酸雨条件下城市农业土壤镉的释放研究

本文选取成都市典型农业土壤为研究对象,根据成都市降雨特征,模拟一定范围pH及主要阴、阳离子浓度配制成母液开展酸雨淋滤实验,以确定酸雨中影响土壤重金属元素镉溶解度的关键因素,探明其对镉释放的影响程度。研究结果表明,总体上酸雨加速了土壤镉的释放。不同类型土壤在同一酸雨条件下,镉的释放速度和最大释放量也不同。酸雨pH值和主要阴、阳离子浓度对镉释放的影响有明显的规律。     

长筒石蒜(Lycoris longituba)种球的无性繁殖试验

以长筒石蒜球茎为材料开展其无性繁殖试验,研究切割方式、植物生长调节剂及浓度3种因素对其子球性状的影响。结果显示:①人工繁育可明显提高种球的繁殖率,切割方式对种球的繁殖率无显著影响,而植物生长调节剂对繁殖率有极显著影响,其浓度对繁殖率也有显著影响,试验最佳处理为"茎盘沟切NAA250",其繁殖率为12.9;②切割方式无论是对子球的平均质量还是平均直径均有显著影响,其中处理"切片扦插GA330"作用下的子球平均质量最重(5.8g)、平均直径(1.2cm)最大。     

南京市PM_(2.5)中重金属含量分布及溶出规律研究

自2017年1～10月,采集南京市PM_(2.5)样品共计42批次,分析了Cu、Zn等9种重金属的含量分布及其溶出规律。结果表明,PM_(2.5)质量浓度呈现明显季节特征,冬季高,夏季低,年均值为41μg/m~3,与国家二级标准比超标17%。南京市PM_(2.5)中重金属总量高低顺序为Fe Zn Pb Mn Cu Cr As Ni Cd,其中As超出推荐限值19%。在模拟酸雨提取PM_(2.5)中重金属时,淋溶液pH是决定释放率的最主要因素,pH越低,释放率越高。用pH 5. 6的模拟酸雨淋溶液提取南京市PM_(2.5)样品,Cd、Zn、Mn的释放率超过60%,而Fe、Cr、Pb的释放率低于30%。     

干旱胁迫下壳聚糖对花生幼苗生理特性的影响

为了研究壳聚糖对花生幼苗抗旱言的影响,以花生品种“花育23号”为材料,在干旱胁迫下,用不同浓度的壳聚糖溶雍处理花生幼苗,连续处理5d后测定叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、MDA和脯氨酸的含量变化。结果表明,花生幼苗在干旱条件下喷施壳聚糖与蒸馏水相比,在干旱第10天叶绿素含量提高了42．2％,MDA含量降低了36．2％;在干旱第6天,可溶性蛋白含量提高了129．0％;在干旱第8天,脯氨酸含量提高了257．0％。喷施壳聚糖溶液的最适宜浓度为0．10g／L,喷施该浓度壳聚糖可促进植物生长,增强抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫下壳聚糖对玉米幼苗保护酶的影响

干旱条件下,采用喷洒不同浓度的壳聚糖溶液处理玉米幼苗,测定其过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)保护酶活性。结果表明,壳聚糖溶液处理的玉米幼苗保护酶活性较对照组均有一定程度提高,说明干旱胁迫下壳聚糖溶液处理玉米幼苗有利于其生长,为壳聚糖溶液处理玉米幼苗抵抗干旱胁迫的影响提供了理论依据。     

模拟酸雨对稻田内稻鱼生产系影响的试验研究

前言雨水与大气中CO_2平衡时,其pH值为5.6。故PH 5.6可视为确定酸雨的临界值。随着现代工业的发展,化石燃料燃烧量猛增,大气中二氧化硫(SO_2)和氮氧化物(NO_x)的浓度不断升高,导致酸雨污染问题日益发展。在西欧、北美、日本等地,雨水的pH值多半在4.0—4.5,个别的曾达到2.1。我国也有不少地区降落酸雨,最严     

秦皇岛降水酸碱性及其对环境的影响

由秦皇岛市降水pH值和大气环境数据,分析降水酸碱度的变化、酸雨和强碱性降水的分布、较强碱性降水对环境的影响。结果显示:2006—2018年,降水酸碱性的变化趋势是pH值逐渐增大,13 a间发生酸雨过程158次,且呈明显减少趋势;pH值7的降水共发生152次,pH值7.5的降水发生45次,碱性降水呈显著增多趋势;较强碱性降水对蔬菜生长和产量影响较大,会降低作物的抗病力,增加枯萎率和烂根率,使蔬菜产量减少。     

镉在日本无刺楤木叶片的积累与对其抗氧化系统的影响

为考察镉对日本无刺楤木(Aralia elata var. inermis)生长及品质安全性的影响,采用生物盆栽法研究镉处理对不同生长期楤木叶片抗氧化系统影响及与镉含量关系。结果表明:展叶末期楤木叶片镉含量较少,镉对楤木叶片抗氧化能力有促进作用,随着处理量增加,叶片过氧化物酶(POD)活性、叶绿素含量先增大后减小,镉对过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性影响较强,可使其降至对照的30%,丙二醛(MDA)含量呈一定的先下降后上升的变化。生长中期POD活性达整个生长期最低;随着镉处理量增加,CAT活性先增强后减弱,但明显高于对照;叶绿素含量降幅各生长期最大,最低为对照69.1%;MDA含量则有显著增加。落叶初期叶片镉含量达到同处理最大;随着镉处理量的增加,POD活性持续减弱,CAT活性先增强后减弱,所受影响小于生长中期;叶绿素含量持续下降;落叶初期MDA含量在低量镉处理中降低,高量镉处理下继续升高。     

用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)建立大气降水中酸雨pH值的预测模型

本文用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)建立了大气降水中pH值的预测模型。经三种不同方法检验。对我市1990—1993年大气降水中酸雨pH值进行了预测,结果令人满意。     

世界卫生组(WHO)酸雨研究专家来蓉讲学

由世界卫生组织(WHO)和国家环保局联合主办、在四川省建委有关领导刘昌昭、唐伦等同志主持下的“酸雨及其影响学术交流讨论会",于1986年9月8日至12日在成都举行。国家环保局科监     

中国南方酸雨的分布特征及其成因分析

本文阐述了酸雨的危害、近几年中国南方地区酸雨的污染的时空分布状况、酸雨的成因等3方面的内容。研究表明：我国南方酸雨区的酸雨污染状况基本上处在一个稳定的时期。降水pH〈5的区域有从长江中上游向长江中下游发展的趋势;在时间分布上,秋季冬季降水pH低,酸雨发生的频率高;春季夏季降水pH高,酸雨发生的频率低。在酸雨的成因上,着重讨论了大气性质、污染物的迁移和扩散、气候条件、大气中颗粒物浓度以及土壤性质对酸雨形成的影响。     

模拟酸雨对油菜生长影响的试验研究

酸雨对陆生生态环境及农作物的影响已引起人们的关注。国外有关这方面的研究已有不少报道,国内有过模拟酸雨对蔬菜、水稻、小麦生长影响的研究报道,但对油菜影响的研究报道尚未见到。为了正确估价酸雨对成都平原油菜生长可能产生的影响,本试验设计了采用盆栽与田间试验相结合的方法,进行模拟酸雨对油菜生长影响的试验研究,现将模拟酸雨对油菜的伤害症状、产量及品质的影响报道于下。     

Leaching from organic matter-rich soils by rain of different qualities: I. Concentrations

Soil monoliths from an area exposed to acid precipitation and from an unpolluted area were used in a lysimeter experiment to study effects of different rain qualities on the chemical composition of the leachate from shallow soils rich in organic matter. The vegetation was either dominated by moorgrass [Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench] or heather [Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull]. The lysimeters received either "acid rain" (pH 4.3) or "normal rain" (pH 5.3). High concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were characteristic of the leachate. The different "rain" qualities had no significant influence on the DOC concentration. More DOC was, however, leached from lysimeters with heather vegetation. Roughly 50% of the aluminum (Al) was in complex with organic material and the Al charge was calculated to be between +1.4 and +2.0. Sulfate (SO4(2-)) was the only component that was significantly influenced by the treatment, as more was leached from lysimeters receiving "acid rain." Sulfate was poorly correlated with pH, suggesting that reduced SO4(2-) input would not necessarily lead to reduced acidity. Differences in the pH of the leachate due to the treatments were less than 0.15 pH units. Nitrate (NO3-) was only leached in very low concentrations and of little consequence for the leachate acidity. Some observations do, however, suggest that NO3- may contribute to acidification in episodes with high precipitation. High concentrations of Cl- in the leachate and a significant positive correlation between Cl-, H+, and base cations indicate that sea salt episodes may be important for soil acidification and acidity of the leachate.     

Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Phaseolus Vulgaris Var. HUR-15

Pot experiments were performed to determine the effects of simulated acid rain on Phaseolus vulgaris var. HUR-15. Seeds of Phaseolus vulgaris var. HUR-15 were exposed to simulated acid rain at pH values of 5.1, 4.1, 3.1, 2.1 and 1.1 and a control level of pH 6.8. Plants were harvested at three stages, i.e. pre, peak and post-flowering stages. Seedlings succumbed at pH 1.1. Necrosis developed on the leaves of plants treated with water of pH 2.1, resulting in adverse effect on chlorophyll content. They died after peak-flowering. Root and shoot length and dry weight were reduced with the lowering in pH. Carbohydrate, nitrogen and protein contents decreased with the decrease in pH level, adversely affecting their nutrient value.     

南充市近十年酸雨变化特征及降水化学组成研究

依据南充市2003~2012年城区降水环境监测统计资料,分析了酸雨变化特征及降水离子化学组成。研究表明:这十年,酸雨频率平均为50.4%,2007年降雨量为最高,呈波动递减趋势变化,降水年平均pH值为4.88,呈现"低—高—低"的变化特征,城区酸雨频率和降水pH值月均值变化呈现高低交替的波动趋势。城区降水中主要阳离子成分是Ca2+,主要阴离子成分是SO2-4和NO-3。(SO2-4/NO-3)比值逐年下降,平均比值为7.82,酸雨污染类型仍以硫酸型为主;降水(NH+4+Ca2+)/(SO2-4+NO-3)和Ca2+/NH+4比值呈波动性变化,2007年分别达到最高值为6.71和50.27,除2010年比值均较低小于1外,近年来均有增加趋势,表明碱性离子缓冲能力增强了,降水酸度降低,pH值增加,但2007年pH值较低,主要与降雨量有关。综合分析,降水酸度不仅是酸性离子和碱性离子中和作用,也受其他离子浓度和降雨量、风向等气候条件、距离传输以及地形等影响。     

成都市区降雨中主要低分子有机酸及来源分析

为了解成都市区降水中有机酸的化学组成特征及来源,2011年3月至9月共采降水36次,用液相色谱法检测了降水中的无机阴离子及低分子有机酸,同时测定样品的pH、电导率。用SPSS软件统计得到：有机酸的含量占总阴离子量的20．19％,对自由酸度的平均贡献值分别为31．55％。相比安顺、贵阳等地,成都市区降水中单位有机酸的酸度贡献值较小,可能是降水中的大量碱性杂质削弱了有机酸对酸度的影响。甲、乙酸占有机酸含量的93．6％,表明最主要的低分子有机酸是乙酸、甲酸。相关分析显示有机酸与所有阴离子显著相关,表明有机酸来源较复杂,多样化。进一步分析得到：甲酸与乙酸的相关系数（0．900）和偏相关系数（0．822）都很高,表明甲酸与乙酸有相似的来源或者不同来源的相似源强;甲酸与NO^3-始终显著相关表明主要来自人为活动;乙酸与nss-SO4^2-。始终显著相关表明主要来自间接源;草酸与甲酸、乙酸的偏相关系数很大程度上小于相关系数表明主要来自与甲、乙酸来源相似的前体物的光化学反应。     

NITROGEN CONTENT AND ACIDITY OF RAIN ON THE GEORGIA COAST1

ABSTRACT: Since nitrogen is a nutrient frequently in short supply in coastal ecosystems, an estimate of the nitrogen input via rain was made for the Georgia coast. Water samples collected in 34 separate storms during a 12 month period were analysed for concentrations of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The range and average concentration in micromoles of nitrogen per liter was 0.0 to 137 (6.3) for ammonia, 1.0 to 21 (7.9) for nitrate plus nitrite, and 0.0 to 13.6 (4.0) for DON. DON, not usually measured in rain, comprised up to 62% of the total nitrogen content. The annual amount of nitrogen contributed by rain to the coast was about 0.3 g N/m². This value is a small fraction of the calculated nitrogen requirements of coastal plants. More than half the rain samples had pH values less than the CO₂ equilibrium pH of 5.6. Values as low as 4.2 were in the range of pH values reported for acid rain in Europe and the northeastern U.S. Total titratable acidity was measured for 12 summer rainwater samples. The results fox 7 individual storms showed a highly linear relation between hydrogen ion concentration and total acidity. However, the elope of the regression line indicated that increases in acidity were not a result of addition of strong acid alone.     

都匀市降水pH值的变化趋势及特征分析

ｐＨ值是衡量降水酸性的重要指标。本文研究了都匀市降水ｐＨ值的变化趋势，并对其酸性降水的特征进行分析，提出了保护大气质量，降低酸雨频率的对策建议。