pH值对有机废水厌氧产酸发酵影响研究

利用厌氧污泥对有机废水的发酵产酸作用,考察pH值对系统产酸效果的影响,从而确定最佳的产乙酸pH值。结果表明:控制系统pH值在4.0~4.5的条件下,乙酸为主要末端发酵产物,厌氧污泥的产酸效果较好,且pH=4.3时效果最佳;而当进水碱度>300 mg/L,氧化-还原电位Eh在-250 mV时,可以保证乙醇型发酵的最佳pH值范围,获得理想的产酸效果。     

Acid resistance of methanogenic bacteria in a two-stage anaerobic process treating high concentration methanol Wastewater

In this study, the two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) system and batch experiments were employed to evaluate the performance of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of high concentration methanol wastewater. The acid resistance of granular sludge and methanogenic bacteria and their metabolizing activity were investigated. The results show that the pH of the first UASB changed from 4.9 to 5.8 and 5.5 to 6.2 for the second reactor. Apparently, these were not the advisable pH levels that common methanogenic bacteria could accept. The methanogenic bacteria of the system, viz. Methanosarcina barkeri, had some acid resistance and could still degrade methanol at pH 5.0. If the methanogenic bacteria were trained further, their acid resistance would be improved somewhat. Granular sludge of the system could protect the methanogenic bacteria within its body against the impact of the acidic environment and make them degrade methanol at pH 4.5. The performance of granular sludge was attributed to its structure, bacteria species, and the distribution of bacterium inside the granule. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 633–636 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

厌氧生物膜法处理聚酯废水投加城市厌氧污泥的启动

将市政污水处理厂消化池中的厌氧污泥投入处理化工高浓度废水的厌氧反应器中进行厌氧菌的驯化工作 ,重点研究了在此过程中进、出水CODCr、pH、VFA(挥发性有机酸 )、污泥的变化情况及相互联系     

pH6.0酸性条件下产甲烷EGSB反应器的运行研究

采用中性颗粒污泥接种,运行一个3.1L的EGSB反应器共345d,通过逐步降低pH值,获得了耐酸的产甲烷颗粒污泥并实现厌氧反应器在低pH、低碱度条件下的稳定运行.在pH 6.0,进水COD 3000mg/L,COD容积负荷5kg/(m³·d)时,反应器的COD平均去除率为95.0%,出水总碱度(以CaCO₃计)仅为328.5mg/L,每g去除COD的沼气产量为372.2mL,沼气中甲烷含量约为57.6%;在进水COD 4 000mg/L,COD容积负荷7.5kg/(m³·d)时,COD平均去除率为90.9%,出水总碱度仅为404.8mg/L,每g去除COD的沼气产量为446.3mL,甲烷含量约为55.9%.EGSB反应器在pH6.0～6.1的范围内共运行112d,表明在低pH、低碱度下实现稳定的产甲烷过程是可行的.     

Characteristics of high-sulfate wastewater treatment by two-phase anaerobic digestion process with Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed

A new anaerobic reactor, Jet-loop anaerobic fluidized bed （JLAFB）, was designed for treating high-sulfate wastewater. The treatment characteristics, including the effect of influent COD/SO42 ratio and alkalinity and sulfide inhibition in reactors, were discussed for a JLAFB and a general anaerobic fiuidized bed （AFB） reactor used as sulfate-reducing phase and methane-producing phase, respectively, in two-phase anaerobic digestion process. The formation of granules in the two reactors was also examined. The results indicated that COD and sulfate removal had different demand of influent COD/SO4^2- ratios. When total COD removal was up to 85%, the ratio was only required up to 1.2, whereas, total sulfate removal up to 95% required it exceeding 3.0. The alkalinity in the two reactors increased linearly with the growth of influent alkalinity. Moreover, the change of influent alkalinity had no significant effect on pH and volatile fatty acids （VFA） in the two reactors. Influent alkalinity kept at 400-500 mg/L could meet the requirement of the treating process. The JLAFB reactor had great advantage in avoiding sulfide and free-H2S accumulation and toxicity inhibition on microorganisms. When sulfate loading rate was up to 8. 1 kg/（m^3.d）, the sulfide and free-H2S concentrations in JLAFB reactor were 58.6 and 49.7 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the granules, with offwhite color, ellipse shape and diameters of 1.0-3.0 mm, could be developed in JLAFB reactor. In granules, different groups of bacteria were distributed in different layers, and some inorganic metal compounds such as Fe, Ca, Mg etc. were found.     

IC反应器处理制药废水的颗粒污泥驯化和快速启动

试验研究了厌氧内循环(IC)反应器处理化工合成制药废水时,颗粒污泥的驯化培养启动过程.IC反应器控制在中温条件运行,接种颗粒污泥取自处理味精废水的厌氧上升流式污泥床反应器,驯化开始采用葡萄糖基质与制药废水混合废水,然后很快转化为全部是生物难降解的合成制药废水.结果表明,采用高负荷、高进水浓度的启动控制条件,经历23d的启动运行,IC反应器的容积负荷达到5 kgCOD/(m3·d), COD去除率达到70%~80%.在容积负荷达到7.4kgCOD/(m3·d)时,COD的去除率仍可稳定在70%左右.IC反应器中的成熟颗粒污泥形状规则、密实、粒径大.扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥中古细菌产甲烷鬓毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)占优势. IC反应器处理难降解废水在高负荷、高进水浓度条件下可实现快速培养驯化和启动.     

On-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR)

The objectives of this study were to establish an on-line controlling system for nitrogen and phosphorus removal synchronously of municipal wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The SBR for municipal wastewater treatment was operated in sequences: filling, anaerobic, oxic, anoxic, oxic, settling and discharge. The reactor was equipped with on-line monitoring sensors for dissolved oxygen (DO), oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH. The variation of DO, ORP and pH is relevant to each phase of biological process for nitrogen and phosphorus removal in this SBR. The characteristic points of DO, ORP and pH can be used to judge and control the stages of process that include: phosphate release by the turning points of ORP and pH; nitrification by the ammonia valley of pH and ammonia elbows of DO and ORP; denitrification by the nitrate knee of ORP and nitrate apex of pH; phosphate uptake by the turning point of pH; and residual organic carbon oxidation by the carbon elbows of DO and ORP. The controlling system can operate automatically for nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently removal. __________ Translated from Water & Wastewater Engineering, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 给水排水]     

UASB反应器处理CMC废水的启动特性研究

采用上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器,以高浓度羧甲基纤维素(CMC)废水为处理对象,研究了中温条件下UASB反应器的启动、颗粒污泥特性和废水处理效果.结果表明,采用接种颗粒污泥与消化污泥的混合泥进行培养,并逐步提高进水CMC废水浓度,运行80 d后,可实现UASB反应器的启动;当进水COD值达到4 000 mg/L,容积负荷6.86 kg/(m3.d),COD去除率在80%以上;反应器内污泥实现颗粒化,且颗粒污泥的比产甲烷活性良好.     

Identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors (BLRs) with anaerobic granular sludge and residual activated sludge for brewery wastewater treatment and kinetic modeling

Two identical full-scale biogas-lift reactors treating brewery wastewater were inoculated with different types of sludge to compare their operational conditions, sludge characteristics, and kinetic models at a mesophilic temperature. One reactor （R1） started up with anaerobic granular sludge in 12 weeks and obtained a continuously average organic loading rate （OLR） of 7.4 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m3.day）, COD removal efficiency of 80%, and effluent COD of 450 mg/L. The other reactor （R2） started up with residual activated sludge in 30 weeks and granulation accomplished when the reactor reached an average OLR of 8.3 kg COD/（m^3·day）, COD removal efficiency of 90%, and effluent COD of 240 mg/L. Differences in sludge characteristics,biogas compositions, and biogas- lift processes may be accounted for the superior efficiency of the treatment performance of R2 over R1. Grau second-order and modified StoverKincannon models based on influent and effluent concentrations as well as hydraulic retention time were successfully used to develop kinetic parameters of the experimental data with high correlation coefficients （R2 〉 0.95）, which further showed that R2 had higher treatment performance than R1. These results demonstrated that residual activated sludge could be used effectively instead of anaerobic granular sludge despite the need for a longer time.     

探讨UASB反应器处理浓缩果汁废水的控制条件

文章用厌氧颗粒污泥接种启动UASB反应器,通过调节碱度和出水回流来实现浓缩果汁废水在低碱度下的稳定运行。研究结果表明:经35天UASB反应器可完全启动,负荷为9.5gCOD(/L·d),COD去除率在80%以上;回流比为0.3,进水碱度和pH值分别为1500mg/L和6.75、1000mg/L和6.52时,反应器能够稳定运行;采用出水回流的方法可以使酸性的浓缩果汁废水厌氧处理大幅度降低用碱量甚至完全不加碱的条件下实现稳定运行,本试验在回流比为8~10时,反应器也有很好的处理效果。通过对其控制条件实验室研究,显著的降低了浓缩果汁废水的处理成本,在工程上具有广泛的应用性。     

厌氧附着膜膨胀床(AAFEB)反应器稳态运行的过程动力学

从AAFEB反应器运行工况特点和全混合活性污泥动力学的理论出发,建立了AAFEB反应器稳态运行的过程动力学模型。并作了动力学模型参数估值、灵敏度分析,模型检验,以及运行参数影响的动力学模拟.     

Function of anaerobic portion in a conventional sequencing batch reactor

The performance of SBRs treating two kinds of wastewater(synthetic wastewater containing polyvinyl alcohol and effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system)was investigated in this study,in order to examine the exact function of anaerobic portion in a conventional SBR.The set up of 4-or 8-hour anaerobic mixing period in a SBR's cycle did not benefit for PVA degradation.While an anaerobic reactor seeded with anaerobic sludge could partly hydrolyse and acidify PVA into readily-degradable intermediates.During the anaerobic fill period of an SBR treating the effluent from a coke-plant wastewater treatment system,the organic concentration was reduced to certain extent due to the adsorption of activated sludge and dilution of the mixed liquor from the previous cycle.Parts of readily-degradable organics in the influent were utilised by denitrifiers as carbon source.The biomass in a conventional SBR was alternatively imposed to aerobic and anaerobic conditions in its operating cycle,the environmental conditions needed for anaerobic hydrolization and acidification of refractory organics could not occur in such an SBR.     

产甲烷改良UASB启动试验及最优水力条件研究

在中温两相厌氧工艺处理玉米酒精废水的基础上,进行产甲烷改良UASB的启动试验和颗粒污泥的培养,考察水力条件对反应器处理效果的影响。试验采用低负荷启动方式,通过增大处理量和提高进水COD浓度逐级提高容积负荷,通过强制内回流控制反应器中水力条件,使产甲烷改良UASB在最佳条件下运行。63 d后反应器中形成的污泥床颗粒化程度高,粒径>0.7 mm的颗粒污泥占82%以上,产气速率和COD去除率分别达到539 L/d和90%,产甲烷改良UASB启动顺利完成;改良UASB作为两相厌氧工艺的产甲烷相可以自行调节其进水pH,启动时pH的人工调节可以在反应器进入颗粒污泥成熟期时停止;反应器的最佳水力条件为:上升流速为0.62 m/h、回流比300%;最优操作条件下产甲烷改良UASB具有良好的抗冲击负荷能力。     

升流式厌氧污泥床处理含五氯酚废水的研究

研究了升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)在中温条件下处理含五氯酚(PCP)模拟废水时工艺特点及PCP降解机理。结果表明:①在以处理啤酒废水的厌氧颗粒污泥为接种物(VSS接种量约15 g /L),运行温度为(35±1) ℃,水力停留时间为20～24 h,进水COD浓度为2 500～2 800 mg/L;进水PCP浓度由1.0 mg/L上升至8.0 mg/L条件下,120 d左右完成启动,PCP和COD去除率分别为94%及86%以上。②高效液相色谱仪检测结果分析表明,PCP厌氧降解的途径是首先经间位脱氯生成四氯酚和2,4,6－三氯酚,再经邻位和对位脱氯生成2,4－二氯酚和邻氯苯酚,最后矿化为CH₄和CO₂。      

上流式厌氧污泥反应器(UASB)处理榨菜腌制废水的研究

针对榨菜废水高盐度、高有机物浓度的特点,使用UASB厌氧反应器对该废水进行处理,考察了进水盐度和pH值、接种污泥、处理负荷和反应器内温度、碱度、氧化还原电位等因素对COD去除率的影响,通过对进水中上述因素的控制,发现UASB反应器的COD去除率可以达到45%.在有机负荷不超过15.0 kgCOD/(m3 ·d)的情况下逐渐提高负荷培养颗粒化污泥、盐度不超过46.0 g/L条件下逐渐提高进水盐度以驯化和培养耐盐、嗜盐微生物,是UASB反应器高效运行的关键.运行后期,耐盐微生物出现在颗粒污泥中.     

不同pH下糖蜜废水的厌氧产酸发酵类型及微生物群落结构解析

为寻求厌氧产酸发酵反应器的适宜控制参数和微生物学机制,以ACR(厌氧接触式发酵制氢反应器)为试验平台,通过分阶段调控反应器的pH,考察不同pH下ACR系统的产酸发酵类型和产氢性能,并采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术对微生物群落结构进行了解析.以糖蜜废水为基质,以城市污水厂剩余污泥为种泥,在污泥接种量(以MLVSS计)为3.58 g/L、进水ρ(COD_Cr)为5 000 mg/L、HRT为12 h条件下,分别考察了系统在pH为6.0～6.5、5.5～6.0、5.0～5.5、4.5～5.0条件下的运行特性.结果表明,在pH为4.5～5.0时,系统中以Ethanoligenens harbinense YUAN-3为代表的产氢菌群占优,呈现典型的乙醇型发酵特征,活性污泥表现出的产氢性能最佳,其氢气转化率和污泥的比产氢速率分别为1.9 mol/mol和7.8 mmol/(g·d).在pH为5.5～6.5、5.0～5.5的条件下,Clostridium tyrobutyricum strain A1-3、Propionibacterium sp.B2M2分别成为优势菌群,系统分别呈现出丁酸型发酵、混合酸发酵类型.研究显示,随着pH的改变,系统内的产酸发酵菌群随之发生更迭,在不同pH控制水平下形成不同的顶级微生物群落结构,进而使得系统呈现出不同发酵类型和产氢性能.      

模拟城市污水在厌氧、缺氧以及好氧反应器中的毒性削减研究

采用发光细菌法测定城市污水毒性,并研究了模拟城市污水分别在厌氧、缺氧、好氧条件下的毒性削减情况.试验采用人工配水,其中添加了甲苯、邻二甲苯、对二甲苯、吲哚、吡啶、环己酮、苯丙酸7种有毒有机物.并用GC-MS检测上述有机物在不同生物处理过程中的降解情况及出水有机物的变化情况.结果表明,模拟城市污水经厌氧生物处理后毒性增大(HRT≤10h);缺氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性略有削减;而好氧生物处理对模拟城市污水的毒性削减能力较强,效果明显.     

不同底物条件下UASB反应器中碳酸钙的沉淀

以UASB反应器处理含钙的乙酸废水和葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉混合废水,在Ca²⁺浓度800 mg·L^-1,COD容积负荷9 kg·(m³·d)^-1条件下,研究了碳酸钙在反应器中的沉淀规律及其差异.结果表明,碳酸钙在发生大量沉淀前都要经历30 d左右的诱导期,此后反应器中碳酸钙的沉淀率因进水底物不同而出现显著差异.以乙酸为底物时,碳酸钙在污泥中的最大沉淀率可达到65%,然后稳定到25%;而在以葡萄糖和可溶性淀粉为底物的废水中,钙的沉淀率一直维持在7.5%左右.对于这2种废水,钙的沉淀在180 d内可以使污泥的灰分从大约10%分别升高到70%以上和30%左右.但是高的生物污泥灰分含量并没有明显影响废水处理的效果,两反应器的COD去除率始终维持在90%左右.扫描电镜分析发现两反应器内颗粒污泥微观结构存在较大差异,这可能是导致其中碳酸钙沉淀过程和沉淀量存在较大差异的原因.     

蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮性能研究

采用上流式生物膜反应器接种厌氧氨氧化污泥,研究了印制电路板行业蚀刻液废水厌氧氨氧化脱氮可行性.结果表明,蚀刻液废水作为NH4+-N源时,其所携带的物质对厌氧氨氧化污泥活性具有毒性作用.当蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度150mg/L进入反应器14d后,厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从3.2kg/(m3·d)下降到1.2kg/(m3·d).但是通过驯化培养可以很好地缓解蚀刻液对厌氧氨氧化污泥的毒性影响.经过110d的驯化,蚀刻液废水稀释到NH4+-N浓度300mg/L进入反应器后并未出现明显的抑制现象.厌氧氨氧化氮去除速率从1.6kg/(m3·d)上升到6.0kg/(m3·d).说明通过驯化培养后,厌氧氨氧化工艺能够很好的运用到PCB行业高NH4+-N废水的处理.     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺处理污泥脱水液

在缺氧滤床+好氧悬浮填料生物膜工艺中实现部分亚硝化,然后进行厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX),考察其对高含氮、低C/N污泥脱水液的处理能力.结果表明,亚硝化反应器在15~29℃、DO 6~9mg/L条件下,通过综合调控进水氨氮负荷(ALR)、进水碱度/氨氮、水力停留时间(HRT)等运行参数,可以调节出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)的比率,能够较好地实现部分亚硝化反应以完成厌氧氨氧化.当进水ALR为1.16kg/(m3·d),进水碱度/氨氮为5.1时,出水(NO2--N)/(NH4+-N)在1.2左右,(NO2--N)/(NOx--N)大于90%,进入ANAMMOX反应器的氮物质去除率达到83.8%.