网水量水质同步监测数据,建立常州河网区水量水质数学模型,应用该模型对京杭运河常州段改线后水环境改善方案进行分析计算,京杭运河常州段通过引水可改善水质,但若要保持水质基本达到Ⅳ类水质标准,研究显示该区域在第三种截污情况下,需由上游新孟河和德胜河调引长江水50m3/s。     

Targeted Application of Seasonal Load Duration Curves Using Multivariate Analysis in Two Watersheds Flowing Into Lake Houston1

Teague, Aarin, Philip B. Bedient, and Birnur Guven, 2011. Targeted Application of Seasonal Load Duration Curves Using Multivariate Analysis in Two Watersheds Flowing Into Lake Houston. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(3):620‐634. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00529.x Abstract: Water quality is a problem in Lake Houston, the primary source of drinking water for the City of Houston, Texas, due to pollutant loads coming from the influent watersheds, including Spring Creek and Cypress Creek. Statistical analysis of the historic water quality data was developed to understand the source characterization and seasonality of the watershed. Multivariate analysis including principal component, cluster, and discriminant analysis provided a custom seasonal assessment of the watersheds so that loading curves may be targeted for season specific pollutant source characterization. The load duration curves have been analyzed using data collected by the U.S. Geologic Survey with corresponding City of Houston water quality data at the sites to characterize the behavior of the pollutant sources and watersheds. Custom seasons were determined for Spring Creek and Cypress Creek watersheds and pollutant source characterization compared between the seasons and watersheds.