共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Stefan Trapp Brian Harland 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1995,2(3):164-169
Four volatilization models were tested against field data from the Manchester Ship Canal and the River Main. The equations byMacKay andYeun, using Schmidt number and wind speed for the calculation of volatilization rate, were found to give the best results for the slowly flowing Ship Canal. Models using flow velocity grossly underestimated the real values for this waterway but were found to be superior for the faster flowing River Main. The results of this work indicate that volatilization models should be carefully chosen for a particular environmental situation. Additionally, the importance of the validation of such models against field data is emphasised. 相似文献
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The water turnover of two coastal areas, Forsmark and Laxemar-Simpevarp, has been modeled for 13 selected years between 6500 bc and 9000 ad by utilizing information about past, present, and future bathymetry. The Forsmark area can be described as an open-ended funnel, and is analyzed with a 3D-model (MIKE 3-FM); the Laxemar area is partitioned into clusters of sub-basins treated with a discrete coupled basin model (CouBa). In all simulations, the main variation factor is the land uplift. The 3D-model domain is successively modified. For the CouBa approach the successive basin configurations are objectively deduced based on the 3D domain modifications. The average age (AvA) of the resident water relative to the open coast is generally lower for the Forsmark area. A typical progression is that the AvA values increase until a sub-basin ceases to be connected to the coastal zone. This disconnection is often preceded by a lowered AvA. 相似文献
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Yuh-Shan Ho 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(11):7234-7235
A research paper's contribution exists not only in its originality and creativity but also in its continuity and development for research that follows. However, the author easily ignores it. Citation error and quotation error occurred very frequently in a scientific paper. Numerous researchers use secondary references without knowing the original idea from authors. Sulaymon et al. (Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:3011–3023, 2013) and Spiridon et al. (Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:6367–6381, 2013) presented wrong pseudo-second-order models in Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 20. This comment pointed the errors of the kinetic models and offered information for citing original idea of pseudo-second-order kinetic expression. In order to stop the proliferation of the mistake, it is suggested to cite the original paper for the kinetic model which provided greater accuracy and more details about the kinetic expression. 相似文献
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This paper presents an analysis of present and future hydrological conditions at the Forsmark site in Sweden, which has been proposed as the site for a geological repository for spent nuclear fuel. Forsmark is a coastal site that changes in response to shoreline displacement. In the considered time frame (until year 10 000 ad), the hydrological system will be affected by landscape succession associated with shoreline displacement and changes in vegetation, regolith stratigraphy, and climate. Based on extensive site investigations and modeling of present hydrological conditions, the effects of different processes on future site hydrology are quantified. As expected, shoreline displacement has a strong effect on local hydrology (e.g., groundwater flow) in areas that change from sea to land. The comparison between present and future land areas emphasizes the importance of climate variables relative to other factors for main hydrological features such as water balances. 相似文献
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Julie Movellan Françoise Rocher Zohra Chikh Cécile Marivingt-Mounir Jean-Louis Bonnemain Jean-François Chollet 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(7):4861-4870
l-meta-tyrosine is an herbicidal nonprotein amino acid isolated some years ago from fine fescue grasses and characterized by its almost immediate microbial degradation in soil (half-life <24 h). Nine monohalogenated or dihalogenated analogs of this allelochemical have been obtained through a seven-step stereoselective synthesis from commercial halogenated phenols. Bioassays showed a large range of biological responses, from a growth root inhibition of lettuce seedling similar to that noted with m-tyrosine [2-amino-3-(2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid or compound 8b] to an increase of the primary root growth concomitant with a delay of secondary root initiation [2-amino-3-[2-fluoro-5-hydroxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propanoic acid or compound 8h]. Compound 8b was slightly less degraded than m-tyrosine in the nonsterilized nutritive solution used for lettuce development, while the concentration of compound 8h remained unchanged for at least 2 weeks. These data indicate that it is possible to manipulate both biological properties and degradation of m-tyrosine by halogen addition. 相似文献
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Xu L Chen X Chen J Zhang F He C Du K Wang Y 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(5):1443-1453
Background
PM10 aerosol samples were simultaneously collected at two urban and one urban background sites in Fuzhou city during two sampling campaigns in summer and winter. PM10 mass concentrations and chemical compositions were determined.Methods
Water-soluble inorganic ions (Cl?, NO 3 ? , SO 4 2? , NH 4 + , K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+), carbonaceous species (elemental carbon and organic carbon), and elements (Al, Si, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, and Pb) were detected using ion chromatography, thermal/optical reflectance, and proton-induced X-ray emission methods, respectively.Results
PM10 mass concentrations, as well as most of the chemical components, were significantly increased from urban background to urban sites, which were due to enhanced anthropogenic activities in urban areas. Elements, carbonaceous species, and most of the ions were more uniformly distributed at different types of sites in winter, whereas secondary ion SO 4 2? , NO 3 ? , and NH 4 + showed more evident urban-background contrast in this season. The chemical mass closure indicated that mineral dust, organic matters, and sulfate were the most abundant components in PM10. The sum of individually measured components accounted for 86.9?C97.7% of the total measured PM10 concentration, and the discrepancy was larger in urban area than in urban background area.Conclusion
According to the principal component analysis?Cmultivariate linear regression model, mineral dust, secondary inorganic ions, sea salt, and motor vehicle were mainly responsible for the PM10 particles in Fuzhou atmosphere, and contributed 19.9%, 53.3%, 21.3%, and 5.5% of PM10, respectively. 相似文献9.
Steven J. Wearne Martin G. de M. Gem Nigel Harrison Peter P. Collier Frank Fairweather Michael Fielding Andrew Franklin James R. Startin Roger J. Tregunno Heather Walton 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1996,3(2):83-88
A scheme has been developed to rank 70 industrial organic chemicals in order of their priority for further study as potential contaminants of food. Numerical scales were developed for the following seven key criteria concerning environmental issues, food and toxicity: -Production volume -Pattern of usage -Possible fate in the environment -Likelihood of chemical entering the food chain -Mechanism of entry into the food chain -Persistence and accumulation in the food chain -Toxicity. Each chemical was assigned a score for the above criteria, which were combined to give an overall ranking for the chemicals. This scheme has been endorsed by the MAFF Steering Group on Chemical Aspects of Food Surveillance. It will be used in the assessment of relative priorities for further non-statutory surveillance for these contaminants in the UK food supply. 相似文献
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Toxicity testing of heavy metals with theRhizobium-legume symbiosis: High sensitivity to cadmium and arsenic compounds 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Heike Neumann Anne Bode-Kirchhoff Andrea Madeheim Astrid Wetzel 《Environmental science and pollution research international》1998,5(1):28-36
Legume root nodules are the site of biological nitrogen fixation in theRhizobium-legame symbiosis. Nodules are structures unique to this symbiosis and they are morphologically as well as physiologically distinct from other plant organs. Organic substances affecting the macro- or microsymbionts vitality, such as PAHs (Wetzel et al., 1991), reduce nodulation even before visible damage to the plant can be detected. We present data that the formation of nodules (nodulation) may also serve for ecotoxicological evaluation of heavy metals in different binding states. Tests were performed in petri dishes with alfalfa (lucerne) seedlings inoculated withRhizobium meliloti. Cultivation took place in growth cabinets with carefully standardized and documented growth conditions. Data from stressed plants was recorded after 14 days of cultivation on contaminated substrate. A dose responsive decrease in nodulation was found after application of cadmium acetate, cadmium iodide, cadmium chloride, sodium salts of arsenate and arsenite, arsenic pentoxide, and lead nitrate, whereas lead acetate showed no effect up to a concentration of 3 μM. The dose response curves were used to calculate EC10, EC50 and EC90 values. EC50 values for cadmium compounds range from 1.5 to9.5 pM. Testing different arsenic compounds results in EC50 from 2.6 to 20.1 μM. EC50 of lead nitrate is 2.2 μM. The sensitivity, reproducibility and reliability of this test system is discussed compared to established biotests. 相似文献
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Lixin Jiao Hao Chen Wei Meng Kun Lei Binghui Zheng 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(10):6463-6471
In this study, the 30-day aerobic microorganism-mediated biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in four size fractions (i.e., <0.002, 0.002–0.031, 0.031–0.063 and >0.063 mm) of sand-dominated sediment S1 and mud-dominated S2 collected from intertidal zones in Bohai Bay (China). Prior to biodegradation, the total quantity of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene comprised more than 80 % of the total quantity of 16 EPA-priority PAHs in each size fraction, with the exception of 70.33 % found in the >0.063 mm fraction of sediment S1. Among the three dominant compounds, the intermediate size fraction (0.031–0.063 mm) showed higher levels of biodegradation than other size fractions in sediment S1 and S2. After pooling data from sediment S1 and S2 for joint analysis, it was observed that the biodegraded portion of the three dominant compounds showed negative correlations with both total organic carbon (TOC) and humic coverage index (HCI) in the size fractions. The observed negative correlation with TOC was in agreement with findings in many other studies, but the negative correlation with HCI had not been observed in early studies, which only investigated aged sediment/soil samples. The findings in this study indicated that the greatest bioavailability of PAHs in intertidal surface sediment may be present in sediment particles of intermediate size and mobility, and that intertidal sediment particles are less likely to experience sufficient ageing given periodical tidal disturbance. These findings have important implications for the assessment of the environmental fate of PAHs in intertidal regions. 相似文献
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Otilia Bizerea Spiridon Laura Pitulice 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(11):7236-7237
This letter is a response to the issues put forth by Dr. Y.S. Ho with regard to the article “Phenol removal from wastewater by adsorption on zeolitic composite” as reported by Bizerea Spiridon et al. (Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:6367–6381, 2013). The response proposes to clarify the error slipped in the typewritten linearized equation of the pseudo-second-kinetic model and the reason for using secondary reference regarding this model. 相似文献
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Microbial structure and chemical components of aerosols caused by rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Yunping Han Lin Li Junxin Liu Mengzhu Zhang 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(9):4097-4108
Purpose
Bacterial community structure and the chemical components in aerosols caused by rotating brushes in an Orbal oxidation ditch were assessed in a Beijing municipal wastewater treatment plant.Methods
Air samples were collected at different distances from the aerosol-generating rotating brushes. Molecular culture-independent methods were used to characterize the community structure of the airborne bacteria in each sample regardless of cell culturability. A clone library of 16S rDNA directly amplified from air DNA of each sample was constructed and sequenced to analyze the community composition and diversity. Insoluble particles and water-soluble ions emitted with microorganisms in aerosols were analysis by a scanning electron microscope together with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and ion chromatogram analyzer.Results
In total, most of the identified bacteria were Proteobacteria. The majority of sequences near the rotating brushes (the main source of the bioaerosols) were Proteobacteria (62.97 %) with ??-(18.52 %) and ??-(44.45?%) subgroups and Bacteroidetes (29.63 %). Complex patterns were observed for each sampling location, suggesting a highly diverse community structure, comparable to that found in water in the Orbal oxidation ditch. Accompany with microorganisms, 46.36???g/m3 of SO 4 2? , 29.35???g/m3 of Cl?, 21.51???g/m3 of NO 3 ? , 19.76???g/m3 of NH 4 + , 11.42???g/m3 of PO 4 3? , 6.18???g/m3 of NO 2 ? , and elements of Mg, Cl, K, Na, Fe, S, and P were detected from the air near the aerosols source.Conclusions
Differences in the structure of the bacterial communities and chemical components in the aerosols observed between sampling sites indicated important site-related variability. The composition of microorganisms in water was one of the most important sources of bacterial communities in bioaerosols. Chemical components in bioaerosols may provide a media for airborne microorganism attachment, as well as a suitable microenvironment for their growth and survival in the air. This study will be benefit for the formulation of pollution standards, especially for aerosols, that take into account plant workers?? health. 相似文献14.
Elisama Vieira dos Santos Shirley Feitosa Machado Sena Djalma Ribeiro da Silva Sergio Ferro Achille De Battisti Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(14):8466-8475
Scale-up of anodic oxidation system is critical to the practical application of electrochemical treatment in bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment. In this study, the scale-up of electrochemical flow system was investigated by treating petrochemical wastewater using platinized titanium (Ti/Pt) and boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes. It was demonstrated that flow cell was successfully scaled-up because when it was compared with batch mode (Rocha et al. 2012b), higher performances on organic matter removal were achieved. Under the suitable operating conditions and better anode material, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) of petrochemical wastewater was reduced from 2,746 to 200 mg L?1 within 5 h with an energy consumption of only 56.2 kWh m?3 in the scaled-up BDD anode system. These results demonstrate that anode flow system is very promising in practical bio-refractory organic wastewater treatment. 相似文献
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Transport and degradation of propylene glycol in the vadose zone: model development and sensitivity analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
D. Schotanus J. C. L. Meeussen H. Lissner M. J. van der Ploeg M. Wehrer K. U. Totsche S. E. A. T. M. van der Zee 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(15):9054-9066
Transport and degradation of de-icing chemical (containing propylene glycol, PG) in the vadose zone were studied with a lysimeter experiment and a model, in which transient water flow, kinetic degradation of PG and soil chemistry were combined. The lysimeter experiment indicated that aerobic as well as anaerobic degradation occurs in the vadose zone. Therefore, the model included both types of degradation, which was made possible by assuming advection-controlled (mobile) and diffusion-controlled (immobile) zones. In the mobile zone, oxygen can be transported by diffusion in the gas phase. The immobile zone is always water-saturated, and oxygen only diffuses slowly in the water phase. Therefore, the model is designed in a way that the redox potential can decrease when PG is degraded, and thus, anaerobic degradation can occur. In our model, manganese oxide (MnO2, which is present in the soil) and NO \(_{3}^{-}\) (applied to enhance biodegradation) can be used as electron acceptors for anaerobic degradation. The application of NO \(_{3}^{-}\) does not result in a lower leaching of PG nor in a slower depletion of MnO2. The thickness of the snowcover influences the leached fraction of PG, as with a high infiltration rate, transport is fast, there is less time for degradation and thus more PG will leach. The model showed that, in this soil, the effect of the water flow dominates over the effect of the degradation parameters on the leaching at a 1-m depth. 相似文献
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Yogpal Dhayal C. P. S. Chandel K. S. Gupta 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(13):7805-7817
Although the effect of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the oxidation of dissolved sulfur dioxide by oxygen has been the subject of many investigations, this is the first study which examines the effect of a large number of precisely 16 hydroxy compounds. The kinetics both in the absence and the presence of VOCs was defined by rate laws (A and B): A $$ \hbox{-} \mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{S}\left(\mathrm{IV}\right)\right]/\mathrm{dt}={R}_o={k}_o\left[\mathrm{S}\left(\mathrm{IV}\right)\right] $$ B $$ \hbox{-} \mathrm{d}\left[\mathrm{S}\left(\mathrm{IV}\right)\right]/\mathrm{dt}={R}_i={k}_i\left[\mathrm{S}\left(\mathrm{IV}\right)\right] $$ where R o and k o are the initial rate and first-order rate constant, respectively, in the absence of VOCs, R i , and k i are the initial rate and the first-order rate constant, respectively, in the presence of VOCs, and [S(IV)] is the concentration of dissolved sulfur dioxide, sulfur(IV). The nature of the dependence of k i on the concentration of inhibitor, [Inh], was defined by Eq. (C). C $$ {k}_i={k}_0/\left(1+B\left[\mathrm{Inh}\right]\right) $$ where B is an empirical inhibition parameter. The values of B have been determined from the plots of 1/k i versus [Inh]. Among aliphatic and aromatic hydroxy compounds studied, t-butyl alcohol and pinacol were without any inhibition effect due to the absence of secondary or tertiary hydrogen. The values of inhibition parameter, B, were related to k inh , the rate constant for the reaction of SO4 ? radical with the inhibitor, by Eq. (D). D $$ B=\left(9\pm 2\right)\times 1{0}^{-4}\times {k}_{inh} $$ Equation (D) may be used to calculate the values of either of B or k inh provided that the other is known. The extent of inhibition depends on the value of the composite term, B[Inh]. However, in accordance with Eq. (C), the extent of inhibition would be sizeable and measurable when B[Inh]?>?0.1 and oxidation of S(IV) would be almost completely stopped when B[Inh]?≥?10. B[Inh] value can be used as a guide whether the reaction step: SO4 ??+?organics? \( \overset{k_{inh}}{\to } \) ?SO4 2??+?non-chain products: should be included in the multiphase models or not. 相似文献
17.
Peuravuori J 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(6):2259-2270
Purpose
This study contains some new findings connected to the photolysis of the drug paracetamol (hereinafter APAP) especially in light of estimating natural conditions, and it will offer information to better evaluate environmental problems connected with this widely used analgesic agent. Only a few studies, so far, have focussed on the photodegradation process of APAP in the natural environment, and the question about the role of the colored/chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and nitrate (NO 3 ? ) as photoinductors is almost open.Methods
APAP dissolved in freshwater and pure laboratory water in the presence and absence of CDOM and NO 3 ? ions was irradiated using weak-energy photon energies simulating natural conditions.Results
CDOM and NO 3 ? as photoinductors produced only the slow phototransformation of APAP under weak energy radiation, and APAP seemed to be practically resistant to direct photolysis under weak radiant energies available in natural conditions. The estimated reaction efficiencies, in addition to half-lives, speak for that NO 3 ? and CDOM do not act as quite independent photoinductors but their effect in conjunction (CDOM?CNO 3 ? ?Cwater) is stronger than the separate ones. The principal phototransformation intermediates of APAP were mono-hydroxy derivatives, depending on available photon energies formed via ortho- or meta-hydroxylation, possessing substantial power of resistance to further specific transformation reactions.Conclusions
The estimated half-life of the phototransformation of APAP in the natural aqueous environment and in the presence of suitable photoinductors will be about 30?days or more. 相似文献18.
Optimization of nitrate reduction by EDTA catalyzed zero-valent bimetallic nanoparticles in aqueous medium 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Kunwar P. Singh Arun K. Singh Shikha Gupta 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2012,19(9):3914-3924
The present study aims to investigate the EDTA catalyzed reduction of nitrate (NO 3 ? ) by zero-valent bimetallic (Fe?CAg) nanoparticles (ZVBMNPs) in aqueous medium and to enumerate the effect of temperature, solution pH, ZVBMNPs dose and EDTA concentration on NO 3 ? reduction. Batch experimental data were generated using a four-factor Box?CBehnken design. Optimization modeling was performed using the response surface method for maximizing the reduction of NO 3 ? by ZVBMNPs. Significance of the independent variables and their interactions were tested by the analysis of variance and t test statistics. The model predicted maximum reduction capacity (340.15?mg?g?1 NO 3 ? ) under the optimum conditions of temperature, 60?°C; pH?4; dose, 1.0?g?l?1; and EDTA concentration, 2.0?mmol?l?1 was very close to the experimental value (338.62?mg?g?1) and about 16?% higher than the experimentally determined capacity (291.32?mg?g?1). Study demonstrated that ZVBMNPs had higher reduction efficiency than Fe0 nanoparticles for NO 3 ? . EDTA significantly enhanced the NO 3 ? reduction by ZVBMNPs. The EDTA catalyzed reduction of NO 3 ? by ZVBMNPs can be employed for the effective decontamination of water. 相似文献
19.
Tarek Abichou Jeremy Clark Jeffery Chanton Gary Hater Roger Green Doug Goldsmith 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1403-1410
In the method termed “Other Test Method-10,” the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has proposed a method to quantify emissions from nonpoint sources by the use of vertical radial plume mapping (VRPM) technique. The surface area of the emitting source and the degree to which the different zones of the emitting source are contributing to the VRPM computed emissions are often unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate and present an approach to quantify the unknown emitting surface area that is contributing to VRPM measured emissions. Currently a preexisting model known as the “multiple linear regression model,” which is described in Thoma et al. (2009), is used for quantifying the unknown surface area. The method investigated and presented in this paper utilized tracer tests to collect data and develop a model much like that described in Thoma et al. (2009). However, unlike the study used for development of the multiple linear regression model, this study is considered a very limited study due to the low number of pollutant releases performed (seven total releases). It was found through this limited study that the location of an emitting source impacts VRPM computed emissions exponentially, rather than linearly (i.e., the impact that an emitting source has on VRPM measurements decreases exponentially with increasing distances between the emitting source and the VRPM plane). The data from the field tracer tests were used to suggest a multiple exponential regression model. The findings of this study, however, are based on a very small number of tracer tests. More tracer tests performed during all types of climatic conditions, terrain conditions, and different emissions geometries are still needed to better understand the variation of capture efficiency with emitting source location. This study provides a step toward such an objective.
Implications The findings of this study will aid in the advancement of the VRPM technique. In particular, the contribution of this study is to propose a slight improvement in how the area contributing to flux is determined during VRPM campaigns. This will reduce some of the technique's inherent uncertainties when it is employed to estimate emissions from an area source under nonideal conditions. 相似文献
20.
Hassan Karimi-Maleh Mahbobeh Moazampour Ali A. Ensafi Shadpour Mallakpour Mehdi Hatami 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(9):5879-5888
In this study, we report preparation of a high sensitive electrochemical sensor for determination of hydrazine in the presence of phenol in water and wastewater samples. In the first step, we describe synthesis and characterization of ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite with different methods such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In the second step, application of the synthesis nanocomposite describes the preparation of carbon paste electrode modified with n-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dinitrobenzamide as a high sensitive and selective voltammetric sensor for determination of hydrazine and phenol in water and wastewater samples. The mediated oxidation of hydrazine at the modified electrode was investigated by cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, the values of catalytic rate constant (k) and diffusion coefficient (D) for hydrazine were calculated. Square wave voltammetry (SWV) of hydrazine at the modified electrode exhibited two linear dynamic ranges with a detection limit (3σ) of 8.0 nmol L?1. SWV was used for simultaneous determination of hydrazine and phenol at the modified electrode and quantitation of hydrazine and phenol in some real samples by the standard addition method. 相似文献