固态合成粉煤灰类脱硫吸附剂的脱硫活性测试

固态合成的粉煤灰吸附剂的脱硫活性测试结果表明 ,30 0℃得到的无定形硅铝钠高效脱硫剂 (FA NSA)在 5 0 0℃的脱硫温度下 ,穿透和饱和硫容分别为 64 6mg·g- 1 和 1 34 0mg·g- 1 ;穿透和饱和效率分别为 46 3%和 96 2 % .     

功能植物内生细菌筛选及对多环芳烃降解效能研究

功能植物内生细菌在防治土壤和植物多环芳烃(PAHs)污染方面具有潜力。从PAHs污染区采集了铁苋菜(Acalypha australis)、香附子(Cyperus rotundus)和麦冬(Ophiopogon japonicus)等健康植物样品,采用平板直接分离法获得8株能降解芘的植物内生细菌,主要为Enterobacter、Chitinophaga和Xanthomonas等菌属,其10 d对芘(50mg·L~(-1))的降解率为7. 59%～45. 50%。综合内生细菌在共代谢基质存在条件下的芘降解效能,选择从麦冬中分离出的Enterobacter sp. PRd5细菌为研究对象,探究其在各种环境条件下的芘降解性能。结果显示,Enterobacter sp.PRd5 10 d对芘(50 mg·L~(-1))的降解率为41. 37%～50. 63%,7 d可降解95%以上的萘(500 mg·L~(-1))、芴(100mg·L~(-1))和菲(50 mg·L~(-1))等低分子量多环芳烃,10 d对荧蒽(50 mg·L~(-1))和苯并[a]芘(10 mg·L~(-1))等高分子量多环芳烃的降解率分别为35. 89%和17. 44%。降解芘的优化条件研究结果显示,Enterobacter sp. PRd5在p H值6. 0～8. 0、温度25～35℃、外加盐浓度0～10 g·L~(-1)、装液量10～30 mL·(100 mL)-1、接种量3%～17%、芘初始质量浓度25～50 mg·L~(-1)和外加100 mg·L~(-1)葡萄糖条件下,可获得较高的芘降解效能。     

固定CO2氢细菌的筛选及其培养条件优化

从土壤中分离筛选到一株高效固定CO2 的氢氧化细菌—专性化能自养菌BHA 15 ,在最佳培养条件下(培养基 ρ/gL-1:NH4 Cl 4.0 ,Na2 HPO4 ·12H2 O 0 .75 ,KH2 PO4 0 .5 ,MgSO4 ·7H2 O 0 .3;V(H2 )∶V(O2 )∶V(CO2 ) =3 .5∶1∶1;pH =7;最适生长温度θ =30℃ ) ,密闭摇瓶中恒温 (30℃ )培养 40h后 ,菌体浓度 ρ(DW)达 1.6mg/mL ,菌体蛋白含量 71.8% .图 7表 2参 12     

催化剂对甲醛废水湿式氧化的增效作用

在设定的湿式氧化条件下 ,从若干种金属盐中筛选了Cu(NO3) 2 作为氧化甲醛废水的催化剂 ,考察了Cu(NO3) 2 用量、废水的初始浓度及温度对有机物去除率的影响 ,结果表明 :Cu(NO3) 2 以 5mg·l- 1 Cu2 计量投加为宜 ,甲醛初始浓度在 480mg·l- 1 — 1 5 0 0mg·l- 1 范围内一直保持较高的去除率 ,反应的适宜温度为 1 40℃以上 ;根据反应过程数据建立了该催化氧化反应的分段一级动力学模型 ,求得甲醛氧化动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能分别为7 2 9kJ·mol- 1 和 1 4 45kJ·mol- 1 ;而COD降解动力学模型快、慢步骤的表观活化能则分别为2 0 47kJ·mol- 1 和 2 9 5 2kJ·mol- 1 .     

2-氯联苯与4-氯联苯的超声降解研究

以 2 氯联苯 ( 2CB)与 4 氯联苯 ( 4CB)为对象 ,研究了污染物结构对超声降解的影响 .在 2 0kHz,30 8W·cm- 2 的超声波作用下 ,2CB与 4CB的准一级降解速率常数分别达到 0 1 2 8min- 1 和 0 0 98min- 1 .其反应速率的差异来自不同取代基位置导致的挥发性之差 .在 95 %的母体去除后 ,～ 80 %的有机氯转化成无机氯离子 . 1h后 2CB与 4CB溶液的TOC去除率分别达到 40 %和 35 % .     

雌二醇在铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐配合物体系中的光降解

以125W高压汞灯为光源,研究了水中雌二醇(E2)在铁(Ⅲ)-草酸盐体系中的光降解;考查了初始pH值、铁(Ⅲ)/草酸盐配比、E2初始浓度对E2光降解的影响.结果表明,铁(Ⅲ)/草酸盐体系能引发E2光降解.在pH=3·50,Fe(Ⅲ)/草酸盐配比为10·0/120·0μmol·l-1时,2mg·l-1E2光照160min可降解48·0%.在pH3·0—6·0范围内,pH值为3·0—4·0时E2降解率较高;在2·0—10·0mg·l-1范围内,光降解效率随水溶液中E2初始浓度的增加而降低.     

电化学氧化耦合铁感应电极激发过硫酸盐氧化处理焦化废水生化出水

采用电化学氧化(EC)耦合铁(IP)感应电极激发过硫酸盐(KPS)氧化处理焦化废水生化出水,在反应器阴、阳极之间等距离嵌入铁板构建电化学双电解反应体系.该体系中,铁板作为感应电极,充当阳极材料的同时兼具有阴极材料的作用,加快过硫酸盐的活化.在电化学氧化耦合铁感应电极激发过硫酸盐(EC/IP/KPS)试验中,分别将电解时间(0—50 min)、电流密度(0—60 mA·cm~(-2))和过硫酸钾(KPS)投加量(0—5 mmol·L~(-1))作为控制条件,探讨了在不同的影响条件下该电化学反应体系对水中COD、TOC及UV_(254)等有机物污染指标的降解程度.在此基础上,利用SEM、EDS、XRD和XPS等对EC/IP/KPS过程中产生的絮凝物进行了表征,进而推断EC/IP/KPS系统的反应机理.结果表明,在EC/IP/KPS系统中的耦合作用下,当电解时间为30 min、电流密度为30 mA·cm~(-2)、过硫酸钾浓度为2 mmol·L~(-1)时,COD去除率可达77.0%、TOC去除率为54.0%,UV_(254)值明显降低.此外,还对3种不同的实验过程进行了对比,发现EC/IP/KPS系统的处理效果要明显优于KPS和EC/IP处理体系.     

污水中不同形态氮稳定同位素预处理方法探究

本文提出了有机物中胺基氮消解转化为铵盐后的富集与分离方法,探讨了凯氏氮(KTN)、有机氮(DON)消解转化为铵盐的实验条件,完善了污水中铵盐稳定氮同位素预处理的最佳实验条件.经实验分析,KTN、DON在3 mL5%(W/V)的Cu SO_4、10 mL浓H_2SO_4、6 g K2SO_4条件下消解30 min,可稳定高效地转化为(NH4)HSO_4.研究结果表明,铵盐最佳蒸馏时间为50 min,最适碱投加量为5 mL 40%(W/V)的Na OH溶液,当铵盐浓度在0—80 mg·L~(-1)时,蒸馏过程氮回收率均高于95%;通过对比沸石吸附和酸吸收两种方式,发现酸吸收高效稳定,并优选稀硫酸(0.04 mol·L~(-1))作为吸收液,在pH=3.0±0.3、50℃干燥引起的氮同位素分馏效应最小(0.04‰).将该方法应用于实际生活污水管网中的氮迁移转化分析,验证了方法的可行性和应用价值.     

掷孢酵母吸附去除铬的性能研究

通过菌种培养、分离与筛选 ,获得一株对铬具有很强还原与吸附性能的掷孢酵母(Sporobolomycetaceaesp ) .该菌株适宜的吸附pH值是 6— 9,1g培养 60h的菌体在 2 0mlpH 7的 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液中 ,吸附 8h后 ,对铬的去除率最高达到 1 0 0 % .在浓度分别为 1 5 ,30 ,5 0 ,1 0 0 ,30 0mg·l- 1 的铬液中 ,每克菌体对铬的吸附量与对数曲线y=1 72 5 8ln(x) - 2 0 9 49相吻合 ,相关系数为 0 9889,对吸附后菌体破壁测得细胞质内含铬量最高 ,达 65 5 % .通过扫描电子显微镜发现 ,处理 1 5mg·l- 1 铬液 8h后 ,菌体细胞壁的表面结构不发生形态变化     

浊点萃取-高效液相色谱测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃

采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)超声波辅助浊点萃取(CPE),高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定土壤及底泥中痕量多环芳烃(PAHs),在SDS浓度为2.75%,HCl用量为4.2mol·l-1,平衡温度为70℃.恒温时间为50min的最佳条件下,萘、芴、苊烯、菲和芘的方法检测限分别:31.40,18.84,12.56,94.20和31.40μg·l-1,线性范嗣为0-10.0 mg·l-1.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.