减排中的CDM发展分析

概述了CDM的由来,通过分析目前国际和国内CDM项目实施现状及其市场建立过程中面临的主要问题,对CDM项目发展趋势进行了展望。     

利用清洁发展机制促进可持续发展

清洁发展机制（CDM）是《京都议定书》确定的实现温室气体减排目标的3种灵活机制之一。简要介绍了清洁发展机制的产生背景、核心内容、操作程序以及国内外CDM项目开发现状，进而从可持续发展战略的实施、外资利用、技术引进三个方面阐述了清洁发展机制对促进我国可持续发展的作用与意义，并对促进四川CDM项目开发提出了几点建议。     

山东省生物质CDM项目现状分析

本文对山东省内生物质利用CDM项目进行了讨论。生物质的利用是解决农村秸秆处理问题的有效途径,同时也减少了秸秆腐烂过程中的温室气体排放。尽管山东省生物质CDM项目进展顺利,但开发过程中仍存在一定的问题。本文在对山东生物质CDM项目分析的基础上,提出了发展生物质CDM项目和减少温室气体排放的建议。     

排污权交易在嘉兴实现“落地”

清洁发展机制,就是碳排放交易机制（CDM）其实也是一种类似排污权交易的减排形式。CDM（Clean Development Mechanism）,是《京都议定书》中引入的三个灵活履约机制之一。已完成工业革命的发达国家应对全球变暖承担更多的历史责任,因此,《京都议定书》只给工业化国家制定了减排任务,但没有对发展中国家作这个要求。发达国家通过在发展中国家实施具有温室气体减排效果的项目,把项目所产生的温室气体减少的排放量作为履行京都议定书所规定的一部分义务。     

中国与印度CDM开发现状比较研究

中国与印度同为发展中的人口大国,且都是主要的CDM开发国,在CDM发展方面有诸多相似性和相互借鉴之处。本文对中国与印度CDM开发项目的数量、规模、开发时间等进行了比较,通过比较可发现我国CDM存在进展相对较慢、资源优势没有充分发挥以及小型企业参与不足等问题,并在此基础上提出了促进我国CDM快速健康发展的建议。     

乐山市清洁发展机制效益、潜力与对策研究

清洁发展机制(CDM)能使地方经济获得生态环境保护与经济发展的双赢.为准确确定乐山市CDM的发展现状、开发潜力,促进乐山CDM项目开发,结合项目背景、CDM方法学和调研数据对市内CDM开发领域的潜力进行了定性和定量分析,确定了乐山CDM开发重点.根据目前存在的问题,提出推进市级CDM开发的对策建议.     

新疆CDM项目的开发状况与前景分析

随着世界经济的进一步发展,能源的需求量持续增加,CO2的排放量还将持续增长.温室气体排放带来的气候变暖问题会进一步加剧。清洁发展机制(CDM)是在《京都议定书》框架下,发达国家与发展中国家就碳减排进行合作的重要机制.发展中国家通过CDM可以获得实现节能减排的资金援助和先进技术,促进国家的经济发展和环境的可持续发展。就新疆CDM项目的发展状况、国际碳市场的前景,以及新疆CDM项目开发存在的问题和解决方法方面进行了探讨。     

CDM碳交易市场项目类型探讨

对CDM市场的项目类型进行了归纳与分析,总结了CDM项目类型与项目注册过程中的问题,对CDM项目交易市场的现状及制度进行了探讨,并提出了相关建议。     

规划类清洁发展机制在市政基础设施中的应用分析——以苏州市为背景

规划类清洁发展机制(PCDM)作为清洁发展机制(CDM)的改革方案而提出,解决了CDM不能在小型和分散项目中的应用问题,但PCDM项目在物理边界、参与方、方法学使用等方面与CDM项目有一定的区别.采用案例研究表明,市政基础设施中的城市交通系统、垃圾处理系统、市政水系统和城市照明系统等一些项目符合PCDM的基本条件、方法学和额外性等要求.可以大型城市或省级地区为物理边界开发PCDM项目.但是应用中需解决基准线、较高开发成本及较大的开发风险等问题.     

清洁发展机制(CDM)及其在新疆的开发潜力

简要介绍了清洁发展机制(CDM)及我国政府对推进CDM项目的要求,对国内外开展CDM项目的现状进行了简述。根据《京都议定书》要求及新疆的具体情况,分析了CDM在新疆的潜力,认为新疆开展CDM项目优先领域为:煤田灭火、提高能源效率、建筑节能、可再生能源利用、造林,以减排CO2为主;预计2008—2012年CO2减排量为1 785×104t,可带来8.9亿元~12.5亿元人民币的CERs收益,CDM项目潜力较大。在减排CO2同时,SO2、TSP排放量相应减少,从而促进大气环境质量的改善。     

Progress on including CCS projects in the CDM: Insights on increased awareness,market potential and baseline methodologies

The inclusion of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) in the Kyoto Protocol's Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is still subject to controversy and discussion. A myriad of barriers prevents CCS in the CDM. Apart from political barriers, economic, social and procedural barriers play a role. This paper discusses relevant new results on the human capacity, procedural feasibility and economic potential of CCS in the CDM. The conclusions of a capacity building effort in Africa show that awareness and knowledge are low but that capacity building efforts are well received. A reality check on methodologies for hypothetical CCS projects shows that most of the issues can be resolved, and the CDM institutional arrangements can accommodate CCS. A bottom-up estimate of the potential of natural gas processing CCS in the CDM, based on a previously proprietary database from the oil and gas industry, suggests that there is an annual potential of about 174 MtCO₂ in 2020 in that sector. Most of that potential can be realized at CER prices between $20 and $30/tCO₂ but there is no sign of flooding the CDM market with cheap credits from CCS projects. Despite these results and more open information, the CCS and CDM debate, progress in the negotiations on CCS in the CDM is slow and there is no clear view on a solution.     

Potential contribution of the forestry sector in Bangladesh to carbon sequestration

The Kyoto Protocol provides for the involvement of developing countries in an atmospheric greenhouse gas reduction regime under its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). Carbon credits are gained from reforestation and afforestation activities in developing countries. Bangladesh, a densely populated tropical country in South Asia, has a huge degraded forestland which can be reforested by CDM projects. To realize the potential of the forestry sector in developing countries for full-scale emission mitigation, the carbon sequestration potential of different species in different types of plantations should be integrated with the carbon trading system under the CDM of the Kyoto Protocol. This paper discusses the prospects and problems of carbon trading in Bangladesh, in relation to the CDM, in the context of global warming and the potential associated consequences. The paper analyzes the effects of reforestation projects on carbon sequestration in Bangladesh, in general, and in the hilly Chittagong region, in particular, and concludes by demonstrating the carbon trading opportunities. Results showed that tree tissue in the forests of Bangladesh stored 92tons of carbon per hectare (tC/ha), on average. The results also revealed a gross stock of 190tC/ha in the plantations of 13 tree species, ranging in age from 6 to 23 years. The paper confirms the huge atmospheric CO(2) offset by the forests if the degraded forestlands are reforested by CDM projects, indicating the potential of Bangladesh to participate in carbon trading for both its economic and environmental benefit. Within the forestry sector itself, some constraints are identified; nevertheless, the results of the study can expedite policy decisions regarding Bangladesh's participation in carbon trading through the CDM.     

乘用车内空气质量开发与管控研究

本文主要介绍了乘用车内(文中简称车内)空气质量污染源、管控项目及对应检测方法,整车制造商车内空气质量性能开发模式与管控机制。     

Has the Clean Development Mechanism assisted sustainable development?

One of the dual objectives of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol is to assist host countries in achieving sustainable development. With various CDM indicators for 58 CDM host countries over the period 2005‐2010, this paper empirically assesses whether CDM project development fulfils its sustainable development objective. Using a unique dynamic panel data method based on the long‐differenced model, this research provides convincing evidence that CDM projects contribute to sustainable development in host countries. It sheds light on the role of the CDM in the process of global sustainability with clear policy implications for developing countries and those embracing market instruments.     

Sustainable development in the Clean Development Mechanism: the role of Designated National Authority in China and India

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) emerged under the Kyoto Protocol to facilitate collaboration between developed and developing countries in order to mitigate greenhouse gases. The CDM allows developed countries to receive credits towards meeting their obligatory targets by investing in emission reduction projects in developing countries. The countries are required to set up a Designated National Authority (DNA) to approve the CDM projects. This paper examines the role of the DNA in ensuring sustainable development, using the empirical case of China and India. Three aspects of the DNA's role are examined: the institutional structure, the policy context and the CDM project market. All three aspects highlight the important role of the DNA in meeting the countries' sustainable development priorities.     

纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药化合物研究进展

如何有效去除水中内分泌干扰物、医药活性化合物等有机微污染物的研究逐渐增加,其中,纳滤膜由于其较高的去除率得到了广泛关注。但由于纳滤膜去除这些物质的分离机理较为复杂,有时并不明确,给实验带来较大困难。文章总结了纳滤膜去除水中内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的典型应用及其三种分离机理——筛分作用、电荷作用、吸附作用,并对去除过程中所产生的问题和解决方案加以总结。为今后纳滤膜去除内分泌干扰物/医药活性化合物的研究提供参考依据。     

光催化还原法处理含cr（Ⅵ）废水的研究

采用自制TiO2作为光催化剂,利用光催化-混凝联合处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水,研究了废水的pH值、催化剂用量、反应时间、有机物和混凝剂种类对含Cr（Ⅵ）废水中Cr（Ⅵ）去除率的影响。结果表明,在添加EDTA,pH值为1,紫外灯120min左右,二氧化钛加入量为0．4g,采用FeCl3和PAM作为混凝剂时,Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效率最好。     

有关完善建筑节能CDM项目开发的探讨

清洁发展机制(CDM)是《京都议定书》提出的三种灵活的温室气体减排机制之一,允许通过发达国家与发展中国家合作使发达国家实现其减排目标的同时促进发展中国家的可持续发展。建筑节能是节能减排的重点领域,是CDM开发重点之一。但建筑节能CDM项目在推广力度、缺少具体方法学以及实施方面存在困难。通过对建筑节能CDM的障碍进行分析,认为应加强政策支持、宣传体系以及技术支持,以促进国内建筑行业充分利用CDM,促进建筑行业节能减排的发展。