Greenhouse Gas Inventory for Land Use Change and Forestry in Finland Based on International Guidelines

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Guidelines of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were used to assess a greenhouse gas inventory for land use change and...     

《京都议定书》的演进及其影响

综述了《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》的演进及其影响。     

Desertification,and climate change: the case for greater convergence

Poor knowledge of links between desertification and globalclimate change is limiting funding from the Global Environment Facility foranti-desertification projects and realization of synergies between theConvention to Combat Desertification (CCD) and the FrameworkConvention on Climate Change (FCCC). Greater convergence betweenresearch in the two fields could overcome these limitations, improve ourknowledge of desertification, and benefit four areas of global climate changestudies: mitigation assessment; accounting for land cover change in thecarbon budget; land surface-atmosphere interactions; and climate changeimpact forecasting. Convergence would be assisted if desertification weretreated more as a special case in dry areas of the global process of landdegradation, and stimulated by: (a) closer cooperation between the FCCCand CCD; (b) better informal networking between desertification and globalclimate change scientists, e.g. within the framework of theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Both strategies wouldbe facilitated if the FCCC and CCD requested the IPCC to provide ascientific framework for realizing the synergies between them.     

A `forest' by any other name…

The Kyoto protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change asks countries to report and provide data on human-induced land use change and forestry activities limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation. The terms `afforestation, reforestation and deforestation' have different meanings — country-to-country and from practicing foresters to the general public. The USDA Forest Service and the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations' Working Unit 6.03.02 on Trends in Forest Terminology commissioned a study to be undertaken to gain a better understanding of the terms in use. This study concentrates on the terms deforestation, afforestation and reforestation, but it also examined related terms of land use, land cover, forest, tree, regeneration and degradation. The paper reports on the results of that study and makes some general recommendations for consideration by the Conference of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) for standardization of key terms.     

Misdefining “climate change”: consequences for science and action

The restricted definition of “climate change” used by the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) has profoundly affected the science, politics, and policy processes associated with the international response to the climate issue. Specifically, the FCCC definition has contributed to the gridlock and ineffectiveness of the global response to the challenge of climate change. This paper argues that the consequences of misdefining “climate change” create a bias against adaptation policies and set the stage for the politicization of climate science. The paper discusses options for bringing science, policy and politics in line with a more appropriate definition of climate change such as the more comprehensive perspective used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.     

The sensitivity of the costs of reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) to future socioeconomic drivers and its implications for mitigation policy design

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Climate change mitigation policies for the land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector are commonly assessed based on marginal...     

积极应对气候变化大力推动绿色低碳发展——环境保护部环境发展中心主任唐丁丁就气候变化问题答记者问

气候变化既是环境问题,也是发展问题,事关人类的生存与发展。中国政府高度重视全球气候变化问题,积极探索有中国特色的绿色低碳发展之路。这不仅是中国作为发展中大国肩负的国际责任．也是加快实现国内发展方式转型的内在要求。近三十年来,中国在保护环境和应对气候变化方面付出了巨大努力,总结出一系列行之有效的经验和做法。为了更好地开展有利于应对气候变化的环境保护工作,近日,环境保护部环境发展中心成立了一个跨部门的应对气候变化工作机构,即“环境发展中心环境与气候变化中心”。日前,编辑部就业界人士和社会大众所关心的一些气候变化相关问题专程采访了环境保护部环境发展中心唐丁丁主任。     

The G20 emission projections to 2030 improved since the Paris Agreement,but only slightly

Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change - Climate adaptation is seen by many as increasingly important and as deeply political, leading some to argue for its democratization. Social...     

A Possible Way Forward on Climate Change

Although some have raisedsome valid points regarding scientificuncertainties and economic costs, a numberof arguments can be made in favor ofmultilateral cooperation to address globalclimate change. The approach presentedattempts to respond to some of the concernsraised and problems encountered in theinternational negotiation process. Thisalternative to the current approachcontained in the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol wouldinvolve negotiating a package ofmulti-component commitments by each countrybased on national circumstances andnegotiated from the bottom up, as in amultilateral trade agreement.     

A Report on the International Conference on Climate Policy after Marrakech: Towards Global Participation

The East-West Center convened the international conference on climate policy in Honolulu, Hawaii, on September 4–6, 2003. Sponsored by the Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment, the Japanese Ministry of the Environment, Industrial Technology Research Institute (Taiwan), and Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (Japan), this major event covered almost every important issue and featured perspectives from the most important parties and stakeholders in formulating and implementing climate policies and taking international climate negotiations further. It brought together a remarkable cross-section of world opinion on climate policy after Kyoto. This report provides a summary of each presentation and highlights discussions organized under the following six session headings: Session 1: Climate Change in Focus – From Science to Policy; Session 2: U.S. Climate Policy and Perspectives; Session 3: European Union Climate Policy and Perspectives; Session 4: Challenges for other Major Industrialized Countries; Session 5: Issues Related to Developing Countries; and Session 6: Panel Discussions: Where Do We Go from Here?.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation to climate change: what role for policy-makers, society and scientists?

In developing countries where economies and livelihoods depend largely on ecosystem services, policies for adaptation to climate change should take into account the role of these services in increasing the resilience of society. This ecosystem-based approach to adaptation was the focus of an international workshop on “Adaptation to Climate Change: the role of Ecosystem Services” held in November 2008 in Costa Rica. This article presents the key messages from the workshop.     

碳中和——中国发展转型的机遇与挑战

碳中和是《巴黎协定》提出的到21世纪末在全球范围内实现人为活动排放的温室气体排放总量与大自然吸收总量相平衡,这是《联合国气候变化框架公约》应对气候变化问题的终极目标。本文从碳中和的目的、本质和进展分析入手,提出了在实现碳中和问题上中国的机遇与挑战。     

Earth observations for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in developing countries

In response to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) process investigating the technical issues surrounding the ability to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from deforestation in developing countries, this paper reviews technical capabilities for monitoring deforestation and estimating emissions. Implementation of policies to reduce emissions from deforestation require effective deforestation monitoring systems that are reproducible, provide consistent results, meet standards for mapping accuracy, and can be implemented at the national level. Remotely sensed data supported by ground observations are key to effective monitoring. Capacity in developing countries for deforestation monitoring is well-advanced in a few countries and is a feasible goal in most others. Data sources exist to determine base periods in the 1990s as historical reference points. Forest degradation (e.g. from high impact logging and fragmentation) also contribute to greenhouse gas emissions but it is more technically challenging to measure than deforestation. Data on carbon stocks, which are needed to estimate emissions, cannot currently be observed directly over large areas with remote sensing. Guidelines for carbon accounting from deforestation exist and are available in approved Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reports and can be applied at national scales in the absence of forest inventory or other data. Key constraints for implementing programs to monitor greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation are international commitment of resources to increase capacity, coordination of observations to ensure pan-tropical coverage, access to free or low-cost data, and standard and consensual protocols for data interpretation and analysis.     

火力发电行业温室气体排放因子测算

为了解我国火力发电行业温室气体排放状况及排放因子,利用U23多组分红外气体分析仪及TH880F烟尘分析仪对全国30台具有代表性的火力发电机组排放的CO₂和N₂O进行了在线监测;监测及后续的数据处理阶段均遵循了联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)关于温室气体排放计算的质量保证和质量控制原则.利用统计学方法对数据进行处理,给出了CO₂和N₂O 3种表达方式的排放因子. 结果表明:CO₂排放因子主要受装机容量、燃料及机组使用年限与维护质量的影响;常规煤粉机组的N₂O排放因子随装机容量的增加逐渐变小,循环流化床机组N₂O排放因子最大;与IPCC缺省排放因子的比较表明,烟煤、褐煤的CO₂和N₂O排放因子均在IPCC缺省因子95%置信区间内,贫煤CO₂和N₂O的排放因子均大于IPCC缺省因子;天然气CO₂和N₂O排放因子与IPCC缺省因子相差不大.      

Forgotten carbon: indirect CO2 in greenhouse gas emission inventories

National governments that are Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are required to submit greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories accounting for the emissions and removals occurring within their geographic territories. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provides inventory methodology guidance to the Parties of the UNFCCC. This methodology guidance, and national inventories based on it, omits carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmospheric oxidation of methane, carbon monoxide, and non-methane volatile organic compounds emissions that result from several source categories. The inclusion of this category of “indirect” CO₂ in GHG inventories increases global anthropogenic emissions (excluding land use and forestry) between 0.5 and 0.7%. However, the effect of inclusion on aggregate UNFCCC Annex I Party GHG emissions would be to reduce the growth of total emissions, from 1990 to 2004, by 0.2% points. The effect on the GHG emissions and emission trends of individual countries varies. The paper includes a methodology for calculating these emissions and discusses uncertainties. Indirect CO₂ is equally relevant for GHG inventories at other scales, such as global, regional, organizational, and facility. Similarly, project-based methodologies, such as those used under the Clean Development Mechanism, may need revising to account for indirect CO₂.     

坚持积极应对气候变化战略定力继续做全球生态文明建设的重要参与者、贡献者和引领者 ——纪念《巴黎协定》达成五周年

习近平总书记在2020年9月22日第七十五届联合国大会一般性辩论上表示:"中国将提高国家自主贡献力度,采取更加有力的政策和措施,二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取在2060年前实现碳中和。"在应对气候变化领域,在全球低碳转型的关键时刻,中国以大国担当更新了国家自主贡献方案,这是中国向世界发出的又一个强有力信号。国家自主贡献方案之所以备受全球关注,是因为这是《巴黎协定》最核心的制度,它很大程度上决定了各国的减排力度、低碳转型进程,乃至全球气候行动势头。为此我刊特转发《中国环境报》2020年12月14日第二版刊载的中国气候变化事务特使、生态环境部气候变化事务特别顾问解振华关于纪念《巴黎协定》达成五周年一文,以飨读者。     

西双版纳生物多样性廊道区气候变化脆弱性评价研究

以IPCC（政府间气候变化专业委员会）对生态系统气候脆弱性定义为理论基础,以西双版纳勐腊一尚勇保护区廊道为研究区域,通过建立生态系统气候脆弱性评价指标体系,对廊道从20世纪70年代到现在和未来变化做了评估,初步识别出不同历史时期研究区的生态系统对气候变化的脆弱性特征,并提出应对气候变化的对策建议。     

在有机废水处理领域内的CDM项目分析

介绍清洁发展机制(CDM)的主要内容及国内外在废水领域的温室气体的排放现状。同时结合国内废水领域的温室气体的排放情况,以《中华人民共和国气候变化初始国家信息通报》的数据为基础,分析了CDM项目的经济、能源和环境效益。     

浅谈汽车涡轮增压技术的节能减排

由于全球环境不断恶化,人们开始追求低碳生活,以改善生存环境。本文在分析汽车涡轮增压技术功能的基础上,探讨了涡轮增压技术的节能减排优势,同时分析了该技术目前存在的问题,并提出了改进的建议。该研究对技术人员和消费者购车具有一定的参考价值。